1
2021 Annual Meeting
February 18–19, 2021
Program
Conference Information
Schedule and Presentation Listing
Abstracts
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING
CONFERENCE INFORMATION
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Welcome to the 2021 Annual Meeting!
We are pleased to present our 49th Annual Meeting and first virtual Annual Meeting this year! At a time
when so many events have been postponed or cancelled, we are grateful that we are able to meet again this
year. We are also thankful to our members for registering for the meeting, submitting their research, and
volunteering to help organize the conference. Most of all, we appreciate your patience as we moved our
meeting to a virtual platform.
The conference consists of over 250 presentations including 218 posters, 6 review/symposia, 24 student
award competition posters, 5 invited lectures, and 5 clinical case presentations in the Sports Medicine
Physician Track program. We also have three special events: the Emily Haymes Mentoring “Breakfast”, the
Biomechanics special interest group meeting, and the awards ceremony for the Student Award Poster
Competition. Throughout the meeting, the virtual Graduate School Fair and Exhibit Hall will be open.
We are hosting our meeting using the Symposium by ForagerOne platform. The conference will include
posters, review/symposia, clinical case presentations, and invited lectures. Most presentations will be an
online poster format, some of which include a short video explanation from the author, and a mechanism for
engagement and discussion with attendees. Poster presentations and symposia will be available throughout
the conference with scheduled sessions to interact with presenters. Invited lectures will be pre-recorded with
live chat with presenters during those sessions. The Sports Medicine Physician program, Emily Haymes
Mentoring event, and the awards ceremony will be streamed live.
We hope you will find that this meeting captures most of what makes our annual meeting such an important
event. Hopefully, we can meet in person again next year for the 50th Annual Meeting in Greenville, SC on
February 17–19, 2022!
Wishing you a successful meeting,
The SEACSM Executive Board
How to Access the Virtual SEACSM Annual Meeting
All sessions for the 2021 Southeast ACSM Annual Meeting are available through the Symposium by
ForagerOne platform. To access the meeting content, you must log in using the same email address
you used to register for the conference.
LOGIN HERE: https://symposium.foragerone.com/seacsm2021
Once you log in, you can see all presentations by clicking the Presentations link at the top of the
page. You can use the checkboxes along the left side to filter by session, presentation topic category,
and presentation type. This is the easiest way to find specific sessions or topics, as well as the
Graduate School Fair and Exhibitor presentations. You can also search for specific authors, titles, and
keywords using the search bar at the top of the page. Once you select a presentation you can read the
abstract, view the poster and/or video, and leave comments for the presenter.
Links to the ACSM Presidential Address, Keynote Address, Basic Science Lecture, Clinical Crossover
Lecture, Montoye Award Lecture, Sports Medicine Physician program, Emily Haymes Mentoring event,
Biomechanics Interest Group, and the awards ceremony are available under the Live Sessions link.
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING
CONFERENCE INFORMATION
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SEACSM Annual Meeting Objectives
At the conclusion of the meeting, participants should be able to:
•
Understand the biological, biomechanical, and psychological bases for the changes that occur during and
following exercise in both normal and pathological states
•
Identify new approaches to problems in exercise science and sports medicine through interaction among
scientists and clinicians
•
Recognize contemporary controversial issues related to sports medicine and exercise science
•
Examine state-of-the-art and innovative basic science, applied science, and clinical information which
will increase their knowledge of exercise, fitness, health, physical performance and sports medicine
Continuing Education Credits
SEACSM is an approved provider for Continuing Education Credits (CECs) through ACSM. The 2021
Annual Meeting is approved for 15 CECs. ACSM members who register for the meeting automatically
receive the pre-approved CECs, which are posted online to ACSM accounts 4–6 weeks after the meeting.
2021 Annual Meeting Planning Committee
The Annual Meeting is planned by the SEACSM Executive Board:
John Petrella, President. Samford University, [email protected]
Rebecca Battista, Past-President. Appalachian State University, battistar[email protected]
Matt Green, President-Elect. University of North Alabama, [email protected]
Yuri Feito, At-Large Member. Kennesaw State University, yfeito@kennesaw.edu
Jennifer Bunn, At-Large Member. Sam Houston State University, [email protected]
Eric Plaisance, At-Large Member. University of Alabama-Birmingham, plaisep@uab.edu
Kim Reich, At-Large Member. High Point University, [email protected]
Jonathan Ruiz-Ramie, Student Representative. Augusta University, jruizr[email protected]
Dulce Gomez, Student Representative, Auburn University, [email protected]
Brent Messick, Clinical Representative. Atrium Health Musculoskeletal, [email protected]
Carolynn Berry, Executive Director. Winston-Salem State University, [email protected]
Michael Berry, Exhibits, Sponsorships and Fund Raising. Wake Forest University, [email protected]
Kevin McCully, Representative to ACSM. University of Georgia, [email protected]
Brian Parr, Communication Director. University of South Carolina Aiken, [email protected]
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING
CONFERENCE INFORMATION
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Program Description
The Physician Track Program this year is focused on the latest evidence based sports medicine and how it is
influencing current clinical practice. We are honored to have nationally recognized speakers and fellowship
Program Directors in the field of Sports Medicine. We appreciate your attendance at our 49th Annual Sports
Medicine Physician Track Program. The program will be held on Friday, February 19 from 8:00 am–1:00 pm.
Sports Medicine Physician Track Program
Accreditation/Continuing Medical Education:
This activity has been planned and implemented in accordance with the accreditation requirements and policies
of the Medical Association of Georgia though the joint providership of The Hawkins Foundation and the
Southeast Chapter of the American College of Sports Medicine.
The Hawkins Foundation designates this live activity for a maximum of 4.0 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits.
Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.
The Hawkins Foundation is accredited by the Medical Association of Georgia to provide continuing medical
education for physicians.
CME Objectives
At the conclusion of this educational activity, participants should be able to:
1. Understand the evidence surrounding concussions and return to play
2. Learn which injuries and musculoskeletal conditions respond best to physical therapy
3. Understand what the latest evidence shows for use of musculoskeletal ultrasound and PRP
4. Confidently manage the spine injured athlete and learn the latest techniques for cervical spine immobilization
5. Learn the latest cardiac recommendations including return to play after COVID-19 infection
Sports Medicine Physician Track
Officers
Brent Messick, MD, FACSM SEACSM Executive
Board Clinical Representative
Ryan Draper, DO. Chair, Physician Track Meeting
Leonardo Oliveira, MD. Vice Chair, Physician
Track Meeting
Clinical Case Reviewers
Ken Barnes, MD, FACSM. Miami University
Brent Messick, MD, FACSM. Atrium Health
Musculoskeletal Institute
Ryan Draper, DO. Cone Health Sports Medicine
Center
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING
CONFERENCE INFORMATION
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Sports Medicine Physician Track Program
Evidence Based Sports Medicine: Practice Changing Research
Friday, Feb. 19
8:00–8:15 am Opening Remarks
8:15–8:45 am PRP
Leonardo Oliveira, MD
Cleveland Clinic Florida
8:45–9:15 am PT
John Kiel, DO
University of Florida–Jacksonville
9:15–9:45 am Concussions
Andrew Gregory, MD
Vanderbilt University
9:45–10:00 am Discussion
10:00–10:30 am Break
10:30–11:00 am C-Spine
Kim Kaiser, MD
University of Kentucky
11:00–11:30 am Ultrasound
Shane Hudnall, MD
Cone Health Sports Medicine Center
11:30–11:45am Discussion
11:45 am–12:00 pm Break
12:00–1:00 pm Clinical Crossover Lecture
Dermot Phelan, MD
Sanger Heart and Vascular Center
All times are EST
How to Access the Sports Medicine Physician Track Program
All sessions for the 2021 Southeast ACSM Annual Meeting are available through the Symposium by
ForagerOne platform. To access the meeting content you must log in using the same email address you
used to register for the conference.
LOGIN HERE: https://symposium.foragerone.com/seacsm2021
Once you log in, select the Live Sessions link at the top of the page. The link to the presentations will
be posted here.
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING
CONFERENCE INFORMATION
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The 2021 “Breakfast for Dinner” Event
Emily Haymes Mentoring Event is typically a breakfast meeting on Friday morning at the Annual Meeting. This year, the
event will be held on Thursday, February 18 at 6:00 pm. Attendees will be able to engage with one another on several
topics related to career development and the benefits of involvement in SEACSM and ACSM. After an opening panel
discussion that will include a history of the mentoring breakfast and a keynote speaker, attendees will attend smaller break
out rooms and discuss mentorship within industry, clinical, research, and academic spaces. The event is open to students and
professionals.
Emily Haymes Mentoring Event
Amy Knab, PhD, FACSM (Chair)
Queens University of Charlotte
L. Jerome Brandon, PhD, FACSM
Georgia State University
Samuel Buckner, PhD
University of South Florida
Jody L. Clasey, PhD, FACSM
University of Kentucky
Judith A. Flohr PhD, FACSM
James Madison University
Erin Kishman, MS
University of South Carolina
Trudy Moore-Harrison, PhD
University of North Carolina-Charlotte
Leanna Ross, PhD
Duke University
Jonathan Ruiz-Ramie, PhD
Augusta University
Erica Taylor, PhD, FACSM
Columbus State University
Lee Franco, PhD
Virginia Commonwealth University
Liz Edwards, PhD, FACSM
James Madison University
Danielle Wadsworth, PhD, FACSM
Auburn University
Katherine Collins, PhD
Duke University
Becka Kappus, PhD
Appalachian State University
Jordan Taylor
University of Memphis
2021 Mentoring Breakfast Committee
Keynote Speaker: Dixie Thompson, PhD, FACSM
Dr. Thompson has been a member of the UTK faculty since 1994 and is currently the Vice Provost and
Dean of the Graduate School. She holds the rank of Professor in the Department of Kinesiology,
Recreation, and Sport Studies where she served as the Department Head from 2008 until 2012. She
served as the Associate Dean for Research and Academic Affairs in the College of Education, Health
and Human Sciences from 2012 until 2016. In 2008, she attended the HERS Summer Institute at Bryn
Mawr College for intensive leadership training in higher education administration. She also
participated in the Southeastern Conference Academic Leadership Development Program (2009-2010).
Dr. Thompson earned B.A. (Physical Education) and M.A. (Exercise Physiology) degrees from the
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. She earned a Ph.D. (Exercise Physiology) from the
University of Virginia. Dr. Thompson focuses most of her research on the health impact of regular physical activity,
particularly in women. Dr. Thompson is a Fellow and former Board of Trustees Member of the American College of Sports
Medicine, a Past-President of the Southeast Chapter of the American College of Sports Medicine, and a Fellow of the
National Academy of Kinesiology.
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING
CONFERENCE INFORMATION
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Emily Haymes Mentoring Event
History of the Mentoring Breakfast
Previously known as the SEACSM Women’s Breakfast, this annual event was originally conceived by Drs. Emily M.
Haymes, Barbara Ainsworth, Mindy Millard Stafford, and Diane Ward. The first Breakfast was held in 1993. The original
goals of the Breakfast were to provide a venue/event for women scholars and students that would advance their leadership
skills, a support system (network) that would help women become productive scholars and achieve Fellowship status in
ACSM, advancement opportunities for members’ careers, and a forum to honor women of SEACSM and ACSM. The
consequences of the Breakfast for SEACSM and ACSM include 28 women on the SEACSM Executive Board and 11
women Presidents of SEACSM, including seven who also served as President or on the Board of Trustees for ACSM
In 2015, the SEACSM Executive Board and membership recognized that the Chapter should provide an activity/event that
would continue to foster the development of women, however, as both men and women at all levels of their careers need or
could benefit from mentoring, the annual event evolved to become the Mentoring Breakfast. In 2018, the Breakfast was
officially named the Emily M. Haymes Mentoring Breakfast, in recognition of her significant impact as a founder of the
Breakfast, her tireless efforts as a mentor, and her service and support of SEACSM and ACSM.
About Emily M. Haymes, PhD, FACSM
Dr. Haymes completed her Bachelor of Arts (Mathematics and Physical Education; 1961) from Drury University, her
master’s degree (Physical Education; 1962) from Florida State University, and her doctoral degree
from Penn State University (Exercise Physiology; 1973). Dr. Haymes was an Assistant Professor
at the University of Colorado Boulder from 1974-1979, and then served as a faculty member of the
Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences for 30 years (1979-2009) at Florida State
University where she is Professor Emerita. Prior to her retirement, she chaired 26 doctoral
dissertation committees, 15 master’s thesis committees (Florida State University) and was a
member of an additional 28 dissertation committees. During her tenure at University of Colorado
Boulder, she chaired 10 master’s thesis committees Her scholarly contributions include over 100
manuscripts and nearly 2500 citations. Dr. Haymes was the first woman to be elected to the
SEACSM Executive Board (1984-1986); she served as SEACSM President (1989-1990), a Trustee
on the ACSM Board of Trustees (1989-1992,1993-1995), and Vice President of ACSM 1993-1995.
The contributions that Dr. Haymes made to the discipline of Exercise Science, ACSM and especially SEACSM are
noteworthy. Perhaps of greater value and significance are the countless hours and “ATP” (energy) she devoted to advancing
the careers of her students and colleagues.
