Probate
Law
Resource
Guide
- probate
- wills
- revocable living trusts
- joint tenancy
- living wills &
other advance directives
- durable power of Attorney
- anatomical gifts
- guardians & conservators
under missouri law
Probate ..........................................................................................1
Wills ...............................................................................................7
What is a Revocable Living Trust? ..........................................11
Joint Tenancy ..............................................................................17
Living Wills and Other Advance Directives ............................23
Durable Power of Attorney .......................................................27
Revised Anatomical Gift Act .....................................................31
Guardians and Conservators Under Missouri Law ...............37
TABLE OF CONTENTS
111
Decedent’s Probate
In this chapter you will nd a description of probate procedures to transfer prop-
erty when a person dies. “Probate” is a court-supervised process of transferring
legal title from a person who has died (the “decedent”) to the person’s distributees.
Probate is necessary to protect the rights to the probate estate of a decedent’s
heirs, devisees, and creditors. An orderly transfer of property is done after estate
property and debts are administered.
What These Terms Mean
Claim – a debt or liability owed by the decedent at the time of death, the funeral
expenses, and the costs and expenses of administering the probate estate. A “claim-
ant” is a creditor who les a claim against a probate estate.
Devisee – a distributee that is named in a will to receive certain property. May
be a person or an entity such as a charity.
Distributee – person or entity to receive a distribution through probate.
Heir – a distributee, as determined by the Missouri statute of intestate succes-
sion, to receive real or personal property of an intestate.
Intestate – a decedent who has died without having made a will.
Letters of Administration – document from the probate court appointing the
personal representative of an intestate’s estate (i.e., no will).
Letters Testamentary – document from the court appointing the personal repre-
sentative of a testate’s estate (i.e., with a will).
Personal Representative – a person appointed by the court to be in charge of a
decedent’s probate estate. Also called an executor or administrator.
Probate Estate – real estate and personal property owned by the decedent and
subject to administration supervised by the probate court, including any income
after death.
Publication – notice published in a newspaper in the county where the decedent
resided.
Testate –a decedent who has died leaving a will.
Is Probate Necessary to Transfer Property at Death?
Yes, probate is necessary unless the decedent did not have any property to be
transferred at death through probate. A person may take steps with the titles to their
property or rules of various agreements to avoid probate while alive, such as the
following (some of these techniques are described in other chapters of this booklet):
probate
2
• Giving away property;
• Putting property in a living trust;
• Setting up joint accounts with right of survivorship;
• Creating pay-on-death (POD) or transfer-on-death (TOD or beneciary
deeds) designations; and
• Naming beneciaries of life insurance or retirement accounts (IRAs).
How Does Probate Work?
The decedent’s property is held and managed by the personal representative dur-
ing the administration of the estate. The personal representative makes distribution
of the estate when the probate court approves the transactions made to pay claims
and expenses and the proposed distribution schedule.
The earliest that an estate may be closed and distribution made to the heirs or
beneciaries is approximately six months and 10 days after the date of rst publica-
tion. However, it often takes a year or more to nish the administration.
The following are steps in probate administration:
• Hire an attorney to represent you.
• Apply for Letters Testamentary if there is a will admitted (or apply for
Letters of Administration without a will).
• Publish notice to creditors. The date of rst publication starts a six-month
period for claimants to submit their claims to the court and the personal
representative.
• Inventory and appraise assets.
• Administer the estate and sell property if funds are needed to pay bills.
• Pay debts, claims, taxes, and expenses.
• Prepare a settlement showing income and disbursements.
• Obtain court approval for distribution and close estate.
Rights of Creditors and Collection of Debts
The probate court serves as a forum through which creditors of the deceased
can protect their claims and seek payment. Also, the personal representa-
tive can collect payment of any debts owed to the decedent, as well as seek
the recovery of property owned by the deceased in the possession of others.
Claims and family allowances against an estate shall be paid by the personal
representative before the heirs and devisees can receive their distributions. If there
are not sufcient assets to pay all claims and allowances, they are paid in propor-
tion by certain priority classications (for example, the funeral bill must be paid
before general claims).
Taxes Payable After Death
An important function of probate is to assure payment of any tax liability. A
probate estate must have a federal tax number called an employer identication
number. A duciary income tax return may have to be led for the estate. The scal
113
year for tax purposes can start with the decedent’s date of death.
The administration of the estate normally may not be closed until taxes (state
and federal) have been paid, including the death transfer taxes, the decedent’s nal
income taxes, estate income taxes, and real estate and personal property taxes.
Death-transfer taxes must be paid on probate assets and other assets transferred
at death (for example, life insurance) over a minimum amount. That amount is
subject to change by Congress each year.
Expenses of Probate
The administration of any probate estate involves the payment of certain expenses.
The expenses usually encountered in the average estate fall into four main categories.
(1) Bond Premiums: The probate estate may have to pay for a bond for the
personal representative to guarantee the proper handling of the estate. All distribu-
tees of the estate or the decedent in the will may waive the necessity of a bond if
allowed by the court.
(2) Costs of Publication: A notice to creditors must be published announcing
that the estate has been opened. A Notice of Intention to File a Final Settlement
or Statement of Account must be published before the estate can be closed unless
it is waived in writing by the distributees.
(3) Court Costs: Every estate must pay costs based upon the size of the estate
being administered and the services the court is called upon to provide.
(4) Personal Representative’s Commission and Attorney’s Fees: Missouri
statutes provide for a minimum fee schedule for each. Compensation in excess
of this scheduled fee may be paid upon an order of the court or upon consent of
all distributees. The minimum scheduled fees are based upon a percentage of the
amount of money and personal property administered in the estate. This percent-
age is based upon a graduated scale as follows: 5 percent of the rst $5,000; 4
percent of the next $20,000; 3 percent of the next $75,000; 2.75 percent of the
next $300,000; 2.5 percent of the next $600,000; and 2 percent of everything more
than $1 million. For example, an estate in which $110,000 is administered would
generate a personal representative or minimum attorney fee of $3,575 each (6.5
percent of estate for both fees).
Establishing Title to Real Estate
The administration of a decedent’s probate estate serves to establish clear title
to any real estate which the deceased may have owned at the time of death. Real
property passes directly to one’s heirs or to one’s devisee if a will is admitted to
probate. The personal representative will have to obtain a court order to take pos-
session of or sell the real estate unless the will gives the personal representative that
authority. It does not technically form a part of the probate estate unless it is neces-
sary to sell the property to pay debts or for other reasons as set out in Missouri law.
It is impossible for the heirs or devisees to sell or receive clear title to the prop-
erty subject to probate for one year after death unless it goes through probate. In
Missouri, probate may be opened and administered and a will may be led within
one year after the decedent’s death.
Similarly, creditors may take actions to enforce claims which could force the
sale of real property within a year of the date of death. However, if an estate is
probated, the period of time in which the title to the real property can be so af-
fected is reduced to approximately six months after the rst publication of letters.
The Surviving Spouse’s Rights (If No Will)
In Missouri, the spouse of a decedent is entitled to receive one-half of the estate
of an intestate decedent. If the decedent is survived by children and the spouse of
the intestate is also a parent of those children, the spouse receives an additional
$20,000. This is in addition to certain exempt property and other statutory allow-
ances for the spouse.
Exempt property is that which the spouse or the unmarried minor children are
entitled to receive absolutely, without regard to any provisions the deceased might
have made for the disposition of other assets. The exempt property includes the
family Bible, books, clothing, household appliances, furniture, one automobile,
and the like.
The support allowance is an award made to the surviving spouse for his or her
maintenance (and that of the unmarried minor children) for a period of one year
after the decedent’s death. The amount of the award is judged by the family’s
previous standard of living.
The Surviving Spouse’s Rights (If There Is A Will)
If the decedent leaves a will giving the spouse less than the spousal share, the
spouse may, within a limited time, elect to “take against the will.” The spouse can
then receive the statutory share rather than what was provided in the will. The
probate court is required to notify the surviving spouse of this right of election
shortly after the will is probated.
A spouse cannot be completely disinherited under a will unless some form of
contractual arrangement (e.g., prenuptial or postnuptial agreement) has been made
before death. A spouse is entitled to receive either one-half of the deceased’s
property if there are no children or grandchildren of the decedent, or one-third of
the property if the decedent was survived by children or grandchildren.
This election for a spousal distribution is subject to the claims of creditors and
estate expenses, and is in addition to the survivor’s statutory allowances and ex-
empt property. Other property received by the survivor outside of probate from
decedent (such as life insurance, joint property and trust assets) serves to offset
against the spousal share.
“Omitted” spouses, or those who were married after the deceased’s will was
executed, may claim an intestate share of the estate. In certain cases, similar
provisions are also included for any children who might have been born after the
will was executed.
