Recommended Computer System Learning Materials
Zhenbang You
January 2022
Last Updated: March 5, 2022
The latest version can always be found at https://www.overleaf.com/read/txqjnjxyxqqx
1 Preliminary
• The following materials are list in an order suitable for learning.
• The references help you identify the authors.
• CSAPP (3rd Edition) [13] is the starting point of everything below.
• Familiarity with C/C++ is required.
• For the foundation of data structures and algorithms, Introduction to Algorithms (3rd
Edition, the 4th Edition is coming in April 2022) [14] is highly recommended.
• The most fundamental components of computer systems are:
1. Computer Architecture
2. Operating Systems (OS)
3. Computer Networks
4. Compilers
5. Programming Languages (PL)
Master them before moving on to other parts.
What if I want more?
Search for advanced courses offered by top universities. Meanwhile, you are likely to find lots of
papers there!
2 Computer Architecture
1. Computer Organization and Design: The Hardware-Software Interface
(5th Edition [29]/RISC-V Edition [28]/ARM Edition [30])
• The original version is based on MIPS. RISC-V version is recommended; after reading
this version, you may proceed on ARM version which is a good textbook for learning
ARM.
2. Digital Design and Computer Architecture
(2nd Edition [18]/RISC-V Edition [19]/ARM Edition [17])
• You may just read Chap 1-5.
• The original version is based on MIPS.
3. The RISC-V Reader An Open Architecture Atlas [27]
1
4. Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach (6th Edition) [20]
• You may leave out appendices the first time you read this book.
• Difficult as it may be, this book is just “the second book for novices”. If you
want to have a deep understanding of a specific topic, do go to read official tuto-
rials/documentations such as those of NVIDIA.
5. RISC-V Privileged Architecture (slides)
https://riscv.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/riscv-privileged-BCN.v7-2.pdf
• A wonderful slide on RISC-V privileged architecture, as well as the core problem
“what is the privileged architecture”.
• The video of this lecture can be found at
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fxLXvrLN5jA
• Most of the textbooks on computer architecture discuss little about privileged ar-
chitecture, resulting in great difficulties understanding the OS kernel. Always keep
in mind that ISA, i.e., the hardware-software interface, consists of both the unprivi-
leged architecture and the privileged architecture.
6. RISC-V specifications
https://riscv.org/technical/specifications/
• Elaborate specifications as they may be, they are indeed excellent textbooks for both
neophytes and specialists!
• Appendix A: RVWMO Explanatory Material of “The RISC-V Instruction Set Manual
Volume I: Unprivileged ISA” is a brilliant tutorial for Memory Consistency!
7. A New Golden Age for Computer Architecture (a Turing Lecture with full text)
https://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2019/2/234352-a-new-golden-age-for-computer-architecture/fulltext
• The famous Turing Lecture by Hennessy and Patterson. What wonderful insights of
Masters!
3 Operating Systems (OS)
1. Operating Systems: Three Easy Pieces [7]
https://pages.cs.wisc.edu/ remzi/OSTEP/
• Due to the research interest of the authors, this book puts much emphasis on File
Systems. You may leave out some chapters of this part the first time you read it.
2. Operating Systems Principles & Practice (2nd Edition)
• Four volumes:
– Volume I: Kernels and Processes [5]
– Volume II: Concurrency [2]
– Volume III: Memory Management [3]
– Volume IV: Persistent Storage [4]
3. Operating Systems Concepts (9th Edition) [31]
4. xv6 source and text: https://pdos.csail.mit.edu/6.828/2021/xv6.html
• Hands-on experiences with a real OS is indispensable, and xv6 is an excellent starting
point!
5. Supplemental textbooks
(a) Linux Kernel Development (4rd Edition) [34]
(b) Understanding the Linux Kernel (3rd Edition) [11]
2
(c) Linux Device Drivers (3rd Edition) [35]
(d) Understanding Linux network internals (1st Edition) [9]
(e) Modern Operating Systems (4th Edition) [44]
6. Prerequisites:
• Compulsory:
(a) Computer Architecture: privileged architecture
(b) Data structures and algorithms
• PL
– Java: JVM, GC, Thread, Monitor.