How to Access the Emily Haymes Mentoring Event
All sessions for the 2021 Southeast ACSM Annual Meeting are available through the Symposium by
ForagerOne platform. To access the meeting content you must log in using the same email address you
used to register for the conference.
LOGIN HERE: https://symposium.foragerone.com/seacsm2021
Once you log in, select the Live Sessions link at the top of the page. The link to the event will be
posted here.
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING
CONFERENCE INFORMATION
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Graduate School Fair
This annual event is an excellent opportunity for
students to learn about graduate programs in our
region. The virtual meeting this year is no
exception! Information about institutions and
graduate programs are available as poster
presentations and will be available throughout the
meeting. The Graduate school fair is coordinated
by Kim Reich, SEACSM Executive Board member.
Virtual Graduate School Fair and Exhibit Hall
2021 Graduate School Fair
Participants
Barry University
Emory & Henry College
Florida Gulf Coast University
Gannon University
Georgia Southern University
Georgia State University
Kennesaw State University
Mercer University
Nova Southeastern University
Old Dominion University
Piedmont College
Troy University
University of Alabama
University of Alabama at Birmingham
University of Louisiana at Lafayette
University of North Carolina at Charlotte
University of St. Augustine
University of Tennessee
Wake Forest University
Western Kentucky University
Supporters and Exhibitors
SEACSM thanks our supporters and exhibitors for
their ongoing support of the chapter. Companies
and institutions interested in sponsorship or
exhibiting should contact Michael Berry, SEACSM
Executive Board Exhibits, Sponsorships and Fund
Raising Chair.
2021 Program Supporters
The Southeast ACSM chapter gratefully
acknowledges program support from:
Hologic for their support of body composition
presentations
Gatorade Sports Science Institute
American College of Sports Medicine
2021 Exhibitors
Cosmed USA
Creative Health Products
Dairy Alliance
Help Our Wounded
Hologic
Kennesaw State University
Nova Southeastern University
Parker University
Piedmont College
Saint Francis University
University of West Florida
How to Access the Virtual Graduate School Fair and Exhibitors
All sessions for the 2021 Southeast ACSM Annual Meeting are available through the Symposium by
ForagerOne platform. To access the meeting content you must log in using the same email address you
used to register for the conference.
LOGIN HERE: https://symposium.foragerone.com/seacsm2021
Once you log in, select the Presentations link at the top of the page. Use the checkboxes along the left
side to select Graduate School Fair or SEACSM Exhibitor. You can also search for a specific program
type (MS, DPT, etc.) or product (BodPod). There is also an option to leave comments or questions.
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING
SCHEDULE
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Schedule
Thursday, Feb. 18
12:00–1:00 pm Andrew Kozar ACSM Presidential Address
Weight Loss Disparities among Black and White Women – Twenty Years
of Clinic Partnerships, Research Recruitment, Enrollment,
Randomization, and Outcomes.
NiCole Keith, PhD, FACSM
1:00–2:00 pm Poster and Review/Symposium Sessions I
Psychology/Psychiatry/Behavior
Biomechanics
Fitness/Testing/Assessment
2:00–3:00 pm Poster and Review/Symposium Sessions II
Competitive Athletes
Cardiovascular Physiology
3:00–4:00 pm Keynote Address
Preventing Sudden Death in the Realm of Sport and Physical Activity.
Douglas Casa, PhD, FACSM
4:00–5:00 pm Student Award Poster Competition
Doctoral
Masters
Undergraduate
6:00–7:00 pm Emily Haymes Mentoring Event
All times are EST
Share your #SEACSM21 experience
Share your Annual Meeting experience using the #SEACSM21 hashtag. And follow SEACSM on our social
media platforms!
@SEACSM Chapter
@SEACSM
@southeastern_acsm
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING
SCHEDULE
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Schedule
Friday, Feb. 19
10:00–11:00 am Basic Science Lecture
What can basic science teach us about exercise prescription and the
treatment of cardiovascular disease?
John Quindry, PhD, FACSM
11:00 am–12:00 pm Poster and Symposium Sessions III
Connective Tissue | Fitness/Testing/Assessment | Exercise Evaluation
Chronic Disease & Disability | Environmental Physiology
Respiratory Physiology | Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine
12:00–1:00 pm Clinical Crossover Lecture
Return to Exercise after Covid-19.
Dermot Phelan, MD
12:00–2:00 pm Biomechanics Interest Group Meeting
1:00–2:00 pm Poster and Symposium Sessions IV
Epidemiology & Preventative Medicine | Psychology/Psychiatry/Behavior
Growth/Development/Aging | Pedagogy & Professional Development
Connective Tissue | Motor Control and Learning Development
2:00–3:00 pm Henry J. Montoye Award Lecture
Prescribing Exercise for Patients with Failing Hearts ..... Is There a
Limit?
Peter Brubaker, PhD, FACSM
3:00–4:00 pm Poster and Symposium Sessions V
Respiratory Physiology | Competitive Athletes | Athletic Care/Trauma
and Rehabilitation | Metabolism/Carbohydrates/Lipids | Hematology/
Immunology | Reproduction
4:00–5:00 pm Poster and Review/Symposium Sessions VI
Epidemiology & Preventative Medicine | Nutrition & Exercise/Sport
Body Composition
5:00 pm Awards ceremony for the Student Award Poster Competition
All times are EST
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING
PRESENTATIONS
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Presentation listing
Thursday, February 18, 2021
12:00 - 1:00 ANDREW KOZAR ACSM PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS
WEIGHT LOSS DISPARITIES AMONG BLACK AND WHITE WOMEN – TWENTY
YEARS OF CLINIC PARTNERSHIPS, RESEARCH RECRUITMENT, ENROLLMENT,
RANDOMIZATION, AND OUTCOMES.
NiCole R Keith, Ph.D., President ACSM, Indiana University–Purdue University
Indianapolis.
Presiding: John K. Petrella, SEACSM President, Samford University
1:00 - 2:00 SESSION I: REVIEW/SYMPOSIA
COMPONENTS OF THE 24-HOUR ACTIVITY CYCLE AND FEELINGS OF ENERGY
AND FATIGUE IN COLLEGE STUDENTS
Ginny M. Frederick, Patrick J. O'Connor, FACSM, Michael D. Schmidt, Ellen M. Evans,
FACSM. University of Georgia, Athens, GA.
1:00 - 2:00 SESSION I: POSTER FREE COMMUNICATION
SEQUENCE-SPECIFIC IMPLICIT MOTOR LEARNING USING THE NON-DOMINANT
LEFT ARM IN A THREE-DIMENSIONAL VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT
Charles R. Smith
1
, Joelle Via
1
, Hannah Roark
1
, Macie Watkins
1
, Jessica F. Baird
2
, Jill C.
Stewart
1
.
1
University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC.
2
University of Alabama
Birmingham, Birmingham, AL.
GROUND REACTION FORCES ASSOCIATED WITH THE WIND-UP MOTION IN
HIGH SCHOOL BASEBALL PITCHERS
Anthony W. Fava, Jessica L. Downs, Hillary A. Plummer, Gretchen D. Oliver, Nicole
Bordelon, Adam Nguyen. Auburn University, Auburn, AL.
ROLE OF OCCUPATIONAL FOOTWEAR AND WORKLOAD ON LOWER EXTREMITY
MUSCLE ACTIVATION DURING MAXIMAL EXERTIONS AND POSTURAL
STABILITY TASKS
Hannah Freeman
1
, Harish Chander
1
, Alana J. Turner
1
, Sachini N.K. Kodithuwakku
Arachchige
1
, Adam C. Knight
1
, Chip Wade
2
, John C. Garner
3
.
1
Neuromechanics
Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State,
MS.
2
Department of Industrial Systems and Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL.
3
Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, Troy University, Troy, AL.
GROUND REACTION FORCE COMPARISON BETWEEN BAREFOOT AND SHOD
SINGLE LEG LANDING AT VARIED HEIGHTS
Jocelyn E. Arnett
1
, Cameron D. Addie
2
, Hillary A. Plummer
3
, Ludmila M. Cosio-Lima,
FACSM
1
, Lee E. Brown, FACSM
1
.
1
University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL.
2
Middle
Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN.
3
Andrews Institute of Orthopedics and
Sports Medicine, Gulf Breeze, FL.
IMPACT OF PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO SLIPPERY SURFACE ON STATIC
POSTURAL STABILITY.
Sachini N K Kodithuwakku Arachchige, Harish Chander, Alana J. Turner, Adam C. Knight.
Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS.
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING
PRESENTATIONS
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Thursday, February 18, 2021
1:00 - 2:00 SESSION I: POSTER FREE COMMUNICATION (CONTINUED)
USING VIRTUAL REALITY TO RECREATE THE CLASSICAL "MOVING ROOM"
EXPERIMENT TO ASSESS POSTURAL CONTROL
Stephen Luke Ramsey, Sachini N K Kodithuwakku Arachchige, Harish Chander, Alana J.
Turner, Adam C. Knight. Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS.
TRUNK MUSCLE ACTIVATION AND KINEMATICS DURING BAREFOOT AND SHOD
TREADMILL RUNNING
Tania S. Flink, Marianne Spacht, Jeanelle M. Gandia. Gannon University, Ruskin, FL.
ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN A BASEBALL PITCHER'S ARM SLOT AND SHOULDER
JOINT LOADS
Luke Maddox, Kyle Wasserberger, Kevin Giordano, Gretchen Oliver, FACSM. Auburn
University, Auburn, AL.
RUNNING BIOMECHANICS OF YOUTH WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER
Hunter J. Bennett, Justin A. Haegele, Taylor K. Jones. Old Dominion University, Norfolk,
VA.
UPPER EXTREMITY AND PELVIS SEGMENT ENERGY FLOW DURING THE
SOFTBALL SWING
Nicole Bordelon
1
, Kyle Wasserberger
1
, Jessica Downs
1
, Kenzie Friesen
1
, Kevin Giordano
1
,
Anthony Fava
1
, Abby Brittain
1
, Jessica Washington
2
, Gretchen Oliver, FACSM
1
.
1
Auburn
University, Auburn, AL.
2
Berry College, Mt Berry, GA.
ACUTE EFFECTS OF SUBJECTIVELY- VS OBJECTIVELY-REGULATED HIGH
INTENSITY INTERVAL EXERCISE ON MOTOR FUNCTION
Randall Booker, Madelyn G. Smith, Madison E. Smith, Elizabeth A. Hubbard. Berry
College, Mount Berry, GA.
EVIDENCE FOR THE USE OF DYNAMIC MAXIMUM NORMALIZATION METHOD OF
MUSCLE ACTIVATION DURING WEIGHT BACK SQUATS
Eva M.U. Maddox, Hunter J. Bennett. Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA.
COMPARISON OF MEAN MUSCLE ACTIVITY DURING THE SQUAT AND
COUNTERMOVEMENT JUMPS
Paul T. Donahue
1
, Samuel Wilson
2
, Charles Williams
3
, Christopher Hill
4
, John Garner
5
.
1
University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS.
2
Georgia Southern University,
Statesboro, GA.
3
University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL.
4
Northern Illinios
University, DeKalb, IL.
5
Troy University, Troy, AL.
LONGITUDINAL CHANGES OF A SINGLE SUBJECT IN YOUTH PITCHING
Lori Ann Leineke. Methodist University, Fayetteville, NC.
INFLUENCE OF AN ATHLETIC SHOE WITH A COMPRESSION SOCK ON STATIC
BALANCE
Hunter C. Derby. Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN KINEMATICS IN DOMINANT AND NON-DOMINANT
HAND TOUCHES DURING THE CKCUEST WITH OVERALL SCORE
Christina Welmaker, Jeff Barfield. Lander University, Greenwood, SC.
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING
PRESENTATIONS
13
Thursday, February 18, 2021
1:00 - 2:00 SESSION I: POSTER FREE COMMUNICATION (CONTINUED)
PREDICTING KNEE JOINT CONTACT FORCES USING ONLY 6-KINEMATIC
MEASURES AND A NEURAL NETWORK
Kaileigh Estler, Hunter Bennett, FACSM. Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA.
A BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF THE KNEE DURING THE SUMO AND
CONVENTIONAL DEADLIFT
Nicholas A. Lee, Kevin Hall, Michael Dewitt, Amanda Ransom. Methodist University,
Fayetteville, NC.
DISTANCE RUNNING HIP AND KNEE JOINT PLOTS CHANGE SIGNIFICANTLY
DURING A TREADMILL PROGRESSION RUN
Ryan Sloan
1
, Jeffrey Wight
1
, Jaclyn O'Laughlin
1
, Jordon Garman
1
, David Hooper
1
,
Michelle Boling
2
, George Pujalte, FACSM
3
.
1
Jacksonville University, Jacksonville, FL.
2
University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL.
3
Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL.
BASEBALL PITCHING MAXIMUM THROWING ARM LOADS POTENTIAL
PREDICTORS OF ELBOW VALGUS AND SHOULDER DISTRACTION
Jeff T. Wight
1
, Brittany Dowling
2
, Chris J. Rodriguez
1
, George G.A. Pujalte, FACSM
3
.
1
Jacksonville University, Jacksonville, FL.
2
Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush, Oak Brook, IL.
3
Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL.