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Types of Probate Administration
Two types of probate administration are permitted by Missouri probate law –
“supervised” or “independent.”
A supervised administration is closely monitored by the probate court. The
court must approve many actions of the personal representative, who must also
le annual settlements that are fully reviewed and audited by the probate division.
Independent administration is more informal and eliminates the need for
supervision by the probate division and annual settlements. An estate may be
“independently” administered if so designated in the deceased’s will, or if the
distributees all agree.
Streamlined Probate Alternatives
If a decedent’s estate is valued at less than $40,000, a small estate certicate
may be obtained 30 days after the decedent’s death by a distributee without going
through the full probate process. The distributee, called an “afant,” must le
an afdavit promising to use the decedent’s assets to pay debts and distribute the
property according to law. Publication is required unless the estate is valued at
less than $15,000.
Surviving spouses and the decedent’s minor children can le what are called
“refusals of letters” to have their statutory allowances paid from a decedent’s estate
if the estate is valued at a lesser amount than the allowances. Creditors can also
reach certain assets, such as bank accounts, to pay their bills by ling creditor
refusals of letters if the estate value does not exceed $15,000.
Determination of heirship can be accomplished if, within a year of the date of
death, no probate estate was opened and no will presented for probate. A petition
may be led to obtain a judgment determining heirship. Another alternative is an
afdavit of heirship if acceptable to a title company insuring the title.
Is An Attorney Necessary in Probate?
Yes, when a regular decedent’s probate is undertaken. An attorney is required
to represent the personal representative in both supervised and independent ad-
ministrations in Missouri. A lawyer can assure that all deadlines are met and avoid
mistakes and delays. A lawyer can sometimes help explain the process to family
members to prevent disagreements among them over various issues.
Some people may le small estate afdavits and letters of refusal for spouses,
minor children, or creditors without attorneys. But using an attorney can avoid
costly mistakes, especially if real estate is involved.
You should nd an attorney who practices probate law. If you need help nd-
ing a lawyer, The Missouri Bar offers a free Lawyer Search function, located at
MissouriLawyersHelp.org. Those seeking representation can use the tool to locate
lawyers by practice area, geographic location, and spoken language.
The Missouri Bar or the Ofce of Chief Disciplinary Counsel cannot provide
legal advice or refer you to an attorney, but select local bar associations in
6
Missouri offer assistance in nding representation. The Ofce of Chief Disciplinary
Counsel does not screen the attorneys who are afliated with these lawyer referral
services, and OCDC does not have information on their credentials or abilities. If
you would like a referral to an attorney in the St. Louis area, call (314) 621-6681.
For a referral to an attorney in the Springeld or Greene County area, call (417)
831-2783.
Hiring a legal professional can be costly, but it is important to remember that you
are paying for expertise. If you are unable to afford a lawyer, it might be possible
to be represented at a lower rate or on a pro bono basis. In these situations, your
quality of representation should not decrease, but your out-of-pocket costs will.
The Missouri Bar does not match members of the public with pro bono lawyers,
but it maintains a list of available discounted services, which is available at Mis-
souriLawyersHelp.org.
Additionally, some matters, such as an uncontested divorce or trafc ticket, may
not call for a lawyer at all. The Missouri Bar produces numerous brochures and
blog posts – all available at MissouriLawyersHelp.org – that address general legal
questions. While they are not a substitute for a hired lawyer, they are helpful for
background information on matters and can help you decide if you need to seek
representation.
For more information, go to MissouriLawyersHelp.org or call 573-635-4128.
Revised 5/16
117
What These Words Mean
Estate – the property you own in your name alone when you die.
Personal Representative – the person in charge of your estate, usually nominated
in your will. May also be referred to as "executor.”
Trust – property set apart, sometimes in a will, for a certain purpose.
What Is a Will?
A will is a legal paper that states who receives your property when you die. Each
state has its own laws about wills.
A will does not avoid the necessity of probate and must be “probated” to have legal
effect. You may title your property in other ways so that probate is not necessary.
Who Can Make a Will?
Any person who is at least 18 years old and of sound mind can make a will.
When is a Will Legal in Missouri?
In Missouri, a will is legal when it is signed and the signature was witnessed
by two people.
A will can be changed through a codicil with the same formalities as when the
will was signed. For that reason, it is usually easier to replace with a new will.
A will is self-proving if a special clause is used when the witnesses sign and the
maker’s signature is acknowledged by a notary public.
An earlier will may be canceled by properly executing a newer will.
You can cancel your own will by destroying the original and any copies you
may have made.
Missouri courts recognize wills executed in other states if properly done under
their laws.
What If You Die Without a Will?
Property that you owned alone goes to your close relatives and sometimes to
more distant relatives. If no relatives are found, a highly unusual circumstance,
your property goes to the state. Without a will to indicate your choice, a decision
as to who receives your property is set by law.
wills
To Whom Can You Give Your Property?
You may give your property to any person or organization you choose, in any
manner you choose.
Some laws limit what you can do in a will, and you should seek the advice of a
lawyer to assure that what you want to do will work.
Your spouse can choose a certain amount, specied in a state statute, from your
estate if he or she does not like your will.
Why is It Better to Have a Will?
• You can save some costs by waiving bond and providing for independent
administration.
• You can say whom you want to receive your valued personal belongings in
a list referred to in the will. You can change the list without changing your will.
• Only you decide who receives your property.
• You can nominate a guardian for your minor children.
• You can say whether or not you want to make anatomical gifts.
• You can provide for minor or disabled children in a trust without the court having
to supervise by appointing a conservator to take care of what they would receiv
e.
• You can set up a trust for your family.
• You can save on some death taxes.
• You can say what you want done with the damages you receive if you die in
an accident caused by another person.
• You will know that you have planned for your family.
How Long is a Will Legal?
• Until changed or canceled by you.
• A will benetting a spouse will not be enforceable if you get a divorce.
When Should You Think About Changing Your Will?
• Your family changes through marriage, divorce, birth or adoption of children,
or death or disability of a member of your immediate family.
• Your family, property, money, or other assets change in value or nature.
• You move to another state.
What Can Take the Place of a Will?
• Property or bank accounts titled jointly with another(s).
• Life insurance policies and some annuities are ways to own property and provide
for their transfer upon your death to named beneciaries.
• Non-probate transfers such as beneciary deeds for real estate, pay-on-death
provisions on bank accounts and certain other assets, and transfer-on-death provi-
sions on motor vehicle titles, stock certicates, and brokerage accounts.
• Individual retirement accounts (IRAs) and employer retirement plans with
employee contributions are ways to provide for their transfer to named beneciaries
8
119
upon your death.
• Property held by a revocable living trust (but you should still have a “pour-
over” will).
• Missouri’s law of intestate succession.
These and other methods not mentioned should be used in place of a will only
after you have talked to a lawyer.
You should always have a will in addition to these other techniques as a safety
net to cover those items that are not “titled” assets.
These techniques, if used correctly and under the right circumstances, may en-
able you to totally avoid probate.
Who Can Write a Will?
Any capable adult can by law, but there are many pitfalls and, if proper technical
language is not used, certain bequests or the entire will may become unenforceable.
Only a lawyer can write a will that you can be sure will be legal.
You should nd a lawyer who practices estate planning law. Ask the lawyer how
much the fee will be to write the will.
If you need help nding a lawyer, The Missouri Bar offers a free Lawyer Search
function, located at MissouriLawyersHelp.org. Those seeking representation can
use the tool to locate lawyers by practice area, geographic location, and spoken
language.
The Missouri Bar or the Ofce of Chief Disciplinary Counsel cannot provide
legal advice or refer you to an attorney, but select local bar associations in
Missouri offer assistance in nding representation. The Ofce of Chief Disciplinary
Counsel does not screen the attorneys who are afliated with these lawyer referral
services, and OCDC does not have information on their credentials or abilities. If
you would like a referral to an attorney in the St. Louis area, call (314) 621-6681.
For a referral to an attorney in the Springeld or Greene County area, call (417)
831-2783.
Hiring a legal professional can be costly, but it is important to remember that you
are paying for expertise. If you are unable to afford a lawyer, it might be possible
to be represented at a lower rate or on a pro bono basis. In these situations, your
quality of representation should not decrease, but your out-of-pocket costs will.
The Missouri Bar does not match members of the public with pro bono lawyers,
but it maintains a list of available discounted services, which is available at Mis-
souriLawyersHelp.org.
Additionally, some matters, such as an uncontested divorce or trafc ticket, may
not call for a lawyer at all. The Missouri Bar produces numerous brochures and
blog posts – all available at MissouriLawyersHelp.org – that address general legal
questions. While they are not a substitute for a hired lawyer, they are helpful for
background information on matters and can help you decide if you need to seek
representation.
For more information, go to MissouriLawyersHelp.org or call 573-635-4128.
Revised 5/16
10
1111
What is a Revocable Living Trust?