– Go: Goroutine, Channel, CSP (Communication Sequential Process), Asynchrony.
4 Computer Networks
1. Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach (8th Edition) [21]
• I cannot find the reference of the latest version (8th Edition) on Google Scholar, so
this citation refers to older version. Note that the authors do not change.
2. Books by W. Richard Stevens (as supplementary materials)
• UNIX Network Programming
– Volume 1, Third Edition: The Sockets Networking API [39]
– Volume 2, Second Edition: Interprocess Communications [32]
• TCP/IP Illustrated
– Volume 1: The Protocols (2nd Edition) [15]
– Volume 2: The Implementation [41]
– Volume 3: TCP for Transactions, HTTP, NNTP, and the UNIX Domain Proto-
cols [42]
3. Prerequisites:
• Compulsory:
(a) Operating Systems
• PL
– Java.
– Python: Similar but much simpler socket interface than POSIX.
– Go: RPC.
5 Compilers
Compilers should be associated with PL and Computer Architecture.
1. Compilers: Principles, Techniques and Tools (2nd Edition) [1]
• “Dragon Book”.
• Well-known but a little obsolete; still wonderful for new-comers.
2. Modern Compiler Implementation in C (2nd Edition) [6]/Modern Compiler Implementa-
tion in Java (2nd Edition)
• “Tiger Book”.
3. Advanced Compiler Design Implementation [26]
• “Whale Book”.
3
4. Prerequisites:
• Compulsory:
(a) TCS (Theoretical Computer Science)
i. Introduction to the Theory of Computation [38]
(b) Computer Architecture: ILP (Instruction-Level Parallelism), Memory Hierarchy
(c) Data structures and algorithms
• Recommended:
(a) Computer Architecture: DLP (Data-Level Parallelism), TLP (Thread-Level Par-
allelism)
(b) Operating Systems: Thread, Context Switch
• PL
– Java.
6 Programming Languages (PL)
Abbreviations:
• OOP: Object-Oriented Programming
• FP: Functional Programming
Language List
• C/C++ (Do learn the latest version of C++, or at least C++17)
– Tutorials
1. The C Programming Language (2nd Edition) [33]
∗ “K & R”
2. The C++ Programming Language (4th Edition) [43]
– Documentations
1. https://cppreference.com/
– Programming guidelines
∗ Scott Meyers “Effective C++” book series
· Effective C++ [24]
· Effective Modern C++ [25]
· Effective STL [23]
∗ C++ Core Guidelines:
https://isocpp.github.io/CppCoreGuidelines/CppCoreGuidelines
– Recommended IDE: VSCode on Linux (especially WSL).
– Compilers (try the latest version!)
∗ Currently, OpenMP support of Clang 13 needs to be installed separately, which
is not the case for Clang 12.
∗ GCC can be built from source.
∗ Clang can by downloaded directly from https://releases.llvm.org/download.html
– Build tool: CMake (also works for CUDA C++).
∗ CMake Tutorial: https://cmake.org/cmake/help/latest/guide/tutorial/
• Java
Prerequisite languages: C++.
Pay attention to the comparison with C++, as well as JVM and JIT.
– Tutorials
1. Oracle online tutorial: https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/
4
2. Core Java (10th Edition). Two volumes:
∗ Volume I: Fundamentals [16]
∗ Volume II: Advanced Features [45]
3. Java 8 in Action: Lambdas, Streams, and Functional-style Programming [46]
– Documentations
1. https://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/
– Programming guidelines
∗ Effective Java (3rd Edition) [10]
– Recommended IDE: IntelliJ Idea
– Build tool (applying to all languages on JVM) : Maven or Gradle.