DOES BASEBALL PITCHING PELVIS ROTATION STYLE INFLUENCE ARM
COCKING AND ARM ACCELERATION TEMPORAL AND KINEMATIC VARIABLES
Chris Rodriguez
1
, Jeff T. Wight
1
, Brittany Dowling
2
, George G.A. Pujalte, FACSM
3
.
1
Jacksonville University, Jacksonville, FL.
2
Midwest Orthopedics at Rush, Oak Brook, IL.
3
Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL.
A TAEKWONDO INTERVENTION IN ADULTS WITH DOWN SYNDROME
Angela Dolan, Scott Arnett, Kayla Baker, Whitley Stone. Western Kentucky University,
Bowling Green, KY.
THE EFFECT OF DIVIDED ATTENTION ON RUNNING BIOMECHANICS IN
RECENTLY CONCUSSED COLLEGIATE ATHLETES
Natalie S. Hanno
1
, Thomas G. Bowman
1
, Robert C. Lynall
2
.
1
University of Lynchburg,
Lynchburg, VA.
2
University of Georgia, Athens, GA.
ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF SHOULDER ROTATION STRENGTH
TESTING POSITIONS
Molly M. Cassidy, Nicole Bordelon, Kyle Wasserberger, Kevin Giordano, Gretchen Oliver,
FACSM. Auburn University, Auburn, AL.
AFFECTIVE RESPONSES FOLLOWING REPETITIONS TO FAILURE AT 30%
VERSUS 80% ONE-REPETITION MAXIMUM IN UNTRAINED WOMEN
Caleb C. Voskuil
1
, Taylor K. Dinyer
1
, Pasquale J. Succi
1
, M. Travis Byrd
2
, M. J. Garver
3
,
A. J. Rickard
3
, W. M. Miller
4
, S. Burns
3
, Haley C. Bergstrom
1
.
1
University of Kentucky,
Lexington, KY.
2
Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ.
3
University of Central Missouri, Warrensburg, MO.
4
University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS.
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING
PRESENTATIONS
14
Thursday, February 18, 2021
1:00 - 2:00 SESSION I: POSTER FREE COMMUNICATION (CONTINUED)
INTER- AND INTRA-INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN NEUROMUSCULAR
RESPONSES DURING LEG EXTENSION EXERCISE PERFORMED AT 70% 1RM
Tay lo r K. Diny er
1
, Evangeline P. Soucie
2
, Pasquale J. Succi
1
, Caleb C. Voskuil
1
, M. Travis
Byrd
3
, Haley C. Bergstrom
1
.
1
University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.
2
University of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
3
Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo
Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ.
EFFECTS OF PREFERRED AND NON-PREFERRED WARM-UP MUSIC ON
RESISTANCE EXERCISE PERFORMANCE
Georgia Cook, Zachary Hester, Rebecca Rogers, Thomas Kopec, Tyler Williams,
Christopher Ballmann. Samford University, Birmingham, AL.
EFFECTS OF SELF-SELECTED RESPITE MUSIC ON RESISTANCE EXERCISE
PERFORMANCE
Jonathan Lehman, Brooklyn Whitmire, Rebecca Rogers, Thomas Kopec, Tyler Williams,
Christopher Ballmann. Samford University, Birmingham, AL.
ACCURACY OF PREDICTING ONE-REPETITION MAXIMUM FROM SUBMAXIMAL
VELOCITY IN THE BACK SQUAT AND BENCH PRESS
Christian T. Macarilla. University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL.
DIFFERING ALTERATIONS IN FORCE PERCEPTION AND STRENGTH FOLLOWING
SHORTENING AND LENGTHENING CONTRACTIONS
Katie G. Kennedy
1
, Ryan J. Colquhoun
1
, Mitchel A. Magrini
2
, Sydnie R. Fleming
1
, Nile F.
Banks
3
, Joshua L. Keller
1
, Nathaniel D.M. Jenkins
3
.
1
University of South Alabama,
Mobile, AL.
2
Creighton University, Omaha, NE.
3
University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.
INDIVIDUAL AND COMPOSITE MUSCLE OXYGEN SATURATION RESPONSES OF
THE QUADRICEPS TO FATIGUING DCER EXERCISE
Evangeline P. Soucie, Taylor K. Dinyer, Pasquale J. Succi, Caleb C. Voskuil, Haley C.
Bergstrom. University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.
COLLEGE BASKETBALL RECREATIONAL AND CLUB LEVEL POWER AND AGILITY
SCORES VS. 2019 NBA DRAFT
Charles Bell
1
, Andreas Stamatis
2
, Zacharias Papadakis
1
.
1
Barry University, Miami
Shores, FL.
2
SUNY Plattsburgh, Plattsburgh, NY.
RELIABILITY OF ISOKINETIC KNEE FLEXION AND EXTENSION TOTAL WORK
AND UNILATERAL ENDURANCE RATIOS
Matthew D. Watson, George J. Davies, Bryan L. Riemann. Georgia Southern University -
Armstrong Campus, Savannah, GA.
HEART RATE VARIABILITY PRIOR TO MATCHES DOES NOT DIFFER BETWEEN
WINS AND LOSSES IN COLLEGIATE BEACH VOLLEYBALL
Harry P. Cintineo
1
, Brittany N. Bozzini
2
, Bridget A. McFadden
1
, Alexa J. Chandler
1
,
Thomas D. Cardaci
1
, Shawn M. Arent, FACSM
1
.
1
University of South Carolina, Columbia,
SC.
2
United States Army Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA.
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING
PRESENTATIONS
15
Thursday, February 18, 2021
1:00 - 2:00 SESSION I: POSTER FREE COMMUNICATION (CONTINUED)
A ROADMAP- SOCIAL DISTANCED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY DATA COLLECTION TO
PROTECT THOSE WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES
Whitley Stone, Kayla Baker. Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY.
SLOW MOTION VIDEO PHONE APPROACH OF MEASURING FOREARM MUSCLE
ENDURANCE
Megan C. Schwinne, Chuan Zhang, Kevin McCully, FACSM. University of Georgia,
Athens, GA.
SLOW-MOTION VIDEO PHONE ANALYSIS OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION
ACCELERATION: THE EFFECT OF VARIATION IN CURRENT
Sushana P. Sudhi, Chuan Zhang, Kevin McCully, FACSM. University of Georgia, Athens,
GA.
LOWER EXTREMITY STRENGTH AND FATIGUE FOLLOWING MULTI-MODAL
EXERCISE AS A POSSIBLE PREDICTOR OF KNEE RE-INJURY
Alexander W. Parsons, Emily Clifton, Kristin M. Mendez, Carol Beatty, Kevin K. McCully,
FACSM. University of Georgia, Athens, GA.
TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY OF A MAXIMAL VOLUNTARY CONTRACTION FOR
THE BILATERAL LEG EXTENSION EXERCISE
Chloe M. Ditka, Taylor K. Dinyer, Pasquale J. Succi, Caleb C. Voskuil, Haley C.
Bergstrom. University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.
2:00 - 3:00 SESSION II: REVIEW/SYMPOSIA
TRAINING CONSIDERATIONS FOR OPTIMAL SPORTS PERFORMANCE FOR THE
MIDDLE AND ELEMENTARY SCHOOL ATHLETE
Andy Mark Bosak. Liberty University, Lynchburg, VA.
2:00 - 3:00 SESSION II: POSTER FREE COMMUNICATION
EFFECT OF ACUTE PROLONGED SITTING, WITH AND WITHOUT INTERRUPTION,
ON CARDIO-AUTONOMIC FUNCTION, A META-ANALYSIS
Lauren C. Bates
1
, Abdullah Alansare
3
,
,2
, Bethany Barone Gibbs
2
, Erik D. Hanson,
FACSM
1
, Lee Stoner, FACSM
1
.
1
The University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill,
NC.
2
The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
3
King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi
Arabia.
INTERVAL EXERCISE PRECONDITIONING AND CARDIAC FUNCTION
FOLLOWING DOSE-DENSE DOXORUBICIN THERAPY IN BREAST CANCER -
PRELIMINARY RESULTS
Nathan Weeldryer
1
, Albert G. Wendt
2
, Alisia G.T.T. Tran
3
, Theresa M. Jorgensen
3
,
Shannon W. Wilson
3
, Nathan Serrano
3
, Kathleen Casey
3
, Ian Villanueva
3
, Corey Mazo
3
,
Jared M. Dickinson, FACSM
4
, Siddhartha S. Angadi, FACSM
1
.
1
University of Virginia,
Charlottesville, VA.
2
University of Arizona Cancer Center, Phoenix, AZ.
3
Arizona State
University, Phoenix, AZ.
4
Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA.
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING
PRESENTATIONS
16
Thursday, February 18, 2021
2:00 - 3:00 SESSION II: POSTER FREE COMMUNICATION (CONTINUED)
ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN CAROTID-FEMORAL AND ESTIMATED PULSE WAVE
VELOCITY IN OLDER ADULTS: THE ATHEROSCLEROSIS RISK IN COMMUNITIES
(ARIC) STUDY
Patricia Pagan Lassalle
1
, Michelle L. Meyer
1
, Kevin S. Heffernan, FACSM
2
, Adam W.
Kiefer
1
, Lauren C. Bates
1
, Erik D. Hanson
1
, Masahiro Horiuchi
3
, Erin Michos
4
, Anna
Kucharska-Newton
1
, Kunihiro Matsushita
4
, Timothy Hughes
5
, Hirofumi Tanaka
6
, Lee
Stoner, FACSM
1
.
1
The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
2
Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY.
3
Mount Fuji Research Institute, Fujikawaguchiko.
4
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.
5
Wake Forest School of Medicine, Wake
Forest, NC.
6
The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX.
AGREEMENT OF SEATED AND SUPINE PULSE WAVE VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS
WITH PROLONGED SITTING
Nathan T. Adams
1
, Jillian Poles
1
, Elizabeth Kelsch
1
, Kevin Heffernan
2
, Michelle L. Meyer
1
,
Kathryn Burnet
1
, Robert J. Kowalsky
3
, Bethany Barone Gibbs
4
, Lee Stoner
1
.
1
University
of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
2
Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY.
3
Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, TX.
4
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh,
PA.
EVALUATING SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE CORRELATION BETWEEN PULSE WAVE
VELOCITY AND AORTIC SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE
Rithika Jonnalagadda
1
, Anna Boone
2
, Arshi Das
3
, Joshitha Leo Charles
4
, Nicholas Tocci
5
,
Marco Meucci
5
.
1
The Early College at Guilford, Greensboro, NC.
2
Southern Lee High
School, Sanford, NC.
3
The STEM Early College at NC A&T, Greensboro, NC.
4
Green Hope
High School, Cary, NC.
5
Appalachian State University, Boone, NC.
PHOTOPLETHYSMOGRAPHY PULSE WAVE VELOCITY RELIABILITY AND
AGREEMENT WITH A REFERENT DEVICE
Gabriel Zieff
1
, Keeron Stone
2
, Craig Paterson
2
, Simon Fryer
2
, Jake Diana
1
, Jade
Blackwell
1
, Michelle L. Meyer
1
, Lee Stoner, FACSM
1
.
1
The University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
2
University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester.
SYMPATHETIC NEURAL AND CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSES TO
PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS IN INDIVIDUALS PREVIOUSLY DIAGNOSED WITH
COVID-19
Abigail Stickford, Nina Stute, Valesha Province, Marc Augenreich, Jonathon Stickford,
Stephen Ratchford. Appalachian State University, Boone, NC.
ALTERATIONS TO ARTERIAL ARCHITECTURE IN YOUNG ADULTS WITH SARS-
COV-2
Rachel E. Szeghy, Valesha M. Province, Laurel K. Koontz, Landry K. Bobo, Marc A.
Augenreich, Nina L. Stute, Abigail S. Stickford, Jonathon L. Stickford, Stephen M.
Ratchford. Appalachian State University, Boone, NC.
THE EFFECTS OF EXHAUSTIVE RESISTANCE EXERCISE ON BLOOD PRESSURE
AND AUTONOMIC FUNCTION IN RESISTANCE-TRAINED MALES
Makena Clark
1
, Ward Dobbs
2
, Danilo Tolusso
3
, Michael Esco
1
, Hayley MacDonald
1
.
1
The
University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL.
2
The University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La
Crosse, WI.
3
Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY.
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING
PRESENTATIONS
17
Thursday, February 18, 2021
2:00 - 3:00 SESSION II: POSTER FREE COMMUNICATION (CONTINUED)
CHANGES IN ORTHOSTATIC CHALLENGE FOLLOWING MAXIMAL EXERCISE IN
YOUNG ADULTS
Emily Bechke
1
, Lilly Shanahan
2
, Susan D. Calkins
1
, Susan P. Keane
1
, Laurie Wideman,
FACSM
1
.
1
University of North Carolina-Greensboro, Greensboro, NC.
2
University of
Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
VASCULAR DYSFUNCTION IN YOUNG ADULTS WITH SARS-COV-2
Laurel Kaitlyn Koontz, Valesha M. Province, Nina Stute, Marc Augenreich, Landry K.
Bobo, Abigail S. Stickford, Jonathan Stickford, Stephan M. Ratchford. Appalachian State
University, Boone, NC.