A trust is an agreement that determines how a person’s property is to be managed
and distributed during his or her lifetime and also upon death.
A revocable living trust normally involves three parties:
The Settlor – Also called grantor or trustor, this is the person who creates the
trust, and usually the only person who provides funding for the trust. More than
one person can be a settlor of a trust, such as when a husband and wife join together
to create a family trust.
The Trustee – This is the person who holds title to the trust property and manages
it according to the terms of the trust. The settlor often serves as trustee during his
or her lifetime, and another person or a corporate trust company is named to serve
as successor trustee after the settlor’s death or if the settlor is unable to continue
serving for any reason.
The Beneciary – This is the person or entity that will receive the income or
principal from the trust. This can be the settlor (and the settlor’s spouse) during
his or her lifetime and the settlor’s children (or anyone else or a charity the settlor
chooses to name) after the settlor’s death.
A trust is classied as a “living” trust when it is established during the settlor’s
lifetime and as a “revocable” trust when the settlor has reserved the right to amend
or revoke the trust during his or her lifetime.
How is a Revocable Living Trust Created?
There are two basic steps in creating a revocable living trust. First, an attorney
prepares a legal document called a “trust agreement” or a “declaration of trust” or
an “indenture of trust” which is signed by the settlor and the trustee. Secondly, the
settlor transfers property to the trustee to be held for the benet of the beneciary
named in the trust document.
Can a Revocable Living Trust be Changed or Revoked?
Yes. The settlor ordinarily reserves the right in the trust document to amend or
revoke the trust at any time during his or her lifetime. This enables the settlor to
revise the trust (or even terminate the trust) to take into account any change of
circumstances such as marriage, divorce, death, disability or even a “change of
mind.” It also gives the settlor the peace of mind that he can “undo” what he has
done. Upon the death of the settlor, most revocable living trusts become irrevo-
cable and no changes are then allowed (with some exceptions) to save taxes or
what is a revocable living trust?
12
improve administration. Sometimes the trust becomes irrevocable after the death
of a spouse if the trust was jointly created by a married couple.
Is a Revocable Living Trust an Adequate Substitute for a
Will?
No! A revocable living trust may be considered the principal document in an
estate plan, but a will should accompany a revocable living trust. This type of will,
referred to as a “pour over” will, names the revocable living trust as the principal
beneciary. Thus, any property which the settlor failed to transfer to the trust dur-
ing his or her lifetime is added to the trust upon the settlor’s death and distributed
to (or held for the benet of) the beneciary according to the trust instructions.
The settlor may not be able to transfer all desired property to a revocable living
trust during the settlor’s lifetime. For example, the probate estate of a person who
dies as a result of an auto accident may be entitled to any insurance settlement pro-
ceeds. These settlement proceeds can only be transferred from the estate to the trust
pursuant to the terms of a will. Without a will, the proceeds would be distributed
to the heirs under the Missouri laws of descent and distribution.
Also, a parent cannot nominate a guardian for minor children in a revocable
living trust. This can be accomplished only in a will.
Will a Revocable Living Trust Avoid Probate Expenses?
Property held in a revocable living trust at the time of the settlor’s death is not
subject to probate administration. Thus, the value of the property is not considered
when computing the statutory fee for the personal representative or the estate at-
torney. Also, the amount of any required bond for the personal representative will
be reduced to the extent the property is held in the trust and not subject to probate
administration.
Nevertheless, certain expenses associated with the death of a person are not
eliminated. Trustees are paid for their work unless they waive their fees. Deeds
to real estate transferring the property from the trust to the beneciaries must be
prepared. Estate tax returns must be led when the total value of the property
owned at death (including assets in a revocable living trust) exceeds a certain
value. The decedent’s nal income tax returns must still be led and income tax
returns for the trust must also be led. Trustees often seek assistance and advice
from attorneys who charge fees.
What Are Some of the Advantages of a Revocable
Living Trust?
In addition to the savings in probate expenses, the avoidance of probate admin-
istration has other advantages. The administration of a revocable living trust at the
settlor’s death is normally a private matter between the trustee and the beneciaries.
Unlike probate, there are few public records to reveal the nature or amount of assets
or the identity of any beneciary.
Property can often be distributed to the beneciaries shortly after the settlor’s
death, avoiding much of the delay encountered with probate administration. Also,
probate court approval is not necessary to sell an asset in a trust, thus avoiding
further delay.
In addition to the avoidance of probate administration in Missouri, “ancillary”
probate administration in other states where real estate is owned can be avoided
by transferring the out-of-state real estate to a revocable living trust. For those
owning real estate in several states, this can be a signicant advantage.
Real estate, businesses, and other assets can continue to be actively managed
by a successor trustee in central administration in much the same way as a settlor
would have done before the settlor died or became incapacitated. For example,
a trustee can use trust assets to pay utility bills to keep the pipes from freezing,
property maintenance expenses, and real estate taxes until real estate is sold or
distributed. The trustee might work out property distribution issues, such as some
beneciaries wanting the real estate while others want money.
What Are Some of the Disadvantages of a Revocable Liv-
ing Trust?
Since a revocable living trust is a more complex legal document that must be
funded by changing property titles while the settlor is alive, it is more costly to es-
tablish than a will, which can have higher expenses after death. Also, accounts need
to be retitled, deeds and other transfer documents must be prepared transferring the
settlor’s assets to the trust, and beneciary designations need to be changed to the
trust— all processes which can require a substantial investment of the settlor’s time.
The use of a revocable living trust requires more ongoing monitoring to ensure
that assets remain in the trust and that newly-purchased assets are titled in the
trust. For example, a settlor who moves a certicate of deposit (perhaps to obtain
a better interest rate) must remember to advise the new institution to title the new
account in the trust.
After the settlor’s death, some of the income tax rules applicable to a trust are
not as liberal as those available to a probate estate. For example, a probate estate
may elect to use a scal year as its tax year, while a trust is restricted to the calen-
dar year. Trusts must pay estimated income tax payments while a probate estate
is exempt from this requirement for the rst two years. Trusts are also subject to
other tax rules that do not apply to probate estates.
Who Can Serve as Trustee?
If the settlor becomes physically or mentally incapacitated, property held in this
trust remains available to the settlor without the requirement of a court-supervised
conservatorship. The successor trustee named in the trust document takes charge
to manage the assets in the trust and pay the settlor’s bills.
1113
14
The successor trustee can be a trusted relative or friend, or can be a professional
trustee such as a trust company or the trust department of a bank. Missouri law
does not require an individual serving as successor trustee to be a Missouri resident.
However, certain restrictions apply to banks or trust companies whose principal
place of business is located outside the state of Missouri. Since the activities of
the successor trustee are not ordinarily supervised by a court or other independent
third party, the selection of the successor trustee should be carefully considered.
The settlor is not limited to naming only one trustee. Two or more individu-
als may be named to serve as co-trustees or a combination of individuals and a
corporate trustee may be named. If more than one is named, care should be taken
to designate who can pay the usual, ordinary expenses without having to take the
time and expense of requiring more than one signature.
If an individual is to serve as successor trustee, the settlor should consider whether
the trustee is to be bonded. The settlor’s decision should be clearly stated in the
trust document. If a bond is required, the bond premium is normally paid by the
trustee from the assets in the trust.
Is a General Durable Power of Attorney or an Advance
Directive Still Needed?
Although the function of a general durable power of attorney is beyond the
scope of this brochure, a settlor of a revocable living trust should also consider
establishing a general durable power of attorney to accomplish objectives which
cannot be attained with a trust and to complement what is accomplished by a trust.
An “advance directive,” usually used with a durable power of attorney for health
care, has an entirely different function from a revocable living trust and the two
should not be confused. Whether a person has a trust ordinarily has no bearing on
the decision to have (or not to have) an advance directive. Care should be taken,
however, to require the trustee to pay for medical expenses for an incapacitated
settlor if necessary.
Does the Revocable Living Trust Reduce Income Taxes or
Estate Taxes?
During the settlor’s lifetime, the revocable living trust usually has no effect on
the income tax which the settlor will owe. In fact, if the settlor is the trustee or a
co-trustee, all income earned on assets held in the revocable trust is reported directly
on the settlor’s income tax return using the settlor’s Social Security number, and
the trust is not required to le a return. After the death of one or both settlors, the
trust must have its own separate tax identication number and is taxed at the same
rate as a probate estate.
Regarding the estate tax, proper planning can often reduce the amount of tax
payable upon the settlor’s death. For the most part, estate tax planning can be
equally accomplished through proper drafting in a will, a revocable living trust,
or through the use of other legal devices such as disclaimers. However, there are
1115
minor differences. For instance, under current tax rules, a lifetime gift of an amount
over the annual exclusion amount directly from a living trust to a donee may be
subject to estate tax if the settlor dies within three years of making the gift. This
three-year rule does not apply to gifts made directly from an individual to a donee.