∗ Maven in 5 Minutes:
https://maven.apache.org/guides/getting-started/maven-in-five-minutes.html
∗ All documentations can be found at:
https://maven.apache.org/
∗ Try Maven with IntelliJ Idea.
• Scala
Prerequisite languages: Java.
Notable core features: FP.
– Tutorials
1. Tour of Scala: https://docs.scala-lang.org/tour/tour-of-scala.html
2. Scala Book: https://docs.scala-lang.org/overviews/scala-book/introduction.html
– Documentations
∗ Guides and Overviews: https://docs.scala-lang.org/overviews/index.html
∗ All documentations: https://docs.scala-lang.org/
· Scala 3 documentations can also be found here!
– Recommended IDE & build tool: same as Java
• Kotlin
Prerequisite languages: Java, Scala.
Notable core features: null safety, modest FP.
– Tutorials
1. Get started with Kotlin: https://kotlinlang.org/docs/getting-started.html
2. Kotlin Coroutines:
https://github.com/Kotlin/KEEP/blob/master/proposals/coroutines.md
∗ Wonderful article about the design of stackless coroutines!
– Documentations
1. https://kotlinlang.org/docs/
– Recommended IDE & build tool: same as Java
• Go
Prerequisite languages: C++, Java.
Notable core features: concurrent programming (goroutine + channel + asynchrony), mod-
est OOP.
– Turorials
1. A Tour of Go: https://go.dev/tour/welcome/1
2. Effective Go: https://go.dev/doc/effective go
3. The Go Blog: https://go.dev/blog/
∗ Lots of wonderful articles about the design of Go!
– Documentations
5
1. https://go.dev/doc/
– Recommended IDE: GoLand
– Build tool: https://go.dev/blog/using-go-modules
• Rust
Prerequisite languages: C++17, Go, a functional language (e.g., Scala, OCaml, Haskell).
Notable core features: ownership, borrow checker, various safety, modest OOP.
– Tutorials
1. The Rust Programming Language: https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/
∗ Also a good book about the design of programming languages!
2. Rust by Example: https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/rust-by-example/
3. Asynchronous Programming in Rust: https://rust-lang.github.io/async-book/
– Documentations
1. https://doc.rust-lang.org/beta/
– Recommended IDE: IntelliJ Idea
– Build Tool: Cargo.
∗ Its tutorial can be found in “The Rust Programming Language”.
• Haskell
Reckless as it may be to recommend this language, however, it is so elegant...
– Tutorials
1. Get Started: https://www.haskell.org/
– All the books, courses, tutorials, documentations and various kinds of resources can
be found at: https://www.haskell.org/documentation/
• Prerequisites (for understanding the design of programming languages):
– Compulsory:
1. Computer Architecture
2. Operating Systems
3. Compilers
– Recommended:
1. Computer Networks
• Suggestions:
– There is no need to master an entire PL in one shot; instead, study part of it every
time you need it.
– PLs develop rapidly. To catch up with the latest development, refer to online docu-
mentations/tutorials/blogs besides books.
– Be sure you have mastered at least one modern language in each of the following
paradigms:
∗ Procedural
∗ Object-Oriented
∗ Functional
Note that modern languages like Go, Scala, Kotlin and Rust can be greatly different
than old ones like Java and Python. As a special case, although modern C++
(C++11 and later) is really modern, but there are inevitably a great number of
legacies, so C++ can be considered as a mixture.
– Concrete examples always help a lot for understanding abstract concepts, and this is
also one of the reasons why you should master several languages.
– Pay attention to the interoperation between a certain language with C (and languages
on JVM with Java).
– Only IDEs I have used will be listed here, so there may be other wonderful IDEs.
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7 Parallel Computing
Special Notes:
1. Do read Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach (CAAQA) before
diving into this, and revisit that masterpiece after having some hands-on experience of
parallel computing!
2. Parallel Computing without Memory Optimization is ridiculous!
Platforms
• CUDA
– CUDA by Example [36]
∗ A little obsolete, but the ideas are still well-presented. If your foundation is good
enough, go to the following two documentations directly, and these two are highly
recommended.