THE EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON CHANGE IN ARTERIAL STIFFNESS OVER TIME, A
META-ANALYSIS
Jacklyn Rojas, Brisa Barajas, Patricia Pagan Lassalle, Gabriel Zieff, Lauren Bates,
Michelle L. Meyer, Lee Stoner. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill,
NC.
EFFECTS OF BIOLOGICAL SEX ON CARDIAC DYSFUNCTION DURING CANCER
CACHEXIA
Louisa Tichy. University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC.
FUNCTIONAL BALANCE AMOUNT MIDDLE-AGED ADULTS AS A RISK FACTOR
FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE.
Hannah M. Twiddy, Leryn J. Reynolds, Patrick B. Wilson. Old Dominion University,
Norfolk, VA.
BLOOD FLOW RESTRICTION STIMULUS DIFFERS BETWEEN ABSOLUTE AND
RELATIVE PRESSURES
Matthew B. Jessee, Daphney M. Stanford, Matthew A. Chatlaong, William M. Miller.
University of Mississippi, University, MS.
APPLYING RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE BLOOD FLOW RESTRICTION ALTERS
BLOOD FLOW VELOCITY BUT NOT BLOOD PROFILES
Daphney M. Stanford, Matthew A. Chatlaong, William M. Miller, Matthew B. Jessee.
University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS.
IMPACT OF ACUTE ANTIOXIDANT SUPPLEMENTATION ON NEURAL
CARDIOVASCULAR CONTROL IN PSORIATIC SUBJECTS
Nina L. Stute, Stephen M. Ratchford, Kevin A. Zwetsloot, Abigail S.L. Stickford.
Appalachian State University, Boone, NC.
THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON STEP COUNT AND HEART RATE VARIABILITY IN
ADULTS.
Brisa Barajas Gomez, Lauren C. Bates, Erik D. Hanson, FACSM, Lee Stoner, FACSM. UNC
Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING
PRESENTATIONS
18
Thursday, February 18, 2021
3:00 - 4:00 KEYNOTE ADDRESS
PREVENTING SUDDEN DEATH IN THE REALM OF SPORT AND PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY.
Douglas J. Casa, Ph.D. University of Connecticut
Opening Remarks: Courteney L. Benjamin, Ph.D., Samford University
Presiding: John K. Petrella, SEACSM President, Samford University
4:00 - 5:00 POSTER AWARDS: DOCTORAL STUDENTS
PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL DETERMINANTS OF EXERCISE
TOLERANCE IN EARLY BREAST CANCER SURVIVORS
Chad W. Wagoner, Jordan T. Lee, Claudio L. Battaglini, FACSM. UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, NC.
CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS AT BASELINE AND IN RESPONSE TO TRAINING
ACROSS METABOLIC HEALTH AND WEIGHT PHENOTYPES
Alexis Jones
1
, Jacob L. Barber
1
, Emmanuel J. Ayala
1
, Charles S. Schwartz
1
, William A.
Clarkson
1
, James S. Skinner, FACSM
2
, Claude Bouchard, FACSM
3
, Mark A. Sarzynski,
FACSM
1
.
1
University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC.
2
Indiana University, Bloomington,
IN.
3
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA.
INDIVIDUAL COVID-19 RESPONSE POLICIES’ EFFECTS ON UNIVERSITY
EMPLOYEES’ DAILY STEPS
Jake H. Hudgins, M. Ryan Mason, Marilyn S. Campbell, Martha J. Biddle, Melinda J.
Ickes, Lance M. Bollinger. University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.
LIPOPROTEIN-INSULIN RESISTANCE (LPIR) SCORES DECREASED FOLLOWING
AN OPTIFAST AND AEROBIC EXERCISE PROGRAM
Emily Grammer
1
, Joshua McGee
1
, Taylor Brown
1
, Marie Clunan
1
, Anna Huff
1
, Briceida
Osborne
1
, Laura Matarese
1
, Walter Pories
1
, Joseph Houmard
1
, Robert Carels
1
, Mark
Sarzynski, FACSM
2
, Damon Swift
1
.
1
East Carolina University, Greenville, NC.
2
University
of South Carolina, Columbia, SC.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CELL FREE DNA AND VOLUME LOAD
Henry M. Lang
1
, Michelle M. Duffourc
2
, Caleb D. Bazyler
3
, Michael W. Ramsey
3
, Jeremy
A. Gentles
3
.
1
University of Mary, Department of Exercise Physiology, Bismarck, ND.
2
East Tennessee State University Quillen College of Medicine, Department of Biomedical
Sciences, Molecular Biology Core Facility, Johnson City, TN.
3
East Tennessee State
University, Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, Johnson City,
TN.
NRF2/KEAP1 PATHWAY CHANGES IN MUSCLE ASSOCIATED WITH EXERCISE
TRAINING
Kerry Martin, Traci Parry, Allan Goldfarb, FACSM. University of North Carolina at
Greensboro, Greensboro, NC.
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING
PRESENTATIONS
19
Thursday, February 18, 2021
4:00 - 5:00 POSTER AWARDS: DOCTORAL STUDENTS (CONTINUED)
EARLY-ONSET PHYSICAL INACTIVITY IN TUMOR-BEARING MICE IS
ASSOCIATED WITH ACCELERATED CACHEXIA
Brittany Counts-Franch, Jessica Halle, James Carson, FACSM. University of Tennessee
Health Science Center, Memphis, TN.
COMPARISON OF LEISURE TIME PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES OF METABOLIC
SYNDROME POSITIVE AND GENERAL POPULATIONS
Robert Booker, Megan E. Holmes. Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS.
4:00 - 5:00 POSTER AWARDS: MASTERS STUDENTS
ASSOCIATION OF BONE MINERAL DENSITY AND LOWER-BODY POWER IN
DIVISION-I COLLEGIATE SOCCER PLAYERS
Hannah Elizabeth Ramirez, Ronald L. Snarr. Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA.
AGREEMENT BETWEEN ACUTE CHANGES IN CAROTID-FEMORAL AND
BRACHIAL-FEMORAL PULSE WAVE VELOCITY
Jillian Poles
1
, Nathan Adams
1
, Elizabeth Kelsch
1
, Kevin Heffernan
2
, Michelle L. Meyer
1
,
Kathryn Burnet
1
, Robert J. Kowalsky
3
, Bethany Barone Gibbs
4
, Lee Stoner, FACSM
1
.
1
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
2
Syracuse University,
Syracuse, NY.
3
Texas A&M University- Kingsville, Kingsville, TX.
4
University of
Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
CLINICAL PREDICTORS OF VO
2
MAX RESPONSE TO ENDURANCE TRAINING:
HERITAGE FAMILY STUDY
Emanuel J. Ayala
1
, Jacob L. Barber
1
, Charles S. Schwartz
1
, Jeremy M. Robbins
2
, Robert
E. Gerszten
2
, Xuewen Wang
1
, James S. Skinner, FACSM
3
, Claude Bouchard, FACSM
4
,
Mark A. Sarzynski, FACSM
1
.
1
University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC.
2
Beth Israel
Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA.
3
Indiana University, Bloomington, IN.
4
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA.
EFFECTS OF CLEAR, TINTED, AND MIRROR TINTED FOOTBALL HELMET VISORS
ON REACTION TIME AND TARGET-DETECTION
Rachel Miller
1
,
,2
, Anna Covington
1
, Rebecca Rogers
1
, Justin Moody
1
, Christopher
Ballmann
1
.
1
Samford University, Birmingham, AL.
2
University of West Alabama,
Livingston, AL.
THE EFFECTS OF PREVIOUS AMENORRHEA ON VASCULAR FUNCTION
Katherine T. Williford, Emma Frye, Erin Bouldin, Denise Martz, Rebecca Kappus.
Appalachian State University, Boone, NC.
MUSCLE CONTRACTION BY HIGH-FREQUENCY ELECTRICAL STIMULATION
INDUCES HIPPO SIGNALING EFFECTOR YAP RESPONSE IN APC
MIN/+
MICE
Richard Thomas Yongue, Shuichi Sato, Emily Walker. University of Louisiana at
Lafayette, Lafayette, LA.
SLEEP DURATION AND ARTERIAL STIFFNESS, A META ANALYSIS
Alex N. Pomeroy
1
, Patricia Pagan Lassalle
1
, Christopher E. Kline, FACSM
2
, Kevin S.
Heffernan
3
, Lee Stoner, FACSM
1
.
1
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill,
NC.
2
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
3
Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY.
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING
PRESENTATIONS
20
Thursday, February 18, 2021
4:00 - 5:00 POSTER AWARDS: MASTERS STUDENTS (CONTINUED)
THE EFFECTS OF PRE-EXERCISE GLYCEROL HYPERHYDRATION ON
SUBSEQUENT EXERCISE PERFORMANCE: A META-ANALYSIS
Nicholas T. Barefoot
1
, Tori Stone
2
,
,3
, Danilo Tolusso
4
, Jonathan Wingo, FACSM
1
, Hayley
MacDonald
1
.
1
University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL.
2
Yale School of Medicine, New
Haven, CT.
3
The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT.
4
Western Kentucky
University, Bowling Green, KY.
ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN BASIC PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS AND PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY IN UNDERGRADUATE SENIORS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Molly K. Clounch, Elizabeth D. Hathaway. University of Tennessee at Chattanooga,
Chattanooga, TN.
4:00 - 5:00 POSTER AWARDS: UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
AGEISM IN EXERCISE PRESCRIPTION IN THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES
William K. Kamenicky, Tara M. Prairie. Tennessee Wesleyan University, Athens, TN.
EFFECTS OF ACUTE FEEDING ON RESTING METABOLIC RATE AND
RESPIRATORY QUOTIENT
Alyson G. Nelson
1
, Gabrielle J. Brewer
2
, Lacey M. Gould
1
, Hannah E. Saylor
1
, Malia N.M.
Blue
3
, Katie R. Hirsch
4
, Amanda N. Gordon
1
, Andrew T. Hoyle
1
, Abbie E. Smith-Ryan,
FACSM
1
.
1
University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
2
University of
Connecticut, Storrs, CT.
3
High Point University, High Point, NC.
4
University of Arkansas
for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR.
EFFECTS OF LIMB DOMINANCE AND IMMOBILIZATION ON HEART RATE AND
MUSCLE ACTIVATION USING AXILLARY CRUTCHES
Kara Brooke Bellenfant, Gracie Robbins, Rebecca Rogers, Thomas Kopec, Christopher
Ballmann. Samford University, Birmingham, AL.
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS DURINGTHECOVID-19STAY
AT HOME ORDERIN NORTH CAROLINA
Madison Gill, Meir Magal, FACSM, Danielle F. Braxton, Shannon K. Crowley. North
Carolina Wesleyan College, Rocky Mount, NC.
EFFECTS OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON THE FITNESS ROUTINES OF
COLLEGE STUDENTS AND FACULTY
Case Jackson, Lauren Adlof, Dr. Ludmila Cosio-Lima, FACSM. University of West Florida,
Pensacola, FL.
CARDIAC ABNORMALITIES AMONG YOUNG ADULTS WITH SARS-COV-2
Sophie Osada, Rachel Szeghy, Valesha Province, Laurel Koontz, Landry Bobo, Nina
Stute, Marc Augenreich, Jonathon Stickford, Abigail Stickford, Stephen Ratchford.
Appalachian State University, Boone, NC.
A COMPARISON OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL TRAINING LOADS BETWEEN
OBJECTIVELY- VERSUS SUBJECTIVELY-PRESCRIBED HIGH-INTENSITY
INTERVAL TRAINING
Madelyn G. Smith, Madison E. Smith, Randall Booker, Elizabeth A. Hubbard. Berry
College, Mount Berry, GA.
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING
PRESENTATIONS
21
Thursday, February 18, 2021
4:00–5:00 POSTER AWARDS: UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS (CONTINUED)
EFFECTS OF VERBAL FEEDBACK ON ANAEROBIC EXERCISE PERFORMANCE AND
MOTIVATION
Emily Deskin, Grace Hardiman, Thomas Kopec. Samford University, Birmingham, AL.
6:00–7:00 EMILY HAYMES MENTORING EVENT
ONLINE MENTORING EVENT
Chair: Amy Knab, Ph.D., Queens University of Charlotte
Friday, February 19, 2021
10:00–11:00 BASIC SCIENCE LECTURE
WHAT CAN BASIC SCIENCE TEACH US ABOUT EXERCISE PRESCRIPTIONS AND
THE TREATMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE?
John C. Quindry, Ph.D., University of Montana
Opening Remarks: Christopher G. Ballmann, Ph.D., Samford University
Presiding: John K. Petrella, SEACSM President, Samford University
11:00–12:00 SESSION III: REVIEW/SYMPOSIA
CARDIOVASCULAR CONSEQUENCES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE IMPAIRMENTS IN
BREAST CANCER
Prashil R. Thaker
1
, Gabriel Zieff
1
, Emily Draper
1
, Craig Paterson
2
, Chad Wagoner
1
,
Patricia P. Lassalle
1
, Jordan T. Lee
1
.
1
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, NC.
2
University of Gloucestershire, Gloucestershire.
11:00–12:00 SESSION III: POSTER FREE COMMUNICATION
INTER- AND INTRA-INDIVIDUAL VO
2
RESPONSES ABOVE CRITICAL POWER
Pasquale J. Succi
1
, Taylor K. Dinyer
1
, Caleb C. Voskuil
1
, M. Travis Byrd
2
, Haley C.