Who Can Be the Trustee?
A settlor who desires to manage his or her own nancial affairs and who is physi-
cally and mentally able can (and ordinarily should) serve initially as trustee. But
provisions should be made in the trust for a successor trustee to take charge if the
settlor becomes unable to continue for any reason and when the settlor dies. Or, the
settlor may simply desire to make someone else responsible for managing assets,
whether temporarily or permanently, by resigning or naming another initial trustee.
The Trustee’s Duty to Inform
The trustee of a revocable trust does not have to tell future beneciaries about
the trust, what is in it, or how it is administered.
If a trust is irrevocable or when a revocable trust becomes irrevocable, usually
because the settlor dies or becomes incapacitated, beneciaries have certain rights
based upon their benecial interests set out in the trust. The trustee of an irrevocable
trust must give the current and future beneciaries information for them to protect
their interests. They must be told about the existence of the trust, the name and
address of the beneciary, and that a copy of the trust will be given to a beneciary
who requests a copy. The trustee must report the property in the trust at the time
the trust became irrevocable, as well as the income and disbursements from it and
the balance, at least once per year.
Who Can Advise You About a Revocable Living Trust?
You should never sign a revocable living trust document without the advice of
a Missouri attorney who practices in this eld of law. He or she will be able to
advise if a revocable living trust is right for you.
Who Can Draft a Trust to Meet Your Needs?
Only a lawyer can write a trust that you can be sure will be legal. There are
many pitfalls and, if proper technical language is not used, certain distributions or
the entire trust may become unenforceable. What you put in the trust should be
carefully thought out with your attorney’s help because it may too late to change
it after you die or become incapacitated.
You should nd a lawyer who practices estate planning law. Ask the lawyer how
much the fee will be to write the trust.
If you need help nding a lawyer, The Missouri Bar offers a free Lawyer Search
function, located at MissouriLawyersHelp.org. Those seeking representation can
use the tool to locate lawyers by practice area, geographic location, and spoken
language.
Revised 5/16
16
The Missouri Bar or the Ofce of Chief Disciplinary Counsel cannot provide
legal advice or refer you to an attorney, but select local bar associations in
Missouri offer assistance in nding representation. The Ofce of Chief Disciplinary
Counsel does not screen the attorneys who are afliated with these lawyer referral
services, and OCDC does not have information on their credentials or abilities. If
you would like a referral to an attorney in the St. Louis area, call (314) 621-6681.
For a referral to an attorney in the Springeld or Greene County area, call (417)
831-2783.
Hiring a legal professional can be costly, but it is important to remember that you
are paying for expertise. If you are unable to afford a lawyer, it might be possible
to be represented at a lower rate or on a pro bono basis. In these situations, your
quality of representation should not decrease, but your out-of-pocket costs will.
The Missouri Bar does not match members of the public with pro bono lawyers,
but it maintains a list of available discounted services, which is available at Mis-
souriLawyersHelp.org.
Additionally, some matters, such as an uncontested divorce or trafc ticket, may
not call for a lawyer at all. The Missouri Bar produces numerous brochures and
blog posts – all available at MissouriLawyersHelp.org – that address general legal
questions. While they are not a substitute for a hired lawyer, they are helpful for
background information on matters and can help you decide if you need to seek
representation.
For more information, go to MissouriLawyersHelp.org or call 573-635-4128.
What is a Joint Tenancy?
Joint tenancy is a form of ownership by two or more individuals together.
It differs from other types of co-ownership in that the surviving joint tenant
immediately becomes the owner of the whole property upon the death of the other
joint tenant. This is called a “right of survivorship.”
A joint tenancy between a husband and wife is generally known as a tenancy by
the entirety. Tenancy by the entirety has some different characteristics than other
joint tenancies, such as the inability of one joint tenant to sever the ownership.
What is a Tenancy in Common?
A tenancy in common is another form of co-ownership. It is the ownership of an
asset by two or more individuals together, but without the rights of survivorship
that are found in a joint tenancy. Thus, on the death of one co-owner, his or
her interest will not pass to the surviving owner or owners but will pass as an
individual share according to his or her will or, if there is no will, by the law
determining heirs.
How is a Joint Tenancy Created, and What Property Can
Be So Held?
State law controls the creation of a joint tenancy in both real and personal
property (real property is land and attachments to the land, personal property
is generally all other types of property). For transfers to two or more persons
who are not husband and wife, the deed or conveyance must expressly state an
intention to create a joint tenancy by noting that the property will be held not as
tenants in common but as joint tenants with rights of survivorship. For transfers
of personal property, such as stock certicates, the simple letters “JTWRS” may
be used to designate a joint tenancy with right of survivorship.
A joint tenancy can be created in almost any type of property. Different types
of jointly held property have different characteristics. Either joint tenant of a bank
account usually may withdraw the whole amount on deposit, depending upon the
account agreement. The signatures of all joint tenants are generally required in
order to transfer or sell bonds and corporate stocks. All joint tenants, and their
spouses, must sign deeds and contracts to transfer or sell real estate.
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joint tenancy
18
Is a Joint Tenancy an Adequate Substitute for a Will?
No! Only with a will can a person be certain that his or her assets will pass
as intended. A will, properly written and executed, applies to all of the property
of the maker for which he or she has not otherwise provided. Almost everyone
should have a will, even though he or she may have provided for property to pass
by other methods.
A joint tenancy is not a comprehensive method of transfer and applies only
to the specic property described in the instrument creating the joint tenancy.
Furthermore, while a joint tenancy does provide for the surviving owner to own
the property upon the death of one of the joint tenants, no provisions are included
for the disposition of the property upon the death of the survivor. In addition, the
joint tenant who is intended to be the survivor may die rst, frustrating the intent
of the parties. A properly structured will would address these and many other of
life’s uncertainties.
A joint tenancy is a present transfer of an actual interest in the property. Except
for joint bank accounts, it cannot be revoked or reversed without the joint tenant’s
cooperation, and for real property the cooperation of the joint tenant’s spouse is
also required. Creating a joint tenancy with someone other than your spouse may
result in a gift being subject to gift tax.
A will is revocable and may be changed as circumstances change. It is the
cornerstone of an effective estate plan.
Will a Joint Tenancy Avoid Probate Expenses?
Joint holdings may reduce probate involvement and expenses. However,
while joint assets may avoid the formal estate administration that is required
when property passes under a will, other costs may occur. Steps must be taken to
reregister the assets in the survivor’s name and to comply with the various state
and federal tax requirements. The process can be time-consuming and expensive.
In addition, placing assets in joint names with another, especially someone other
than a spouse, creates uncertainties and exposes the assets to the disadvantages
discussed below.
What Are Some Advantages of Joint Tenancy?
Some of the advantages are:
• Property passes to the survivor without the need for probate
administration. Generally, only a death certicate is needed to establish
the survivor’s ownership in the property.
• Where the rst to die wishes all of his or her property to pass outright
to a surviving spouse, joint ownership may afford a convenient and
economical way to pass title to the particular property so owned. For
example, it may be advantageous for a summer home located in another
state to be owned in joint names with the right of survivorship. This way,
upon the death of either joint tenant, the survivor will own the home
1119
outright and the need for probate administration in the other state will
be avoided.
• The family residence is often held in joint names, especially where the
surviving spouse is likely to continue to use the property as his or her
home. In that case, joint ownership may be an appropriate method of
ensuring continuity of ownership.
• A joint household checking or savings account can offer a married
couple both convenience and exibility, as it makes funds immediately
available in the event one spouse dies or becomes incapacitated.
What Are Some Disadvantages of Joint Tenancy?
A few of the disadvantages are:
• The original owner of the property who subsequently placed it in a joint
tenancy is no longer the sole owner.
• If the original owner later desires to dispose of the property, in many
cases he or she cannot sell his or her partial interest unless the other joint
tenants agree and cooperate.
• If both joint owners die in a common accident or disaster, and it cannot
be determined who died rst, the legal ownership of the property may be
uncertain, resulting in additional legal costs.
• If a conservator is appointed for the original owner, the probate court’s
authority may be required to use the asset for that owner, increasing the
cost of the conservatorship.
• If minors or legally disabled adults are involved, costly and cumbersome
conservatorship proceedings may be necessary.
• An always present danger in joint tenancy arrangements is that the co-
owners may disagree. If the co-owners do disagree, a costly and time
consuming lawsuit may be required for the original owner to exercise his
or her rights regarding the asset.
• If an asset is owned jointly prior to marriage, the original owner may lose
part of the asset in a divorce.
• A jointly owned asset will be subject to judgments against every owner
and may be lost in the bankruptcy of any owner.
• The nancial management advantages of trusts are eliminated, especially
where aged parents or minor children are involved, as are the possible
tax savings available to trusts and estates.
