34
Appendix: Description of Variables
Firm Characteristics
Log of Assets The logarithm of assets.
Profitability EBITDA scaled by the lag of assets.
Loss Years The percentage of losses over the past 5 years. The loss is defined as negative net
income before extraordinary income.
Leverage The sum of long-term debt and debt in current liabilities divided by capital
(defined as total debt plus equity)
Credit Rating Credit Rating is S&P LT Domestic Issuer Credit Rating. Otherwise, Credit Rating
is estimated using a method similar to Barth et al. (2008) and Beatty et al. (2008).
First, we regress ratings on Log(Assets), ROA, Debt-to-Assets, Dividend
Indicator, Subordinated Debt Indicator, and Loss Indicator, with industry and year
fixed effects for rated firms. We then use the estimated coefficients from the first
regression and the firm's financial information to compute a rating for each firm in
each year. The computed rating values are winsorized at 2 and 27.
Standard Deviation of
Returns
The standard deviation of the daily return less the corresponding decile returns
times 100 over 365 days right before the loan origination date.
Long-Term Growth Forecasts The median of all long-term growth estimates by analysts obtained from IBES.
Asset Tangibility Following Berger et al. (1996), Asset Tangibility is computed as: Asset
Tangibility = (Cash and Short-Term Investments + 0.715 × Receivables + 0.547 ×
Inventories + 0.535 × PPE Net) / Assets.
Loan Characteristics
Spread The interest rate spread over LIBOR on all drawn lines of credit.
Facility-to-Assets The amount of facility divided by assets.
Deal-to-Assets The amount of deal divided by assets.
Log of Maturity The logarithm of maturity in months.
Collateral Indicator An indicator variable taking value 1 if the loan is secured with collateral, and 0
otherwise. Missing values are treated as 0.
Performance Pricing
Indicator
An indicator variable taking value 1 if the loan has a performance pricing option
tying the promised yield to one or more accounting measures of performance, and
0 otherwise. Missing values are treated as 0.
Revolver Indicator An indicator variable taking value 1 if the loan is a revolver loan, and 0 otherwise.
# Total Covenants The number of total covenants including both financial and general covenants.
# Financial Covenants The number of financial covenants based on accounting numbers. .
# General Covenants The number of general covenants including dividend restrictions and sweeps.
Financial Covenants Use The number of financial covenants based on accounting numbers divided by the
number of total covenants.
(Tangible) Net Worth Slack The difference between (Tangible) net worth at the quarter prior to loan
origination and (tangible) net worth threshold specified in debt agreement scaled
by assets.
Build-up Indicator An indicator variable taking value 1 if the deal has a build-up provision for
(tangible) net worth covenant, and 0 otherwise. Missing values are treated as 0.