Bergstrom
1
.
1
University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.
2
Department of Cardiovascular
Disease, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHYSICAL FITNESS, COGNITIVE FUNCTION, SLEEP
QUALITY, AND SEDENTARY TIME IN OLDER ADULTS.
Violet Wray, Jeffrey E. Herrick, Sean Collins. University of Lynchburg, Lynchburg, VA.
EXERCISE RESPONSES DURING REPEATED SUPRAMAXIMAL EXERCISE WHILE
LISTENING TO SELF-SELECTED MUSIC: THE ROLE OF GENDER
Kendall Rhoads, Sierra Sosa, Rebecca Rogers, Thomas Kopec, Christopher Ballmann.
Samford University, Birmingham, AL.
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING
PRESENTATIONS
22
Friday, February 19, 2021
11:00–12:00 SESSION III: POSTER FREE COMMUNICATION (CONTINUED)
SEX DIFFERENCES IN OXYGEN CONSUMPTION RELATIVE TO FAT FREE MASS IN
ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS
Rohan Kalelkar
1
, Asha Coltrane
2
, Aakash Chigurupati
3
, Dana Morris
4
, Chloe Bell
4
, Marco
Meucci
4
.
1
Durham School of the Arts, Durham, NC.
2
Jordan High School, Durham, NC.
3
Ardrey Kell High School, Charlotte, NC.
4
Appalachian State University, Boone, NC.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN OXYGEN UPTAKE EFFICIENCY SLOPE ADJUSTED FOR FAT
FREE MASS IN ADOLESCENT CHILDREN
Aditi Kumar
1
, Kaylah Barrios
2
, Claire Cai
3
, Joshua Cai
4
, Lavinia Falcioni
5
, Marco Meucci
6
.
1
Panther Creek High School, Cary, NC.
2
Northwest Guilford High School, Greensboro,
NC.
3
Green Level High School, Cary, NC.
4
Ardrey Kell High School, Charlotte, NC.
5
University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome.
6
Appalachian State University, Boone, NC.
EFFECTS OF A VIRTUAL REALITY PACER ON CYCLING PERFORMANCE
Lauren G. Killen, Tara Boy, James M. Green, FACSM, Lee G. Renfroe. University of North
Alabama, Florence, AL.
VALIDITY OF FITBIT VERSA 2 HEART RATE
Cameron D. Addie. Middle Tennessee State, Murfreesboro, TN.
VALIDITY OF FITBIT VERSA 2 ENERGY EXPENDITURE
Zachary R. Norred. Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN.
RELATIVELY-DEFINED MODERATE INTENSITY ASSOCIATED CADENCE (STEPS/
MIN) THRESHOLDS ACROSS THE ADULT LIFESPAN: THE CADENCE-ADULTS
STUDY
Cayla R. McAvoy
1
, Christopher C. Moore
2
, Elroy J. Aguiar
3
, Scott W. Ducharme
4
, John M.
Schuna Jr.
5
, Tiago V. Barreira
6
, Colleen J. Chase
7
, Zachary R. Gould
8
, Marcos A.
Amalbert-Birriel
8
, Stuart R. Chipkin
8
, John Staudenmayer
8
, Catrine Tudor-Locke,
FACSM
1
, Jose Mora-Gonzalez
1
.
1
University of North Carolina - Charlotte, Charlotte, NC.
2
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.
3
The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa,
AL.
4
California State University, Long Beach, CA.
5
Oregon State University, Corvallis,
OR.
6
Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY.
7
University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amhert,
MA.
8
University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA.
THE INFLUENCE OF GRADED EXERCISE PROTOCOL ON VO
2PEAK
ESTIMATION
USING PERCEPTUAL EXERTION
Danilo V. Tolusso, Brett Gibson, Mark Schafer, Griffin Green, Scott Lyons, FACSM.
Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY.
EFFECTS OF WATCHING TV ON EXERCISE DURATION AT 60% VO2MAX
(MODERATE INTENSITY) IN COLLEGE RECREATIONAL MALE ATHLETES
Corey Smith, Marissa Gatto, Chandler Posey, Catalina Casaru, FACSM. Georgia
Southwestern State University, Americus, GA.
VALIDITY OF WAIST-WORN STEP-COUNTING WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES IN
ADULTS 21-40 YEARS OLD: THE CADENCE-ADULTS STUDY
Jose Mora-Gonzalez
1
, Cayla R. McAvoy
1
, Elroy J. Aguiar
2
, Christopher C. Moore
3
, Scott
W. Ducharme
4
, Catrine Tudor-Locke
1
.
1
University of North Carolina at Charlotte,
Charlotte, NC.
2
The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL.
3
University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
4
California State University, Long Beach, CA.
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING
PRESENTATIONS
23
Friday, February 19, 2021
11:00–12:00 SESSION III: POSTER FREE COMMUNICATION (CONTINUED)
COMPARISON OF WEARABLE TECHNOLOGY AT QUANTIFYING POWER/MUSCLE
LOAD OF ENDURANCE RUNNERS AGAINST VARYING WIND RESISTANCE
Marissa L. Bello, Derick A. Anglin, Zachary M. Gillen, Brandon D. Shepherd, JohnEric W.
Smith. Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS.
OXYGEN CONSUMPTION NORMALIZED BY FAT FREE MASS IN NORMAL WEIGHT
AND OVERWEIGHT ADOLESCENTS
Srijan Oduru
1
, Gautham Ravindran
2
, Kartik Nagaraj
3
, Anvi Charvu
3
, Sarean G.
Metzinger
4
, Marco Meucci
4
.
1
Green Hope High School, Cary, NC.
2
Panther Creek High
School, Cary, NC.
3
Raleigh Charter High School, Raleigh, NC.
4
Appalachian State
University, Boone, NC.
LOWER BODY BLOOD FLOW RESTRICTION TRAINING ON AEROBIC
ADAPTATIONS IN MINIMALLY ACTIVE ADULTS
Austin Bennett, Caitlyn Harper, Kaitlyn King, Jeffery Herrick, Jill Lucas, Sean Collins.
University of Lynchburg, Lynchburg, VA.
WELLNESS OF COLLEGE STUDENTS DURING A GLOBAL PANDEMIC AND THEIR
RETURN TO CAMPUS
Matthew Arnold, Megan Twiddy, Logan Bemis, Shawn Casebolt, Bryan LaChance, Victor
Romano, Kimberly Smith, FACSM. Catawba College, Salisbury, NC.
ASSESSMENT OF MUSCLE MASS IN TRANSCATHETER AORTIC VALVE
REPLACEMENT PATIENTS OVER ~ MONTHS POST-PROCEDURE.
Christopher M. Schattinger
1
, Gregory Rodriguez
2
, Teresa C. Gonzalez
1
, Emily K. Hill
1
,
Morgan Pleasants
1
, Cristina Huber
1
, Thomas E. Noel
3
, Wayne B. Batchelor
4
, Lynn B.
Panton, FACSM
1
.
1
Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL.
2
Florida State University
College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL.
3
Tallahassee Memorial Hospital, Tallahassee, FL.
4
INOVA-Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, VA.
COMPARISON OF THE ‘SEATTLE’ AND ‘INTERNATIONAL’ CRITERIA
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM INTERPRETATION IN DIVISION II FEMALE COLLEGE
ATHLETES
Ludmila Cosio Lima, FACSM, Lauren Adlof, Amy Crawley, Jeffrey Simpson, Youngil Lee.
University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL.
EFFECTS OF CHEWING GUM WITH AND WITHOUT CAFFEINE ON SLEEP
QUANITITY AND QUALITY IN COLLEGE STUDENTS
Hannah Ferrari, Rebecca Rogers, Thomas Kopec, Christopher Ballmann. Samford
University, Birmingham, AL.
SURFACE EMG COMPARISON OF ISOMETRIC POSTERIOR CHAIN EXERCISE IN
TORQUE-MATCHED CONDITIONS
Hogan Jones, Alexander Lambert, Nicholas McGarry, Blake Justice, John Fox. Methodist
University Doctor of Physical Therapy Program, Fayetteville, NC.
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING
PRESENTATIONS
24
Friday, February 19, 2021
11:00–12:00 SESSION III: POSTER FREE COMMUNICATION (CONTINUED)
THE EFFECTS OF MANUAL THERAPY ON STROKE PATIENTS WITH UPPER
EXTREMITY IMPAIRMENT
Madeline Elder, Kayla Baker, Mark Schafer. Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green,
KY.
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY DURING PREGNANCY: GUIDELINES VERSUS ADHERENCE
Ami Eho, FACSM
1
, Katherine H. Ingram, FACSM
1
, Juliana Meireles, FACSM
1
, Janeen
Amason, FACSM
1
, Nicole Carlson, FACSM
2
, Raine Morris, FACSM
1
.
1
Kennesaw State
University, Kennesaw, GA.
2
Emory University, Atlanta, GA.
THE VALIDITY OF THE "JUMP HEIGHT" MOBILE APPLICATION WHEN
MEASURING ASPECTS OF A COUNTERMOVEMENT JUMP AND A DROP JUMP
Ashlyn Moody, Abbie Jones, Thomas Kopec. Samford University, Birmingham, AL.
A NOVEL METHOD OF MEASURING FATIGUE OF THE STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID
MUSCLE USING ELECTRICAL STIMULATION AND ACCELEROMETER
Carol Beatty, Kevin McCully, FACSM. University of Georgia, Athens, GA.
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY PATTERNS AMONG ADULTS WITH ARTHRITIS AND
DIABETES WHO RECEIVE SELF-MANAGEMENT EDUCATION
Alana M. Hall
1
, Tammie M. Johnson
2
, Daniela S. Charry
1
, Michael R. Richardson
1
, James
R. Churilla
1
.
1
University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL.
2
Florida Agricultural and
Mechanical University, Tallahassee, FL.
BODY FAT DISTRIBUTION AND PHYSICAL FUNCTIONING IN CHRONIC
OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE PATIENTS
Christa Todoroff, Michael Berry, FACSM. Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC.
EXERCISE PRESCRIPTION FOR A MIDDLE-AGED SEDENTARY WOMAN WITH
MULTIPLE COMORBIDITIES: A CASE REPORT
Caitlin A. D. Kayser, India Washington, Mark Erickson, PT, DScPT, MA, OCS, Patricia
Bauer, PhD, EP-C, CSCS. Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, FL.
TISSUE OXYGENATION, ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX, AND SUBJECTIVE MEASURES
OF PERFORMANCE IN PERIPHERAL ARTERY DISEASE PATIENTS
Matthew Martenson, Judy Muller-Delp, Jacob Caldwell, Lynn Panton, FACSM. Florida
State University, Tallahassee, FL.
THE EFFECTS OF LONG-TERM PARTICIPATION IN FOUR DIFFERENT SPORTS ON
CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS AMONG CHINESE ADULTS
Peixuan Zheng
1
, Lei Zhang
2
, Feng Shi
2
, Kaiwen Man
1
, Elroy Aguiar
1
.
1
The University of
Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL.
2
Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
EVIDENCE-BASED CLASSIFICATION TO IDENTIFY DOMAINS OF POWERCHAIR
SOCCER
Stephanie Williams, Mae Fensterer, J.P. Barfield, FACSM. Emory & Henry College,
Marion, VA.
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING
PRESENTATIONS
25
Friday, February 19, 2021
11:00–12:00 SESSION III: POSTER FREE COMMUNICATION (CONTINUED)
THE TRANSITION FROM IN-PERSON TO REMOTE JUDO DURING COVID-19 IN
ADOLESCENTS WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER
Ana Valentina Garcia, Jeanette Garcia. University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL.
EFFECTS OF AROMATASE INHIBITORS AND ARTHRALGIA ON RANGE OF
MOTION IN POSTMENOPAUSAL BREAST CANCER PATIENTS
Margaret Moran, Christian Talbert, Edward Levine, Marissa Howard-McNatt, Shannon L.
Mihalko. Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC.
RELATIONSHIPS OF CHANGES IN BODY COMPOSITION WITH PHYSICAL
PERFORMANCE IN OBESE OLDER ADULTS WITH KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS
Peixi Jiang
1
, Gary D. Miller
1
, Shannon L. Mihalko
1
, Daniel P. Beavers
2
, Stephen P.
Messier, FACSM
1
.
1
Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC.
2
Wake Forest Baptist
Health, Winston Salem, NC.
OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY AS A MEANS TO COMBAT FOOD INSECURITY
IN OLDER ADULTS WITH FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMENTS
Lindsey Lewallen, Kristin Riggsbee. Maryville College, Maryville, TN.
EFFECT OF WORK-TO-REST CYCLES ON CARDIOVASCULAR DRIFT AND
MAXIMAL OXYGEN UPTAKE DURING HEAT STRESS
Anne M. Mulholland, Hillary A. Yoder, Elizabeth Brooke Titshaw, Jonathan E. Wingo,
FACSM. University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL.
ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
LEVELS IN YOUTH WITH OBESITY IN THE MID-SOUTH
Katherine W. N. Purdham
1
, J. Jackson Taylor
1
, Collette E. Connor
2
, Dana Kimberly
3
,
,4
, E.