• Assets may not be available to the executor of a deceased joint owner’s
estate. In such a situation, it may then be necessary to sell other assets
in order to meet tax payments or other cash needs in order to settle the
affairs of the decedent.
20
What Tax Consequences Could Result From the Creation
of a Joint Tenancy?
Serious tax disadvantages may result from the use of property held as a joint
tenancy. If all the property owned at death – including joint property, life insurance
and employee benets – exceeds a certain exemption limit, the estate may be
subject to federal and state estate taxes. Estate taxes are not avoided by joint
tenancy. In many instances, all or part of jointly held property may be includable
in the estate of the rst joint tenant to die.
An asset owned jointly may retain part of its original cost basis. Upon the sale of
the asset after the death of one owner, the capital gains taxes may be signicantly
increased.
Transferring property into joint tenancy may also result in a gift tax. While
recent changes in federal tax laws have to a large extent minimized the gift
tax consequences of joint ownership, especially between spouses, effective tax
planning for large estates can be greatly complicated by the use of joint property
arrangements.
May Safe Deposit Boxes Be Jointly Held?
Under Missouri statutes, safe deposit boxes may be jointly rented. This type of
registration must be specically noted in the rental agreement with the bank or
safe deposit box company. With a jointly rented safe deposit box, the surviving
joint tenant will have immediate access to the box upon the death of the other
joint tenant. However, even though a safe deposit box is rented in joint names,
that alone does not mean that all of the assets contained in the box are also jointly
owned. As a result, joint ownership of a safe deposit box may complicate matters
rather than making them simpler.
Should I Use a Joint Account for Help in Writing Checks?
No. Some people will place a child or someone else on a checking account
as a joint tenant to help them write checks to assure that bills are paid in the
event the original owner is unable to do so. Upon the original owner’s death, the
entire account will belong to the other person; other heirs will not share in it. Oral
understandings about what is to be done with the account balance upon death are
frequently misunderstood and often forgotten. Furthermore, the surviving joint
tenant may be subject to gift tax liability if he or she attempts to share the funds
in the account with other intended heirs after the original owner’s death. Anyone
with a concern or needing help in this area should see their lawyer about a durable
power of attorney or place a trusted person on the account as “agent.”
Alternatives to Joint Tenancy That Also Avoid Probate
Missouri’s Pay On Death (“POD”), Transfer On Death (“TOD”) and Beneciary
Deed statutes provide for the disposition of many types of property at the time of
1121
death without probate proceedings and without some of the disadvantages of joint
tenancies. Under these statutes, the persons who are to receive the property on
the death of the original owner may be designated as beneciaries for accounts in
nancial institutions, securities, real estate and other instruments of title.
POD and TOD beneciary designations and beneciary deeds are revocable by
the owner, the account or property passes outside of probate, and consent of the
beneciary to mortgage or sell the property is not required. As no present interest
is transferred, no gift tax liability is incurred. The arrangement is preferable to
joint tenancy in these respects. However, these designations are subject to some
of the same disadvantages as jointly owned property; they are not intended to
be an adequate substitute for a will or trust, since succession among intended
beneciaries usually cannot be adequately described in detail. A person should not
open POD accounts or execute transfer on death instructions or beneciary deeds
without rst consulting an estate planning attorney.
How Can I Tell Whether or Not a Joint Tenancy is
Advisable for Me?
Your lawyer can advise you after he or she has been made aware of all of the
facts concerning both your property and your family situation. The cost of such
advice is usually quite small compared to the savings that may result and the
pitfalls that can be avoided. Due to continual changes in the tax laws, the need
for legal counsel is essential in estate planning.
Your lawyer can help you determine what property should be owned as
joint tenants or as tenants by the entireties, when POD or TOD beneciary
designations might be useful for specic gifts, when a trust might be an
appropriate part of your estate plan, and what property should pass under a will
and be administered in your estate. If a gift to a minor is involved, your lawyer
also can tell you about the Missouri Transfers to Minors Law.
In 2011, the Missouri Legislature created a trust specically for tenancy by
the entirety property called a Qualied Spousal Trust. Please talk to your legal
advisor about the benets of such a trust.
Revised 1/14
22
1123
What is a Living Will?
A living will is a brief declaration or statement that a person may make indicating
their desire that certain medical treatment be either withheld or withdrawn under
certain circumstances. The Missouri statute authorizing the creation of living wills
species that the statement or declaration be in substantially the following form:
“I have the primary right to make my own decisions concerning treatment
that might unduly prolong the dying process. By this declaration I express to my
physician, family and friends my intent. If I should have a terminal condition, it is
my desire that my dying not be prolonged by administration of death-prolonging
procedures. If my condition is terminal and I am unable to participate in decisions
regarding my medical treatment, I direct my attending physician to withhold
or withdraw medical procedures that merely prolong the dying process and are
not necessary to my comfort or to alleviate pain. It is not my intent to authorize
afrmative or deliberate acts or omissions to shorten my life, rather only to permit
the natural process of dying.”
How is a Living Will Made?
Any competent person 18 years of age or older can make a living will by signing
and dating a statement similar to that shown above before two witnesses. These
witnesses must be at least 18 years old, and should not be related to the person signing
the declaration, a beneciary of his or her estate, or nancially responsible for his
or her medical care. The statement can be typed or handwritten. It is recommended
that a living will or any other advance directives be considered and prepared in
advance of any hospitalization or impending surgery — it is not something anyone
should feel pressured to decide in a short period of time, if that can be avoided.
Limitations of Living Wills
While most people have heard of living wills, many are unaware of the signicant
limitations of the living will as dened by Missouri statutes. The terms “death-
prolonging procedure” and “terminal condition” are used in the statute to specify
the circumstances to which a living will applies. The statute denes both of those
terms as relating to a condition where death will occur within a short period of
time, regardless of whether or not certain treatment is provided. In other words, the
patient will die shortly with or without articial resuscitation, use of a ventilator,
articially supplied nutrition and hydration, or other invasive surgical procedures.
living wills and
other advance directives
By denition, then, a living will only avoids treatment when death is imminent
and the treatment is ineffective to avoid or signicantly delay death. Furthermore, the
statute prohibits a living will from withholding or withdrawing articially supplied
nutrition and hydration, which is sustenance supplied through a feeding tube or IV.
Alternatives to Living Wills
For patients who desire to give instructions for their health care that exceed the
limitations of the living will statute, there is an alternative, commonly referred to
as “advance directives.” An advance directive is an instruction by a patient as to
the withholding or withdrawing of certain medical treatment in advance of the
patient suffering a condition rendering the patient unable to refuse such treatment.
A competent patient always has the right to refuse treatment for himself or herself
or direct that such treatment be discontinued. Without an advance directive, once
a patient becomes incapacitated, he or she may well lose that right. A living will
is simply one type of advance directive. Recent court cases have made it clear
that people have the right to make other types of advance directives that exceed
the limitations of the living will statute. Those directives need to be “clear and
convincing,” and may include instructions to withhold or withdraw articially
supplied nutrition and hydration or other treatment or machinery which may maintain
a patient in a persistent vegetative state. These expanded advance directives can be
tailored to meet the needs and desires of each individual patient, and need not be
in any standard form. For example, they can specify that certain procedures are to
be used for a reasonable period of time and then discontinued if they do not prove
to be effective. Generally, additional advance directives should be signed, dated
and witnessed in the same manner as living wills.
What Should I Do With My Living Will?
The most important part of having a living will or other advance directives after
they are signed is to be certain that they are accessible. They should be kept close
at hand – not in a safe deposit box – because they may be needed at a moment’s
notice. Many people travel with them. Some even keep them in their purse or
billfold. At a minimum, it is recommended that you deliver a copy to your attending
physician and at least make your close relatives aware that you have one. Giving a
copy of your living will or other advance directives to your physician gives you an
opportunity to discuss your desires and ask any questions you may have about any
procedure and also to ask your physician if he or she will follow your directions.
If you have appointed an attorney-in-fact to make health care decisions in case of
your incapacity, he or she should have a copy. If you are hospitalized, a copy should
go into your medical records. For these reasons, it is often wise to sign more than
one copy of your living will or other advance directives.
24
Revoking a Living Will
Once made, a living will or other advance directives are easily revoked or
cancelled. They can be revoked either orally or in writing. If possible, it is advisable
to gather and destroy all copies of the advance directives if you desire to revoke
them. By statute, health care providers are required to note a revocation of a living
will in the medical records of the patient.
Durable Power of Attorney
If you have a durable power of attorney that appoints someone to make health
care decisions for you, do you still need a living will or other advance directives?