– CUDA C++ Programming Guide
https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/cuda-c-programming-guide/
– CUDA C++ Best Practices Guide
https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/cuda-c-best-practices-guide/
– All documentations can be found at
https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/
CUDA is also fantastic for Asynchronous Programming and Heterogeneous Pro-
gramming! You can also have a taste of Compute Hierarchy with CUDA!
• CPU intrinsics
– x86 intrinsics
https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/docs/intrinsics-guide/index.html
– ARM SVE2 intrinsics
https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102340/0001/Program-with-SVE2
– ARM Neon intrinsics
https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102467/0100/Why-Neon-Intrinsics-
• MPI
– MPI Tutorial: https://mpitutorial.com/tutorials/
– YouTube video
∗ MPI Basics: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c0C9mQaxsD4
∗ MPI Advanced: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q9OfXis50Rg
• OpenMP
– Tim Mattson’s (Intel) “Introduction to OpenMP” (2013) on YouTube
∗ Video:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLLX-Q6B8xqZ8n8bwjGdzBJ25X2utwnoEG
∗ Slides:
https://www.openmp.org/wp-content/uploads/Intro To OpenMP Mattson.pdf
Categories
The essence of parallel computing is the lack of dependencies.
• ILP (Instruction-Level Parallelism)
Mathematical model of ILP – DAG (Directed Acyclic Graph):
– Node: a stage of a instruction.
– Edge: dependency (data dependency, control dependency, name dependency) between
a pair of nodes.
7
Goal: eliminate dependencies (edges), and exploit the lack of dependencies between nodes.
• DLP (Data-Level Parallelism)
The essence of DLP programming: Vectorization.
– To get some hands-on experiences with this, you may start with PyTorch, since
this relieves you from some low-level details like remaining elements and memory
hierarchy.
∗ Official tutorial: https://pytorch.org/tutorials/
∗ Also, PyTorch is a convenient tool to exploit GPU for parallel computing.
• TLP (Thread-Level Parallelism)
The essence of TLP programming: async (concurrent control flow), await (synchroniza-
tion).
– Concurrency mechanisms
1. Thread: C++, Java
2. Future/Promise: Scala
3. Stackful Coroutine: Go
4. Stackless Coroutine: Kotlin, Rust (async/await)
Aside:
1. In essence, every kind of Concurrency is an encapsulation of Asynchrony. There-
fore, Concurrent Programming can be seen as a subset of Asynchronous Program-
ming.
∗ Here is a good summary of Asynchronous programming techniques provided in
the tutorial of Kotlin: https://kotlinlang.org/docs/async-programming.html
2. The essence of Asynchronous Programming is async/await, as well as suspen-
sion points.
∗ For Threads and Stackful Coroutines, every point is a suspension point, while
for Stackless Coroutines, only a fraction of points can be suspension points
and they are declared explicitly.
3. For implementations, figure out what is “continuation” and how it varies in
Processes, Threads, Stackful Coroutines, and Stackless Coroutines. Also think
about the relation between continuation and suspension points.
– Synchronization mechanisms
∗ Shared memory
1. Mutex, Condition Variable: most languages.
2. Monitor: Java. For C++, this can be readily emulated by RAII.
3. Atomic variables/operations: most languages.
4. Barrier: most languages, as well as CUDA.
5. Read Write Lock: most languages. This is especially useful in DLP.
Many widely used mechanisms are not listed here.