Thomaseo Burton
5
,
,4
, Joan C. Han
5
,
,4
, Webb A. Smith
5,4
.
1
University of Tennessee Health
Science Center, College of Medicine, Memphis, TN.
2
School of Public Health, University
of Memphis, Memphis, TN.
3
Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN.
4
Pediatric
Obesity Program, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of
Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN.
5
Children's Research Foundation, Le
Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN.
AFFECTIVE DIMENSIONS OF DYSPNEA AT MAXIMUM EXERCISE IN COVID-
POSITIVE AND HEALTHY ADULTS
Valesha M. Province, Marc A. Augenreich, Nina L. Stute, Abigail S.L. Stickford, Steve M.
Ratchford, Jonathon L. Stickford. Appalachian State University, Boone, NC.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF AXIAL SKELETON FRACTURES IN CHEERLEADING AND
GYMNASTICS FROM 2010-2019
Melissa C. Kay
1
, Avinash Chandran
2
.
1
University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg,
MS.
2
Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Indianapolis, IN.
CHANGES IN FIRST-YEAR COLLEGE STUDENTS’ OBJECTIVELY MEASURED
DIETARY AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY BEHAVIORS.
YongJu Hwang, Yangyang Deng, Taewoo Kim, Sara Campbell, Sami Yli-Piipari. University
of Georgia, Athens, GA.
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING
PRESENTATIONS
26
Friday, February 19, 2021
11:00–12:00 SESSION III: POSTER FREE COMMUNICATION (CONTINUED)
THE EFFECT OF WALKING A COMPANION VERSUS UNFAMILIAR DOG ON MOOD,
HEART RATE, AND EXERCISE ENJOYMENT
Anna Covington, Rebecca Rogers, Thomas Kopec, Christopher Ballmann. Samford
University, Birmingham, AL.
INFLUENCE OF WEATHER ON DIRT AND GRAVEL TRAIL USE IN AN URBAN
WILDERNESS TRAIL SYSTEM
Douglas A. Gregory
1
,
,2
, Eugene C. Fitzhugh
1
.
1
University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN.
2
Tennessee Wesleyan University, Athens, TN.
EVALUATING THE AWARENESS OF AND PARTICIPATION IN EXERCISE IS
MEDICINE ON CAMPUS (EIM-OC)
Jeremy A. Steeves, Sarah McFann, Traci Haydu, Jennifer F. Oody. Maryville College,
Maryville, TN.
CHANGES IN UNIVERSITY EMPLOYEES' PHYSICAL ACTIVITY DURING THE
COVID-19 PANDEMIC
M. Ryan Mason, Jake H. Hudgins, Marilyn S. Campbell, Martha J. Biddle, Melinda J.
Ickes, Lance M. Bollinger. University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN COMMUNITY CRIME AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVELS
IN CHILDREN WITH OBESITY IN THE MID-SOUTH
John Jackson Martin Taylor. UTHSC - COM, Memphis, TN.
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN A UNIVERSITY COMMUNITY BEFORE AND AFTER A
COVID-19 SHUT DOWN
Brynn Hudgins. James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA.
DESCRIBING MODES OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AMONG HIGH AND LOW
SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS ADOLESCENTS
Caroline C. Sims, Jason Fanning. Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC.
CONSUMER WEARABLE DEVICE OWNERSHIP AND COMPONENTS OF THE 24-
HOUR ACTIVITY CYCLE IN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Benjamin Donald Boudreaux, Ginny M. Frederick, Ellen M. Evans, FACSM, Patrick J.
O'Connor, FACSM, Michael D. Schmidt. University of Georgia, Athens, GA.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SEX, RACE, ETHNICITY, AND COMPONENTS OF THE
24-HOUR ACTIVITY CYCLE IN COLLEGE STUDENTS
Laura Faye Hildreth, Benjamin D. Boudreaux, Ginny M. Frederick, Ellen M. Evans,
FACSM, Michael D. Schmidt, FACSM. University of Georgia, Athens, GA.
12:00–1:00 CLINICAL CROSSOVER LECTURE
RETURN TO EXERCISE AFTER COVID-19
Dermot M. Phelan MD, Atrium Health, Sports Cardiology
Chair: Brent H. Messick, MD, Atrium Health, Sports Medicine
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING
PRESENTATIONS
27
Friday, February 19, 2021
12:00–2:00 BIOMECHANICS INTEREST GROUP
Chair: Hunter J. Bennett, Ph.D., Old Dominion University.
Please contact Dr. Bennett at [email protected] if interested.
1:00–2:00 SESSION IV: REVIEW/SYMPOSIA
TARGETING SEDENTARY BEHAVIOR AS A FEASIBLE HEALTH STRATEGY
DURING COVID-19
Josh P. Causey
1
, Emily Draper
1
, Gabriel Zieff
1
, Lauren Bates
1
, Zachary Y. Kerr
1
, Justin B.
Moore
2
, Erik D. Hanson
1
, Claudio Battaglini
1
, Lee Stoner, FACSM
1
.
1
University of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
2
Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC.
1:00–2:00 SESSION IV: POSTER FREE COMMUNICATION
MENTAL HEALTH SELF-EFFICACY IN COLLEGE ATHLETIC TRAINERS: AN
EXPLORATORY STUDY
Martha Dettl-Rivera. Winthrop University, Rock Hill, SC.
EXAMINATION OF FEELING STATES AFTER AN ACUTE BOUT OF FOAM ROLLING
AND HIGH INTENSITY EXERCISE
Lauren M. Biscardi, Debra A. Stroiney. George Mason University, Manassas, VA.
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, SEDENTARY BEHAVIOR, SMARTPHONE USE, AND SLEEP
PATTERNS OF YOUNG ADULTS DURING COVID-19 QUARANTINE
Tara Kaitlyn Whiddon
1
, Borja Sañudo
2
, Antonio J Sánchez-Oliver
2
, Curtis Fennell
1
.
1
University of Montevallo, Montevallo, AL.
2
Universidad de Sevilla, Seville.
COPING METHODS UTILIZED BY COLLEGIATE ATHLETES SUFFERING FROM
SEASON-ENDING INJURY
Lucas Jacob Wagoner. Lee University, Cleveland, TN.
EXPLORING FACTORS UNDERLYING PERFORMANCE SATISFACTION OF AN
ACUTE RECREATIONAL EXERCISE SESSION
Cory T. Beaumont, Paula-Marie M. Ferrara, Kelley Strohacker, FACSM. University of
Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, WEIGHT STATUS STRESS,
AND DEPRESSION IN HBCU STUDENTS
Jordan Taylor
1
,
,2
, Erica Taylor, FACSM
3
, Angela Shorter
4
, Kiayona Grimes
5
.
1
University of
Memphis, Memphis, TN.
2
University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN.
3
Columbus State, Columbus, GA.
4
Delaware State, Dover, DE.
5
Values into Action,
Clementon, NJ.
PERCEIVED STRESS, RESILIENCY, AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN COLLEGE
STUDENTS DURING COVID-19 REMOTE LEARNING
Karissa L. Peyer, Elizabeth D. Hathaway, Kevin Doyle. University of Tennessee at
Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN.
SUCCESSFUL PHYSICAL ACTIVITY MAINTAINERS: STRATEGIES AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF YOUNG, PROFESSIONAL AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN
Chloe S. Jones, Cristina S. Barroso, Eugene Fitzhugh, Lindsey A. Miossi, Lyndsey M.
Hornbuckle, FACSM. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN.
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING
PRESENTATIONS
28
Friday, February 19, 2021
1:00–2:00 SESSION IV: POSTER FREE COMMUNICATION (CONTINUED)
ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN OBJECTIVELY-MEASURED SMARTPHONES, PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY, SEDENTARY BEHAVIOR, MOOD, AND SLEEP IN YOUNG ADULTS
Claudia Chisolm
1
, Moisés Grimaldi-Puyana
2
, José María Fernández-Batanero
2
, Borja
Sañudo
2
, Curtis Fennell
1
.
1
University of Montevallo, Montevallo, AL.
2
University of
Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
ACUTE EFFECTS OF SUBJECTIVELY- VS OBJECTIVELY-REGULATED HIGH-
INTENSITY INTERVAL EXERCISE ON COGNITION
Madison E. Smith, Ashlinn Garner, Randall Booker, Madelyn G. Smith, Elizabeth A.
Hubbard. Berry College, Mount Berry, GA.
EFFECTS OF INTERRUPTED ROUTINE DUE TO COVID-19 ON CIRCADIAN
CHRONOTYPE AND LEISURE TIME PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
Justine M. Renziehausen, David H. Fukuda. University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL.
THE EFFECT OF EXERCISE INTENSITY LEVEL AND SEX ON SUBJECTIVE TIMING
DURING CYCLING
Andrew R. Moore, Madeline Olson. Augusta University, Augusta, GA.
ACUTE AFFECTIVE AND LYMPHEDEMA RESPONSES TO RESISTANCE EXERCISE
AT VARIOUS INTENSITIES IN BREAST CANCER SURVIVORS
Kyra R. VanDoren, Rodrigo Salazar, Eric E. Hall, Takudzwa A. Madzima. Elon University,
Elon, NC.
THE EFFECT OF EXERCISE-RELATED FATIGUE ON SUBJECTIVE TIMING
Madeline Olson, Andrew R. Moore. Augusta University, Augusta, GA.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BODY IMAGE AND MENTAL HEALTH IN
UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
Emily E. Tufford, Eric E. Hall, Caroline J. Ketcham. Elon University, Elon, NC.
AFFECTIVE RESPONSES BEFORE AND AFTER TWO COMPETITIVE MATCHES IN
NCAA DIVISION I MEN’S SOCCER ATHLETES
Madeleine F. August, Eric E. Hall, FACSM, Svetlana Nepocatych, Takudzwa A. Madzima.
Elon University, Elon, NC.
DIVISION III ATHLETES’ ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE, TIME COMMITMENT, AND
STRESS IN-SEASON VERSUS OUT OF SEASON
Emilie Boone, Jeremy Steeves. Maryville College, Maryville, TN.
THE NOCEBO EFFECT ON REACTION TIME PERFORMANCE
Kailee Marasco, Krista Masters, Thomas Kopec. Samford University, Birmingham, AL.
VIRTUALLY ENGAGING SOCIALLY WITH PHYSICAL ACTIVITY: THE VESPA
REMOTE GROUP-MEDIATED ACTIVITY INTERVENTION
Kyle Kershner, Jason Fanning. Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC.
COMPARISON OF ONLINE VERSUS FACE-TO-FACE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
INTERVENTIONS ON UNDERGRADUATES’ AUTONOMY AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
LEVELS
Isaac White, Bhibha M. Das. East Carolina University, Greenville, NC.
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING
PRESENTATIONS
29
Friday, February 19, 2021
1:00–2:00 SESSION IV: POSTER FREE COMMUNICATION (CONTINUED)
THE EFFECTS OF A BUDDY WALKING PROGRAM ON PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN
ADULTS WITH LOWER-BODY DISABILITIES
Isabella Peralta, Kayla Baker. Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY.
AGE-RELATED REDUCTION IN POWER AND MYOFIBER MORPHOLOGY AND
COMPOSITION
Benjamin E. Dalton
1
, Trisha A. VanDusseldorp
1
, Kaveh Kiani
1
, Phuong L. Ha
2
, Alex A.
Olmos
3
, Alyssa R. Bailly
1
, Anton Bryantsev
1
, Garrett M. Hester
1
.
1
Kennesaw State
University, Kennesaw, GA.
2
University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC.
3
Oklahoma
State University, Stillwater, OK.
HYDROTHERAPY VS. LAND BASED EXERCISES ON DUAL TASK STATIC &
DYNAMIC BALANCE IN A GERIATRIC POPULATION
Alana Joy Turner, Harish Chander, Adam Knight, Sachini Kodithuwakku Arachchige,
Zhujun Pan, Chih-Chia Chen. Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS.
AGE RELATED DIFFERENCES IN ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE MAXIMAL STRENGTH
AT DIFFERENT VELOCITIES
Michael Cooper
1
, Phuong Ha
2
, Alex Olmos
3
, Ben Dalton
1
, Alyssa Bailly
1
, Trisha
VanDusseldorp
1
, Anton Bryantsev
1
, Garrett Hester
1
.
1
Kennesaw State University,
Kennesaw, GA.
2
University of British Columbia, Okanagan, BC.
3
Oklahoma State
University, Stillwater, OK.
BIRTH WEIGHT, EARLY GROWTH, AND GLUCOSE REGULATION IN YOUNG
ADULTS BORN PRETERM
Thrandia Dong
1
, Patricia Nixon, FACSM
1
, Lisa Washburn
2
.
1
Wake Forest University,
Winston-Salem, NC.
2
Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC.
COMPLETING TWENTY-EIGHT UNDERGRADUATE-LED STUDIES WITH ZERO
REPORTED COVID-19 EVENTS: THRIVING DURING TIMES OF SCIENTIFIC
SURVIVAL
Christopher Ballmann, Courteney Benjamin, Thomas Kopec, Mallory Marshall, Joeseph
Pederson, John Petrella, FACSM, Tyler Williams, Rebecca Rogers. Samford University,
Birmingham, AL.