The answer is “yes.” Whether or not you have a power of attorney does not affect
the need or desire for a living will or other advance directives. If you do not have
a power of attorney, your advance directives will be very helpful to instruct your
physician and the hospital as to the care you desire. If you do have a power of attorney,
your advance directives will give very important guidance to your attorney-in-fact
as to how he or she should act. In fact, you may want to combine your power of
attorney, your living will, and your other advance directives into one document.
Why Give Advance Directives?
You accomplish at least two things by completing advance directives,
regardless of whether they direct all possible treatment, no treatment or only
some treatment. First, you ensure that the treatment you receive is the treatment
you desire – no more and no less. Second, you take the burden off of your family
and friends to make those decisions for you at a time when they will most likely
be emotionally upset by your critical condition. Finally, you may be avoiding
litigation to determine what treatment you really desired or intended. In any
event, it is time well spent.
Advance directives should address each person’s health care concerns.
Accordingly, at a minimum, a properly drafted directive should clearly specify
the following:
1. Who should be making treatment decisions based on a physician’s opinion;
2. Who may release medical information under HIPAA;
3. Who has the vested right to make funeral arrangements under the right of
sepulcher;
4. Who may make anatomical gifts and organ donations, if any; and
5. Whether articial nutrition and hydration are to be withheld.
1125
Revised 1/14
26
durable power of attorney
27
What is a Power of Attorney?
A power of attorney is a document by which you appoint a person to act as your
agent. An agent is one who has authorization to act for another person. The person
who appoints the agent is the principal; the agent is also called the attorney-in-fact.
If you have appointed an agent by a power of attorney, acts of the agent within the
authority spelled out in the power of attorney are legally binding on you, just as
though you performed the acts yourself. The power of attorney can authorize the
attorney-in-fact to perform a single act or a multitude of acts repeatedly.
Who May Be Appointed Under a Power of Attorney?
The agent appointed by power of attorney may be any adult, and is often a close
relative, lawyer or other trusted individual. The person appointed does not have to
be a resident of the state of Missouri. However, under Missouri law, the following
persons may not serve as attorney-in-fact:
1. No one connected with a facility licensed by the Missouri Department of
Mental Health or Missouri Department of Social Services in which the principal
resides, unless such person is closely related to the principal.
2. No full time judge and no clerk of court, unless closely related.
3. No one under 18, no person judicially determined to be incapacitated or
disabled, and no habitual drunkard.
4. For a health care provider, no one who is the attending physician of the principal
and no one who is connected with the health care facility in which the principal is
a patient, unless such a person is closely related to the principal.
What is a “Durable” Power of Attorney?
Many people are unaware that an ordinary power of attorney is revoked, and the
agent’s power to act for the principal automatically stops, if the principal becomes
incapacitated.
Under Missouri law, and the law of many other states, a power of attorney with
proper wording may be made “durable.” This means that the power of the agent to
act on the principal’s behalf continues despite the principal’s incapacity, whether
or not a court decrees the principal to be incapacitated.
Through a durable power of attorney, an agent may continue to act on your behalf
even after you have had a stroke or other incapacitating illness or accident. If the
power of attorney so provides, the agent can use your funds to pay your bills, can
contract for nursing home services for your benet, and can make basic health
care decisions for you.
28
An aging parent may wish to give a durable power of attorney to a responsible
adult child so that the child can act on the parent’s behalf and carry on routine
matters in the event the parent is disabled or incapacitated. In many instances, this
arrangement is far better than making the child the joint owner of the parent’s bank
accounts and other property and assets.
To create a durable power of attorney in Missouri, the document must state: “This
is a durable power of attorney and the authority of my attorney-in-fact shall not
terminate if I become disabled or incapacitated or in the event of later uncertainty
as to whether I am dead or alive.” In many other states, the document must state in
substance that “this power of attorney shall not be affected by subsequent disability
or incapacity.”
It is possible to create a durable power of attorney so that it will only go into
effect when the principal is incapacitated or when some other stipulated event or
condition occurs. This is ordinarily called a springing durable power of attorney.
Revocation of Durable Power of Attorney
The death of the principal revokes even a durable power of attorney, except for
a third person relying on the power of attorney who does not know of the death.
Also, a durable power of attorney may be revoked by the principal at any time,
either orally or in writing. It is recommended that, when possible, the revocation
be written.
Powers Granted by General Powers of Attorney
Prior to 1989, a valid power of attorney had to spell out in detail all of the
authorizations granted to the agent. However, under a new Missouri law adopted in
August 1989, it is possible to have a “general” power of attorney which authorizes
the agent to act for the principal on every kind of subject or matter which may
legally be handled through an agent, with certain specic exceptions mentioned
below. However, it is still recommended that the power of attorney include as
much detail as possible.
Powers Which Must Be Specically Listed
In Missouri, certain powers must be specically stated in the power of attorney
in
order for the attorney-in-fact to be authorized to perform such acts.
Those powers are:
(1) To execute, amend or revoke any trust agreement;
(2) To fund with the principal’s assets any trust not created by the principal;
(3) To make or revoke a gift of the principal’s property in trust or otherwise;
(4) To disclaim a gift or devise of property to or for the benet of the principal;
(5) To create or change survivorship interests in the principal’s property or in
property in which the principal may have an interest; provided, however, that the
inclusion of the authority set out in this paragraph shall not be necessary in order
1129
to grant to an attorney-in-fact acting under a power of attorney granting general
powers with respect to all lawful subjects and purposes the authority to withdraw
funds or other property from any account, contract or other similar arrangement
held in the names of the principal and one or more other persons with any nancial
institution, brokerage company or other depository to the same extent that the
principal would be authorized to do if the principal were present, not disabled or
incapacitated, and seeking to act in the principal’s own behalf;
(6) To designate or change the designation of beneciaries to receive any property,
benet or contract right on the principal’s death;
(7) To give or withhold consent to an autopsy or postmortem examination;
(8) To make a gift of, or decline to make a gift of, the principal’s body parts
under the Uniform Anatomical Gift Act;
(9) To nominate a guardian or conservator for the principal; and if so stated in
the power of attorney, the attorney-in-fact may nominate himself as such;
(10) To give consent to or prohibit any type of health care, medical care, treatment
or procedure; or
(11) To designate one or more substitute or successor or additional attorneys-in-fact.
Powers Which May Not Be Granted by a Power of
Attorney
No power of attorney governed by the Missouri law may grant power to an agent
to carry out any of the following actions for the principal:
(1) To make, publish, declare, amend or revoke a will for the principal;
(2) To make, execute, modify or revoke a living will declaration for the principal;
(3) To require the principal, against his or her will, to take any action or to refrain
from taking any action; or
(4) To carry out any actions specically forbidden by the principal while not
under any disability or incapacity.
Must I Sign a Power, and If I Do, Will It Be Followed?
No person can be forced to sign a power of attorney, especially one for health care
decisions, which cannot be required for admission to a hospital. Once created, your
directions must be followed. If a physician or other health care provider declines to
follow your instructions due to religious beliefs or moral convictions, such health
care provider must transfer the care of the patient to another physician or facility
that will honor the patient’s instructions. For this reason, it is always advisable
to discuss these issues with your physician in advance of any hospitalization or
extensive treatment.
30
Caution in Preparing and Granting Powers of Attorney
A durable power of attorney, and especially a springing durable power of
attorney, needs to be very carefully worded and you should seek the assistance
of a Missouri lawyer who practices in this area. Furthermore, you should use
great care in the selection of your attorney-in-fact. Remember, you are trusting
not only your property, but perhaps your life, to the person you appoint.
An effective durable power of attorney should contain broad and detailed
powers that nancial institutions can identify and specically rely on in granting
the attorney-in-fact access and control of the principal’s assets. The attorney-in-
fact should have the ability under the document to conduct every nancial affair
the principal may have had in order to correct any and all issues which may arise
in the principal’s estate.
Although Missouri law sets no limits on the duration of a DPOA, the best
practice would be to maintain “fresh” documents that coordinate with other
areas of the law and are up-to-date with current nancial transactions.
Revised 1/14
1131
What is an “Anatomical Gift”?
An “anatomical gift” is a donation of all or part of a human body, after death,
for the purpose of transplantation, therapy, research, or education. You may also
donate some of your organs or tissue while you are alive by making arrangements
with certain medical providers; however, that process is not covered in the ana-
tomical gift law.
Can I Be a Donor?
Anyone can decide to become a donor. Your medical condition at the time of
death determines what organs and tissues can be donated, not age or chronic ill-
ness. Medical professionals evaluate the potential for organ and tissue donation
on a case-by-case basis at the time of death.
Why is a Donation Important?
Thousands of people die or suffer needlessly each year due to a lack of organ
and tissue donors. A transplant is often the only hope. A single donor can save the
lives of up to eight people and enhance the lives of up to 50 others.
What Organs and Tissue Can I Donate?
Vital organs and tissues can be donated for transplantation. Organ donation is
an option for people who have been declared legally dead by brain death criteria.