∗ Message passing
1. Channel + Select: Go, Kotlin.
2. Actor Model:
· Akka (with Java/Scala interface):
https://doc.akka.io/docs/akka/current/typed/guide/introduction.html
· Kotlin:
https://kotlinlang.org/docs/shared-mutable-state-and-concurrency.html#actors
∗ High-level encapsulations
1. Thread-safe collections
· Java: java.util.concurrent:
https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/17/docs/api/java.base/java/util/concurrent/package-
summary.html
8
• Prerequisites:
– Compulsory:
1. Computer Architecture
2. Compilers
– Recommended:
1. Operating Systems
8 Database
1. Database System Concepts (Seventh Edition) [37]
2. CMU 15-445/645 Intro to Database Systems
https://15445.courses.cs.cmu.edu/fall2019/schedule.html
3. CMU 15-721 Advanced Database Systems
https://15721.courses.cs.cmu.edu/spring2020/schedule.html
4. Prerequisites:
• Compulsory
(a) Data structures and algorithms
9 Distributed Computing/Distributed Systems
1. MIT 6.824: Distributed Systems: https://pdos.csail.mit.edu/6.824/schedule.html
2. Prerequisites:
• Compulsory:
(a) Operating Systems
(b) Computer Networks
• Recommended:
(a) Computer Architecture
(b) Programming Languages
10 Cloud Computing
1. CMU 15-719 Advanced Cloud Computing:
https://www.cs.cmu.edu/ 15719/old/spring2019/syllabus.html
2. Prerequisites:
• Compulsory:
(a) Computer Architecture
(b) Operating Systems
(c) Computer Networks
(d) Distributed Systems
• Recommended:
(a) Parallel Computing
(b) Database
9
11 Recommended ISA
All of the following ISA can be learned by CSAPP & “Computer Organization and Design: The
Hardware/Software Interface”. However, the following materials help you go further.
• x86
– Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer Manuals:
https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/developer/articles/technical/intel-sdm.html
Make sure you are able to read both the “Intel” format and the “AT&T” format.
• RISC-V
– RISC-V Specifications: https://riscv.org/technical/specifications/
∗ Wonderful textbooks on computer architecture!
• ARM
– ARM® CPU Architecture Key Documents:
https://developer.arm.com/architectures/cpu-architecture
– Arm® Architecture Reference Manual Supplement Armv9, for Armv9-A architecture
profile: https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ddi0608/latest
• PTX
– PTX ISA :: CUDA Toolkit Documentation:
https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/parallel-thread-execution/
• Java Bytecode
– Java Language and Virtual Machine Specifications:
https://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/
12 Linux Programming
1. Linux man pages
• “man” command in Linux shell, like “man fork” or “man 2 fork” where “2” specifies
the volume.
• Linux man pages online: https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/
2. Advanced programming in the UNIX environment [40]
13 Linking and Loading
1. 程序员的自我修养: 链接, 装载与库 [8]
2. Linkers and Loaders [22]
14 Software Engineering
• The Mythical Man-Month: Essays on Software Engineering [12]
10
15 Tools
1. Git
• Git Magic: http://www-cs-students.stanford.edu/ blynn/gitmagic/book.pdf
• Official documentations: https://git-scm.com/doc
2. UNIX Makefile
• Makefile Tutorial By Example: https://makefiletutorial.com/
3. Docker
• Official tutorials and documentations: https://docs.docker.com/
4. Shell Script
• Shell Scripting Tutorial: https://www.shellscript.sh/
• The following two tutorials are basically the same and are written by the same author,
with the former being more newbie-friendly:
– Bash Scripting Tutorial for Beginners:
https://linuxconfig.org/bash-scripting-tutorial-for-beginners
– Bash Scripting Tutorial: https://linuxconfig.org/bash-scripting-tutorial
• GNU Bash manual: https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/
16 Coding Style
• Google Style Guides: https://google.github.io/styleguide/
• Clang-Format Style Options: https://clang.llvm.org/docs/ClangFormatStyleOptions.html
– VS Code can automatically format your code with a “.clang-format” file without
installing anything!
17 Miscellaneous
1. Intel® Product Specifications: https://ark.intel.com
2. GCC online documentation: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/
• Optimize Options: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Optimize-Options.html
• Option Summary: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Option-Summary.html
• Instrumentation Summary (including sanitizer and profiler):
https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Instrumentation-Options.html
3. GNU Manuals Online: https://www.gnu.org/manual/
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