EMPOWERING FUTURE PROFESSIONALS WITH DESIGN THINKING IN A
CLINICAL EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY COURSE
Eric P. Plaisance, FACSM, Jennifer M. Ponder. University of Alabama at Birmingham,
Birmingham, AL.
DETERMINATION OF PREDICTIVE FACTORS OF BONE MINERAL DENSITY IN
FEMALE COLLEGIATE ATHLETES
Maisie Estelle Davis, Ronald L. Snarr. Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA.
BIOLOGICAL SEX MEDIATES CANCER CACHEXIA ASSOCIATED MUSCLE
WEAKNESS
Jason T. Brantley. University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC.
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING
PRESENTATIONS
30
Friday, February 19, 2021
1:00–2:00 SESSION IV: POSTER FREE COMMUNICATION (CONTINUED)
MECHANISMS MEDIATING INCREASED ENDURANCE FOLLOWING HIGH- AND
LOW-LOAD TRAINING WITH AND WITHOUT BLOOD FLOW RESTRICTION
Matthew A. Chatlaong
1
, J Grant Mouser
2
, Samuel L. Buckner
3
, Kevin T. Mattocks
4
, Scott
J. Dankel
5
, Jeremy P. Loenneke, FACSM
1
, Matthew B. Jessee
1
.
1
University of Mississippi,
University, MS.
2
Troy University, Troy, AL.
3
University of South Florida, Tampa, FL.
4
Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO.
5
Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ.
EFFECT OF MILD MUSCLE SORENESS ON RESTING MUSCLE METABOLISM
Matthew A. Lynch, Lauren K. Lindsey, Mckenley J. Corbitt, Kevin K. McCully, FACSM.
University of Georgia, Athens, GA.
SLOW MOTION VIDEO PHONE ANALYSIS OF MUSCLE TWITCH CONTRACTION
VELOCITY: THE EFFECT OF PIXEL QUANTITY
Nicholas M. Yanek, Chuan Zhang, Kevin K. McCully, FACSM. University of Georgia,
Athens, GA.
VALIDITY OF ULTRASOUND MEASUREMENTS USING HUMAN CADAVERS
Erin Major, Alexa Reilly, Ted Eaves, Michael Berry, FACSM. Wake Forest University,
Winston-Salem, NC.
RELIABILITY OF ULTRASOUND MEASUREMENTS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
THICKNESS IN CADAVERS
Alexandra K. Reilly, Erin Major, Michael Berry, FACSM, Ted Eaves. Wake Forest
University, Winston Salem, NC.
EFFECT OF RISEDRONATE ON BONE TURNOVER IN POST-SLEEVE
GASTRECTOMY PATIENTS
Rui Lyu, Kristen M. Beavers. Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC.
EFFECTS OF VARYING FACEMASK REINFORCEMENT ON REACTION TIME AND
TARGET DETECTION IN NCAA FOOTBALL PLAYERS
Justin Moody
1
, Rachel Miller
1
,
,2
, Anna Covington
1
, Rebecca Rogers
1
, Christopher
Ballmann
1
.
1
Samford University, Birmingham, AL.
2
University of West Alabama,
Livingston, AL.
EFFECTS OF PEPPERMINT OIL ON COGNITIVE AND PHYSICAL ABILITY DURING
DUAL-TASKING CONDITIONS
Kathryn Kizziah, Alysson Smith, Rebecca Rogers, Thomas Kopec, Christopher Ballmann.
Samford University, Birmingham, AL.
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, FUNDAMENTAL MOTOR SKILL DEVELOPMENT, AND SELF-
REGULATION IN PRESCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN
Aaron P. Wood
1
, Vince G. Nocera
1
, Tyler J. Kybartas
2
, Dawn P. Coe, FACSM
1
.
1
University
of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN.
2
Illinois State University, Normal, IL.
A PRELIMINARY REPORT OF THE NONLOCAL REPEATED BOUT EFFECT OF THE
ELBOW FLEXOR MUSCLES
William Miller
1
, Xin Ye
2
, Sunggun Jeon
3
, Jun Seob Song
1
, Jonathan T. West
1
, Robjert J.
Benton
1
.
1
University of Mississippi, University, MS.
2
University of Hartford, West
Hartford, CT.
3
Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK.
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING
PRESENTATIONS
31
Friday, February 19, 2021
1:00–2:00 SESSION IV: POSTER FREE COMMUNICATION (CONTINUED)
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN FIFTH GRADERS’ SELF-CONFIDENCE IN PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY AND FITNESS ABILITIES
Tenesha M. McDuffie
1
, Mikaela A. Brooks
1
, Anna K. Leal
2
.
1
Bridgewater College,
Bridgewater, VA.
2
Centenary College of Louisiana, Shreveport, LA.
DOES AN EMPLOYEE MOVEMENT CHALLENGE ENHANCING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
LEVELS AND ATTITUDES IN A COLLEGE WORKFORCE
Madison Faulkner, Robyn M. York. Montreat College, Montreat, NC.
THE MOTIVATING FACTORS AND BARRIERS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY DURING
PREGNANCY AND CHILDBIRTH
Cari Jayne Barrett. University of North Georgia, Dahlonega, GA.
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PERCEPTUAL RESPONSES TO VARIOUS DURATIONS OF
BLOOD FLOW RESTRICTION
Nathen A. Andrews, Chase P. Harris, Jakob D. Lauver. Coastal Carolina University,
Conway, SC.
THE IMPACT OF A DUAL GENERATION SWIM INTERVENTION TO REDUCE
UNINTENTIONAL DROWNINGS IN AFRICAN AMERICANS
Aniya .L Bettis, Nadarria Inge, Jermaine B. Mitchell. University of Montevallo,
Montevallo, AL.
ATHLETIC TRAINING EDUCATION MOVING FORWARD. WHERE DOES THE
PROFESSION GO FROM HERE?
Dennis Cobler, Beth Funkhouser. Emory & Henry College, Emory, VA.
2:00–3:00 HENRY J. MONTOYE AWARD LECTURE
PRESCRIBING EXERCISE FOR PATIENTS WITH FAILING HEARTS…IS THERE A
LIMIT?
Peter H. Brubaker, Ph.D., Wake Forest University
Presiding: Becki Battista, Ph.D., SEACSM Past President, Appalachian State University
3:00–4:00 SESSION V: REVIEW/SYMPOSIA
MEASURING DIAPHRAGMATIC ENDURANCE AND ASSESSING RESPIRATORY
DYSFUNCTION
Kristin M. Mendez, Alexander W. Parsons, Kevin McCully, FACSM. University of Georgia,
Athens, GA.
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING
PRESENTATIONS
32
Friday, February 19, 2021
3:00–4:00 SESSION V: POSTER FREE COMMUNICATION
BODY COMPOSITION OF NCAA DIVISION I FOOTBALL PLAYERS PRE AND POST
COVID-19 QUARANTINE
Amanda N. Gordon
1
, Malia N.M Blue
2
, Hannah E. Saylor
1
, Lacey M. Gould
1
, Katie R.
Hirsch
3
, Andrew T. Hoyle
1
, Abbie E. Smith-Ryan, FACSM
1
.
1
University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
2
High Point University, High Point, NC.
3
University of
Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR.
PREDICTING DIVISION I LACROSSE GAME PERFORMANCE THROUGH
MICROTECHNOLOGY
Libby L. Bynum
1
, Jenna Carter
1
, Charli Rosenberg
1
, Bradley J. Myers
1
, Jennifer A. Bunn,
FACSM
2
.
1
Campbell University, Buies Creek, NC.
2
Sam Houston State University,
Huntsville, TX.
THE ACUTE EFFECT OF HEAVY SQUATS AND FOAM ROLLING ON VERTICAL
JUMP PERFORMANCE
TingYen Yeh, FACSM, Hailey Wimmenauer, FACSM, Hugh Lamont, FACSM, Chad Smith,
FACSM. Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WELLNESS SCORES AND INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL
TRAINING LOADS IN A DIVISION I WOMEN’S LACROSSE TEAM
Alma K. Crouch
1
, Michael Jiroutek
1
, Ronald Snarr
2
, Jennifer Bunn, FACSM
3
.
1
Campbell
University, Buies Creek, NC.
2
Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA.
3
Sam
Houston State University, Huntsville, TX.
THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN BIOMARKERS OF RESILIENCE AND READINESS
WITH FITNESS CHANGES IN COLLEGE SOCCER PLAYERS
Travis Anderson, Nathaniel T. Berry, John R. Cone, Andrew Scheck, Laurie Wideman,
FACSM. University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC.
SALIVARY CORTISOL ANALYSIS IN COLLEGIATE FEMALE LACROSSE ATHLETES
Jenna Leigh Carter
1
, Stephanie L. Mathews
1
, Bradley J. Myers
1
, Jennifer A. Bunn,
FACSM
2
.
1
Campbell University, Buies Creek, NC.
2
Sam Houston State University,
Huntsville, TX.
SPRINT ZONE ANALYSIS BY POSITION OF DIVISION I WOMEN'S LACROSSE
Charli Rosenberg, Libby Bynum, Jenna Carter, Bradley Myers, Jennifer Bunn, FACSM.
Campbell University, Buies Creek, NC.
EFFECTS OF TRAINING CESSATION ON ISOMETRIC MAXIMAL STRENGTH
S. Kyle Travis
1
, Iñigo Mujika
2
,
,3
, Kevin A. Zwetsloot
4
, Jeremy A. Gentles
1
, Michael H.
Stone
1
, Caleb D. Bazyler
1
.
1
East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN.
2
University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Basque Country.
3
Universidad Finis Terrae,
Santiago, Chile.
4
Appalachian State University, Boone, NC.
CHANGES IN PERFORMANCE AND SUBJECTIVE MEASURES ACROSS A
COLLEGIATE FIELD HOCKEY SEASON
Alexa J. Chandler
1
, Harry P. Cintineo
1
, David J. Sanders
2
, Marissa L. Bello
3
, Bridget A.
McFadden
1
, Shawn M. Arent, FACSM
1
.
1
University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC.
2
Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL.
3
Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS.
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING
PRESENTATIONS
33
Friday, February 19, 2021
3:00–4:00 SESSION V: POSTER FREE COMMUNICATION (CONTINUED)
BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN ACADEMICS AND ATHLETICS: DEVELOPING A
MUTUALLY BEFENICIAL RESEARCH AND SERVICE RELATIONSHIP
Greg A. Ryan, Drew S. DeJohn. Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA.
EFFECT OF WARM-UP ON THE PREVALENCE OF MEDIAL TIBIAL STRESS
SYNDROME IN HIGHSCHOOL CROSS-COUNTRY ATHLETES
Makayla Mack, Kayla Baker, Rachel Tinius. Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green,
KY.
CHRONICITY OF SYMPTOMS IN TREATMENT OF LATERAL EPICONDYLITIS
WITH BLOOD FLOW RESTRICTION
Blake D. Justice. Methodist University, Fayetteville, NC.
NCAA PERSONNEL’S PERCEPTIONS OF FORMER ATHLETES’ PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY AND KNOWLEDGE OF THE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY GUIDELINES
Paula-Marie Martinez Ferrara, Jessica Smith, Megan Hightower, Kelley Strohacker,
FACSM. The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN.
ASSOCIATION OF UPPER EXTREMITY PAIN AND PREPARATORY
SOFTBALL PITCH KINEMATICS
McLain Skinner, Kevin Giordano, Kenzie Friesen, Kyle Wasserberger, Jessica Downs,
Gretchen Oliver. Auburn University, Auburn, AL.
EXPLORING HOW NCAA PERSONNEL DISCUSS POST-SPORT PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY MAINTENANCE WITH COLLEGIATE ATHLETES: A QUALITATIVE
ANALYSIS
Jessica Smith, Paula-Marie M. Ferrara, Megan Hightower, Kelley Strohacker, FACSM.
University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN.
MASSAGE IT OUT. PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO MYOFASCIAL RELEASE
INTRA-EXERCISE
Daniel R. Greene, Jakob Nelson, Adrian Stone. Augusta University, Augusta, GA.
COMPARING SELF-REPORTED AND FUNCTIONAL OUTCOMES BETWEEN
OSSEOINTEGRATED AND SOCKET PROSTHESES
Jacob Lonowski. Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA.
KETONE SUPPLEMENTATION TO IMPROVE FUNCTIONAL OUTCOMES IN
ADOLESCENTS POST SPORTS-RELATED CONCUSSION
Kelsey A. Rushing, Allyn Abadie, Gregor W. Jenkins, Kaitlyn G. Willis, Maggie C. Steen,
Ervin Watson III, Eric P. Plaisance, FACSM, Cody E. Morris. University of Alabama at
Birmingham, Birmingham, AL.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONCUSSION HISTORY AND REACTION TIME IN
COLLEGIATE ATHLETES
Spencer Ann M. Mitchell, Lori A. Schmied, Chad Schrock, Jeremy A. Steeves. Maryville
College, Maryville, TN.
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING
PRESENTATIONS
34
Friday, February 19, 2021
3:00–4:00 SESSION V: POSTER FREE COMMUNICATION (CONTINUED)
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MAXIMAL FAT OXIDATION AND VENTILATORY
THRESHOLD IN ENDURANCE TRAINED MALES
Hannah E. Saylor
1
, Casey E. Greenwalt
2
, Lacey M. Gould
1
, Amanda N. Gordon
1
, Andrew
T. Hoy l e
1
, Abbie E. Smith-Ryan
1
.