Tissue donation is an option for people who have been declared legally dead by
brain or cardiac criteria.
• Organs – heart, kidneys, pancreas, lungs, liver, and small intestine.
• Tissue – cornea, skin, bone, bone marrow, heart valves, blood vessels,
and tendons. Tissue donation, such as skin for burn victims or eye dona-
tions for sight-restoring cornea transplants, gives people a chance to lead
full, productive lives.
May I Donate My Body for Science, Education, or
Research Purposes?
Yes, and to assure that your body will be accepted, you should make arrangements
in advance for such a donation with a scientic, educational, or research institution.
revised anatomical gift act
32
What is Brain Death?
Brain death results from a severe, irreversible injury to the brain. All areas of
the brain are damaged and no longer function. In situations of brain death, a per-
son cannot sustain life, but vital body functions may be maintained in an intensive
care unit for a short period of time. This maintains circulation to the vital organs
long enough to facilitate organ donation. People who experience brain death can
also donate tissue.
What is Cardiac Death?
Cardiac death results when the heart and breathing cease to function. All organs
and tissue in the body suffer from a lack of oxygen circulation and die. People who
experience cardiac death are able to donate tissue after their deaths but not organs.
Will My Decision to Donate Affect the Quality of My
Medical Care?
No. Organ, eye and tissue recovery takes place only after all efforts to save
your life have been exhausted and death legally declared. The doctors working to
save your life are entirely separate from the medical team involved in recovering
organs and tissues after your death.
Can a Person Be Too Old or Sick to Donate?
• Perhaps. People of all ages may be an organ and tissue donor.
• Your medical condition at the time of death will determine what organs
and tissue can be donated.
• A physician will decide whether your organs and tissue can be transplanted.
What Medical Conditions Prohibit Donation?
Each potential donor is evaluated for the presence of conditions or illnesses that
might put the transplant recipients at risk. The only contraindications to donation
are the presence of HIV infection and/or active hepatitis infection. All other medical
conditions are evaluated individually at the time of donation. Many people with
chronic medical problems have safely donated vital organs and tissue.
Will Donation Disgure my Body?
• No. Donation does not disgure the body or change the way it looks in
a casket.
• It does not delay funeral arrangements.
Will Donation Affect Memorial or Funeral
Arrangements?
• No. Generally, donation does not delay funeral or memorial services.
• Donation does not prevent an open casket funeral.
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Will My Family Be Charged If My Organs Are
Donated? Are There Any Costs for Donation?
• No. Donation costs nothing to the donor’s family or estate. Organ and
tissue donation is a gift. The family of a donor does not pay any hospital
or physician fees associated with the organ and tissue donation.
• The family is responsible for funeral and burial costs.
• Organ and tissue recovery costs are the responsibility of the organ or
tissue recipient.
Does the Family Receive Any Money for Donation?
• No. It is illegal to buy or sell human organs or tissue.
• Organ and tissue donation is a gift.
• The family receives no payment or reimbursement for donation.
Does My Religion Approve of Donation?
• Most religions approve of organ and tissue donation and consider it a gift,
an act of charity. Visit www.organdonor.gov/donation/religious_views.htm.
• If you have any questions, speak to your religious advisor.
What Happens to My Donated Organs and Tissue?
• Patients receive organs and tissues based upon blood type, length of time
on the waiting list, severity of illness and other medical criteria.
• Age, race, gender, ethnicity, income, or celebrity status is not considered
when determining who receives an organ or tissues.
• Buying and selling organs is against the law!
• Organs, eyes and tissues are given to people who need them the most:
a. at the local level,
b. the region, and
c. all over the country.
Can I Direct a Donation?
• It is permissible to specify an individual to receive a donated organ. If
the organ is a suitable match for a person who is waiting for a transplant,
he or she can receive the transplant as a gift.
• You cannot specify a donation on the basis of age, gender, race or ethnicity.
•
How Can I Become an Organ, Eye and Tissue Donor?
Consider yourself a potential organ and tissue donor. Your medical condition
and circumstances of your death will determine what organs and tissues can be
donated. Once you make the decision to be a donor, record your decision. There
are several ways you can document your decision to give an anatomical gift:
• Register your decision in Missouri’s registry online at www.missourior-
gandonor.com.
• Enroll in the registry when you obtain or renew an instruction permit or
driver’s/non-driver’s license.
• Complete and mail in a registration form by calling toll-free to 888-497-
4564 to obtain a copy of the form.
• Sign the back of your driver/non-driver license with a permanent marker.
• List your decision in a will or living will (please note that if only done in
your will, the will may not be found in time for the donation).
• Include your decision in an advance health care directive.
• Sign and carry a donor card or other signed record.
• Provide any communication witnessed by two adults during a terminal
illness or injury (one witness must be a disinterested witness).
Do I Have to Sign a Donor Card or My Driver’s License?
No. You do not have to sign a donor card or your driver’s license. It is just one
way to document or record your decision.
How Do I Make My Decision Known?
• Record your decision in Missouri’s organ and tissue donor registry.
• Tell your family. Your family will be notied of your decision to donate at
the time of your death and that your decision to donate is being honored.
Inform them early so it will not be a surprise to them at a very difcult time.
• Talk to your faith leader, friends, and physician about your desire to be
a donor.
• Sign your driver’s license with a permanent marker every time you renew
your license. Be sure to have it witnessed.
• Include organ and tissue donation in your advance health care directive,
will, and living will.
What is the Organ and Tissue Donor Registry?
The Organ and Tissue Donor Registry is a statewide voluntary, condential
registry of potential organ and tissue donors that was established by legislation in
2008. It is a rst-person consent registry, making your decision nal unless revoked
in a manner provided by law. Family consent is no longer required.
What if I Joined the Registry Years Ago?
To achieve rst-person consent status, you must enroll in the registry again.
You can do this in several ways. Complete the online application form that will
automatically update your record. Submit a complete paper registration form to
the Department of Health and Human Services and the department will update your
record for you. And, lastly, be sure to say “yes” when asked if you want to be in
the registry every time you renew or change information on your instruction permit
or driver’s/non-driver’s license so that your record will be updated.
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What Happens When I Enroll in Missouri’s Organ and
Tissue Donor Registry?
By enrolling in Missouri’s Organ and Tissue Donor Registry, you are giving legal
consent for the recovery of your organs, eyes and tissues for the purpose of trans-
plantation, therapy, research and/or education at the time of your death. Registry
information is kept strictly condential and can only be accessed by:
a. Federally regulated organ procurement organizations, and
b. Missouri licensed tissue and eye banks.
Such access is limited and for the sole purpose of identifying potential organ
and tissue donors at or near the time of death. The Department of Health and
Senior Services employees or their representative has access to the registry when
required for the performance of their ofcial duties as it relates to the registry and
the donation process.
Do I Need to Have Special Language in an Advanced Di-
rective or Living Will?
Yes, if you plan to be a vital organ and tissue donor, the document must specify
that intensive care interventions are only authorized for the purpose of organ and
tissue donation.
Is There Any Age Restriction on Joining the Registry?
Yes. If you are not an emancipated minor, you must be 16 years of age or older
to register directly through the local driver’s license ofce, online, or by using a
paper enrollment form. If you are 16 or 17 years of age, you are required to provide
parent/guardian contact information. However, if you are under the age of 16 and
not emancipated, please discuss the issue of organ and tissue donation with your
parents/legal guardians. They may complete a registration form for you.
How Can I Refuse to Make an Anatomical Gift and Bar
Others From Doing So On My Behalf?
If you want to refuse to make an anatomical gift and bar others from doing so
on your behalf, you will need to execute a refusal by completing one of the steps
below. Be sure to provide copies of your documentation to family, friends, or
others who may be making end-of-life decisions for you.
• A refusal in your will (although if only done in your will, the refusal may
be found too late to prevent donation).
• If you are physically unable to sign a refusal in a record or writing, have
that writing signed by another person at your direction. This should be
witnessed by at least two adults – one of whom must be a disinterested party
– who also sign the document at your request and attest to your decision.
• A communication made by you in any form during your terminal illness
or injury, addressed to at least two adults, one of whom is a disinterested
witness.
1135
What Will the Symbol on My License Look Like?
The symbol is a red heart with a green ribbon going through it with the word
“donor” above the heart. It will be on the front of your driver’s/non-driver’s license.
May I Later Withdraw or Revoke My Consent to be
Listed on the Organ and Tissue Donor Registry?
Yes. You may withdraw or revoke your consent to be listed on the registry. This
action does not mean a refusal to make an anatomical gift. Your agent, next of kin,
guardian, or other public ofcial could still act on your behalf and make the gift.
Other authorized persons may make such a gift for you despite your revocation
unless you take steps to prevent them from doing so and execute a refusal.
What Happens to My Decision to Make an Ana-
tomical Gift if I Lose my Instruction Permit or
Driver’s/Non-Driver’s License?
Suspension, expiration or loss of your instruction permit or driver’s/
non-driver’s license does not invalidate your gift.
How Can an Attorney Assist Me with An Anatomical Gift
or Refusal?
Attorneys who practice in the areas of estate planning and elder law can help
you clarify and implement your wishes concerning anatomical gifts. They can help
you reinforce your intent by putting your wishes in your will and durable powers
of attorney in addition to registering on the Missouri Organ and Tissue Registry.
If you need help nding a lawyer, The Missouri Bar offers a free Lawyer Search
function, located at MissouriLawyersHelp.org. Those seeking representation can
use the tool to locate lawyers by practice area, geographic location, and spoken
language.
The Missouri Bar or the Ofce of Chief Disciplinary Counsel cannot provide
legal advice or refer you to an attorney, but select local bar associations in
Missouri offer assistance in nding representation. If you would like a referral to
an attorney in the St. Louis area, call (314) 621-6681. For a referral to an attorney
in the Springeld or Greene County area, call (417) 831-2783.
Hiring a legal professional can be costly, but it is important to remember that you
are paying for expertise. If you are unable to afford a lawyer, it might be possible
to be represented at a lower rate or on a pro bono basis. In these situations, your
quality of representation should not decrease, but your out-of-pocket costs will.
The Missouri Bar does not match members of the public with pro bono lawyers,
but it maintains a list of available discounted services, which is available at Mis-
souriLawyersHelp.org.
For more information, go to MissouriLawyersHelp.org or call 573-635-4128.
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Revised 5/16
1137
What is a Guardian?
A guardian is a person who has heen appointed by a court (usually the probate
division of the circuit court) to have the care and custody of a minor or of an adult
person who has been legally determined to be incapacitated.
What is a Conservator?
A conservator is a person or a corporation, such as a bank or trust company,
appointed by a court (again, usually the probate division of the circuit court)
to manage the property of a minor or of an adult person who has been legally
determined to be disabled.
Who May Be Appointed Guardian and Conservator?
The same person is usually appointed both guardian and conservator, although
it is possible for different persons to be appointed with respect to the same minor
or incapacitated and disabled adult. Parents have the rst priority for appointment
as conservators for the estates of their minor children, although such appointment
is necessary only if the minor will receive property from some source other than
his or her parents, such as the settlement of a personal injury action, an inheritance
from a decedent’s estate or some other source of property or income. Parents are
the natural guardians for their children and need not be appointed as such by a
court. However, if a minor has no parents, then the court may consider a guardian
and conservator chosen by the minor if the minor is over the age of 14 years.
The court may also consider a person named in the will of the last parent to die.
In any event, the person appointed by the court must be suitable and qualied. If
the minor is unable to choose a guardian and conservator and if the last surviving
parent failed to designate a guardian and conservator in his or her will, then the
court will appoint the most suitable person, usually an adult brother or sister or
other close adult relative who is willing to serve.
An incapacitated or disabled person may designate his or her own guardian
or conservator if, at the time of the hearing, the person is able to communicate a
reasonable choice to the court. In addition, any competent adult person may designate
a suitable person to serve as guardian or a suitable person or eligible corporation to
serve as conservator, if done in writing and witnessed by at least two witnesses within
ve years before the date of the hearing. (Frequently such designations are made in
guardians and conservators
under missouri law
38
Durable Powers of Attorney, which are discussed elsewhere in this publication.) If
no suitable person has been nominated by the incapacitated or disabled person, the
court will consider appointing, in order: the spouse, parents, adult children, adult
brothers and sisters and other close adult relatives. If there are no relatives willing
or able to serve, the court may appoint any suitable person (such as a close friend)
or, if no one steps forward, the public administrator. A person need not be a resident
of the state of Missouri to qualify for appointment as a guardian or conservator.
However, the court may consider the fact of non-residency when determining who
may be suitable for appointment as a guardian or conservator.
What Does it Mean to Be Incapacitated or Disabled?
As dened by Missouri law, “an incapacitated person is one who is unable by
reason of any physical or mental condition to receive and evaluate information or
to communicate decisions to such an extent that he [or she] lacks capacity to meet
essential requirements for food, clothing, shelter, safety or other care such that
serious physical injury, illness, or disease is likely to occur.” Similarly, a disabled
person is one who is “unable by reason of any physical or mental condition to
receive and evaluate information or to communicate decisions to such an extent that
the person lacks ability to manage his [or her] nancial resources.” Under certain
circumstances, a conservator may be appointed by the court for a person who has
disappeared or is detained against his or her will.
What is the Legal Effect of a Judicial Determination of
Incapacity or Disability?
The answer depends upon whether the court has made a nding of total
disability and incapacity or only partial disability and incapacity. If the court
nds that a person is only partially disabled and partially incapacitated, the
person is still presumed competent and loses only those rights specied in the
order. A person who has disappeared or is being detained does not lose any
rights. On the other hand, if the court nds a person totally incapacitated or
totally disabled (or both), the person is presumed to be incompetent for all legal
purposes. A person who has been determined by a court to be disabled is referred
to as a “protectee” and a person who has been determined by a court to be
incapacitated is referred to as a “ward.”
How Are Guardianship and Conservatorship Proceedings
Commenced?
Proceedings are commenced when a “petitioner” les an application for the
appointment of a guardian and/or conservator in the probate division of the circuit
court in the county in which the minor or alleged incapacitated or disabled person
(the “respondent”) resides. The petitioner and the respondent must be represented
by attorneys. After an application is led, the court will set a date for a hearing. In
1139
the case of a minor, notice of the application must be served before the hearing:
upon the minor (if over the age of 14 years); his or her parents and spouse, if
any; anyone having care and custody of the minor; and any agency charged with
supervision, control or custody. In the case of an alleged incapacitated or disabled
person, notice of the application must be served: upon the respondent; his or her
spouse, parents, children or other close relative over the age of 18 years; any person
acting in a representative capacity with respect to any of the respondent’s nancial
resources; and any person having care and custody of the respondent.
What Are the Duties of a Guardian and a Conservator?
A guardian must always act in the best interest of the ward. The guardian of a
minor is charged with responsibility for the minor’s custody and control, and must
act and make decisions relative to the minor’s education, support and maintenance.
A guardian of an incapacitated person must act and make decisions relative to the
ward’s care, treatment, shelter, education, support and maintenance. A guardian must
assure that the ward resides in the least restrictive setting reasonably available and
receives all medical care which he or she may need. A guardian may give necessary
legal consent for the ward’s treatment. However, a guardian may not admit the ward
to a mental health facility for more than 30 days without a court order. A guardian
must report to the court, at least annually, on the ward’s physical condition.
A conservator, under the supervision of the court, is responsible for the protection
and management of the protectee’s nancial estate. The conservator must properly
and prudently invest the protectee’s assets, apply such assets for the protectee’s
care and maintenance, and account for all funds received and expended on behalf
of the protectee. Because of the strict accounting requirements imposed by law and
the necessity of obtaining a court order authorizing most expenditures from the
estate, the conservator must work closely with an attorney in order to administer
the protectee’s estate properly, no matter how large or small it may be.
Is the Conservator or Guardian Personally Liable for the
Debts of the Protectee or Ward?
No, as long as the conservator indicates that he or she is acting on behalf of the
protectee or ward in a representative capacity. In addition, neither the conservator
nor the guardian assumes personal responsibility for the protectee’s or ward’s
debts that may have been incurred by the protectee or ward prior to the court’s
determinations that he or she is an incapacitated or disabled person. Of course,
unauthorized use of the protectee’s estate or misappropriation of the protectee’s
property by either the conservator or guardian will likely require revocation of
legal authority as conservator or guardian by the court and may result in personal
liability for any harm or loss suffered by the estate.
40
How Are Guardianship and Conservatorship Terminated?
Guardianship and conservatorship for a minor terminate when the minor reaches
18 years of age. If there was a conservatorship estate for the minor, the conservator
prepares and les with the court a nal accounting of the administration of the
estate. Upon the court’s approval of the nal accounting, the conservator transfers
the estate to the former protectee and, upon ling a nal receipt with the court, the
conservator and guardian are discharged by the court from any further responsibility.
On the other hand, guardianship and conservatorship for an incapacitated and
disabled person terminate only when the protectee is found to be competent by the
court or upon the death of the protectee. When either of these two events occur, the
conservator prepares a nal accounting for the court and the conservator and guardian
are discharged in much the same manner as with the termination of a minor’s estate.
In some cases, when the estate of the protectee has been completely exhausted,
the conservator may be discharged by the court upon ling a nal accounting, but
the duties of the guardian will continue until such time as the ward is found to be
competent by the court or dies.
Revised 1/14