1
The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.
2
Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL.
ACUTE EXERCISE LOWERS BLOOD GLUCOSE AND METABOLIC LOAD POST-
HIGH-FAT MEAL INDEPENDENT OF AGE
Stephanie P. Kurti
1
, Hannah Frick
1
, William S. Wisseman
1
, Steven K. Malin, FACSM
3
,
,2
,
David Edwards
4
, Sam R. Emerson
5
, Elizabeth S. Edwards, FACSM
1
.
1
James Madison
University, Harrisonburg, VA.
2
Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ.
3
University of
Virginia, Charlottesville, VA.
4
University of Virginia, Charlottesvile, VA.
5
Oklahoma State
University, Stillwater, OK.
ENDURANCE EXERCISE PREVENTS METABOLIC DISTRESS-MEDIATED HEPATIC
SENESCENCE VIA PROMOTING AUTOPHAGY
Joshua Cook, Madeline Wei, Benny Segovia, Ludmila Cosio-Lima, FACSM, Youngil Lee.
University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL.
ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVEL AND METABOLIC
DYSFUNCTION IN YOUTH WITH SEVERE OBESITY
Collette E. Connor, Webb Smith. LeBonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN.
METABOLIC AND VENTILATORY RESPONSES TO EXERCISE IN YOUNG
ADULTS FOLLOWING SARS-COV-2 INFECTION
Marc A. Augenreich, Valesha M. Province, Nina L. Stute, Abigail S. Stickford,
Stephen M. Ratchford, Jonathon L. Stickford. Appalachian State University,
Boone, NC.
INTENSITY OF ACTIVITY AND METABOLIC HEALTH
Mitchell Johnson, Hannah Sandstrom, Grace Alexander, Brian Kliszczewicz, FACSM,
Katherine H. Ingram. Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA.
ELEVATED MATERNAL LIPID METABOLISM IS ASSOCIATED WITH EXCEEDING
GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN GUIDELINES
Jill M. Maples
1
, Courtney J. Riedinger
1
, Samantha F. Ehrlich
2
, Maire Blankenship
3
, Nikki
B. Zite
1
, Rachel A. Tinius
3
.
1
The University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine,
Knoxville, TN.
2
The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN.
3
Western Kentucky
University, Bowling Green, KY.
THE EFFECT OF A SPINACH DERIVATIVE SUPPLEMENT, SOLARPLAST, ON
INFLAMMATION BLOOD BIOMARKERS
Michaela G. Alesi
1
, Alyssa R. Bailly
1
, Jacqueline C. Easter
1
, Constantine H. Katsoudas
1
,
Matthew T. Stratton
2
, Katie Tran
1
, Matthew Lee
1
, Garrett M. Hester
1
, Trisha A.
VanDusseldorp
1
.
1
Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA.
2
Texas Tech University,
Lubbock, TX.
INFLUENCE OF PRENATAL YOGA ON MENTAL HEALTH IN PREGNANCY DURING
THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Cathryn Duchette, Maire Blankenship, Rachel Tinius. Western Kentucky Univeristy,
Bowling Green, KY.
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING
PRESENTATIONS
35
Friday, February 19, 2021
3:00–4:00 SESSION V: POSTER FREE COMMUNICATION (CONTINUED)
METABOLIC FLEXIBILITY, INSULIN RESISTANCE, AND OBESITY DURING
PREGNANCY ARE ASSOCIATED WITH NEONATAL ADIPOSITY
Rachel A. Tinius
1
, Karen Furgal
1
, Maire M. Blankenship
1
, W. Todd Cade
2
, Cathryn
Duchette
1
, Kevin J. Pearson
3
, Jill M. Maples
4
.
1
Western Kentucky University, Bowling
Green, KY.
2
Duke University, Durham, NC.
3
University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.
4
University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, TN.
THE ASSOCIATION OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY WITH LIPID LEVELS IN PREGNANT
WOMEN WITH OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY
Bethany G. Rand
1
, Assiamira Ferrara
2
, Paul Hibbing
3
, Monique Hedderson
2
, Susan
Brown
4
, Sylvia Badon
2
, Scott Crouter, FACSM
1
, Samantha Ehrlich
1
.
1
University of
Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN.
2
Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern
California, Oakland, CA.
3
Children's Mercy, Kansas City, MO.
4
Department of Internal
Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA.
COMPARISON OF DUAL TASK COST DURING OVERGROUND WALKING IN
POSTPARTUM VERSUS CONTROL WOMEN
Amy Giboney, Juli Kunzman, Rebecca R. Rogers, Mallory R. Marshall. Samford
University, Birmingham, AL.
CHANGES IN DUAL TASKING FROM ACROSS PREGNANCY AND POSTPARTUM
Anna Tankersley, Ashleigh Davis, Rebecca R. Rogers, Mallory R. Marshall. Samford
University, Birmingham, AL.
MATERNAL LIPID METABOLISM IS LINKED TO NEONATAL ANTHROPOMETRIC
OUTCOMES
Charlotte McCarley
1
, Jill M. Maples
1
, Maire Blankenship
2
, Kimberly B. Fortner
1
, Rachel A.
Tinius
2
.
1
The University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, TN.
2
Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY.
IMPACT OF PARTIAL AND COMPLETE FLUID RESTRICTION ON INFLAMMATORY
BIOMARKERS
William M. Adams, Mitchell E. Zaplatosch, Travis Anderson, Emily E. Bechke, Hanna M.
Gardner, Samantha J. Goldenstein, Logan K. Brooks, Laurie Wideman, FACSM.
University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC.
THE EFFECTS OF BLOOD FLOW RESTRICTION TIMING ON MUSCLE ACTIVATION
AND OXYGENATION DURING RESISTANCE TRAINING
Chase P. Harris, Nathen A. Andrews, Jakob D. Lauver. Coastal Carolina University,
Conway, SC.
4:00–5:00 SESSION VI: REVIEW/SYMPOSIA
EXERCISE IS STILL MEDICINE DURING COVID-19: ADAPTATIONS TO EXERCISE
IS MEDICINE ON CAMPUS AT UNC
Kathleen Stanford
1
, Alexander Pomeory
1
, Lauren C. Bates
1
, Kyle Tamminga
2
, Thevy
Chai
2
, Justin C. Moore
3
, Lindsay Brookey
4
, Lee Stoner, FACSM
1
.
1
University of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel HIll, NC.
2
UNC Campus Health Services, Chapel HIll, NC.
3
Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC.
4
UNC Campus Recreation, Chapel
HIll, NC.
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING
PRESENTATIONS
36
Friday, February 19, 2021
4:00–5:00 SESSION VI: POSTER FREE COMMUNICATION
PRIOR ATHLETIC INVOLVEMENT RESULTS IN BETTER WALKING SCORE ON THE
MUSCULOSKELETAL HEALTH QUESTIONNAIRE
Jessica Downs, Abigail Cramer, Kenzie Friesen, Kevin Giordano, Nicole Bordelon, Abigail
Brittain, Gretchen Oliver, FACSM. Auburn University, Auburn, AL.
HEAT-TREATED MONTMORENCY CHERRY SUPPLEMENT DOES NOT
SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECT REACTIVE HYPEREMIA OR HEART RATE VARIABILITY
Greggory R. Davis
1
, Alana G. Hoffpauir
1
, David M. Bellar, FACSM
2
.
1
-University of
Louisiana at Lafayete, -Lafayette, LA.
2
-University of North Carolina - Charlotte,
-Charlotte, NC.
RESIDUAL EFFECTS OF PLAYING AN OVERHEAD SPORT ON HUMERAL
RETROVERSION AND RANGE OF MOTION
Abigail M. Cramer, Jessica L. Downs, Kevin A. Giordano, Gretchen D. Oliver, FACSM.
Auburn University, Auburn, AL.
INJURY HISTORY, SPORTS PARTICIPATION, AND CURRENT PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY AMONG YOUNG ADULTS
Noah Gadd, Chloe McKay, Johanna Hoch, Deirdre Dlugonski. University of Kentucky,
Lexington, KY.
EFFECTS OF BEETROOT JUICE SUPPLEMENTATION ON DIURNAL
FLUCTUATIONS IN SUPRAMAXIMAL EXERCISE PERFORMANCE IN TRAINED
SPRINTERS
Amanda M. Dumar, Anna F. Huntington, Rebecca R. Rogers, Thomas J. Kopec, Tyler D.
Williams, Christopher G. Ballmann. Samford University, Birmingham, AL.
MASS SPECTROPHOTOMETRY VERSUS BLOOD METERS IN THE ASSESSMENT OF
BETA-HYDROXYBUTYRATE LEVELS FOLLOWING KETONE SUPPLEMENTATION
Angelia Maleah Holland, Jenna K. Ansley, Andrew R. Moore. Augusta University,
Augusta, GA.
THE INFLUENCE OF MACRONUTRIENT DISTRIBUTION ON URINARY
HYDRATION MARKERS, THIRST, AND FLUID INTAKE
Mitchell E. Zaplatosch, Travis Anderson, Emily E. Bechke, Hanna M. Gardner, Samantha
J. Goldenstein, Logan K. Brooks, Laurie Wideman, FACSM, William M. Adams. University
of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC.
ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, 24-HOUR URINARY
HYDRATION MARKERS AND TIMING OF FLUID INTAKE
Ji Yeon Choi, Mitchell E. Zaplatosch, Travis Anderson, Emily E. Bechke, Logan K. Brooks,
Hanna M. Gardner, Samantha J. Goldenstein, Laurie Wideman, FACSM, William M.
Adams. University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC.
THE EFFECTS OF CAFFEINE ON JUMPING PERFORMANCE AND MAXIMAL
STRENGTH IN FEMALE COLLEGIATE ATHLETES
Benjamin Burke
1
, Kyle Travis
1
, Jeremy Gentles
1
, Kimitake Sato
2
, Caleb Bazyler
1
.
1
East
Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN.
2
National Taiwan University of Sport,
Taichung, Taiwan.
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING
PRESENTATIONS
37
Friday, February 19, 2021
4:00–5:00 SESSION VI: POSTER FREE COMMUNICATION (CONTINUED)
INFLUENCE OF KETTLEBELL SWING STYLE AND LOAD ON PEAK KETTLEBELL
VELOCITY AND TOTAL SYSTEM POWER
Cullun Watts, Bryan L. Riemann. Georgia Southern University–Armstrong Campus,
Savannah, GA.
THE EFFECTS OF TART CHERRY JUICE AND WHEY PROTEIN ON RECOVERY
FOLLOWING EXERCISE INDUCED MUSCLE DAMAGE
Hailey Jurgens, Svetlana Nepocatych, Takudzwa A. Madzima. Elon University, Elon, NC.
THE EFFECTS OF PROTEIN TIMING ON PERFORMANCE MEASURES IN ATHLETES
Heath Colton Byrd. Winthrop University, Rock Hill, SC.
PERSPECTIVES ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NUTRITION AND MENTAL
HEALTH WITHIN NCAA DIVISION I COLLEGIATE ATHLETIC PROGRAMS
Emma M. McCabe, Caroline J. Ketcham, Eric E. Hall. Elon University, Elon, NC.
MONITORING COMPETITION JUMP LOAD IN DIVISION I FEMALE COLLEGIATE
VOLLEYBALL ATHLETES
Chad H. Herring, Michael J. Redd, David H. Fukuda. University of Central Florida,
Orlando, FL.
THE EVALUATION OF LOWER BACK PAIN IN COLLEGE STUDENTS
Alisa Soloveva, Joni M. Boyd. Winthrop University, Rock Hill, SC.
NEITHER CAFFEINE NOR CYP1A2 GENOTYPE INFLUENCE FATIGUABILITY OR
FORCE STEADINESS OF THE KNEE EXTENSORS
Sydnie R. Fleming
1
, Ryan J. Colquhoun
1
, Mitchel A. Magrini
2
, Matthew C. Ferrell
3
, Nile F.
Banks
4
, Nathaniel D.M. Jenkins
4
.
1
University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL.
2
Creighton
University, Omaha, NE.
3
Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa,
OK.
4
University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.
EVALUATION OF AN IN-PERSON AND REMOTE-BASED LEARNING OF A
NUTRITION PROGRAM FOR ADOLESCENTS WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM
DISORDER (ASD):A COVID-19 PILOT STUDY
Riley H. Shurack. University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL.
PHYSIOLOGICAL OUTCOMES OF MOTIVATIONAL INTERVIEWING FOR WEIGHT
MANAGEMENT AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS DURING COVID-19
Kameron Suire, Jan Kavookjian, Danielle Wadsworth. Auburn University, Auburn, AL.
EFFECT OF ACUTE FEEDING ON BIOELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE VECTOR
ANALYSIS CALCULATED PHASE ANGLE IN HEALTHY SUBJECTS
Andrew T. Hoyle
1
, Gabrielle J. Brewer
2
, Lacey M. Gould
1
, Hannah E. Saylor
1
, Amanda N.
Gordon
1
, Abbie E. Smith-Ryan
1
.
1
University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill,
NC.
2
University of Connecticut, Mansfield, CT.
RELIABILTY OF QUADRICEP AND HAMSTRING SOFT TISSUE MEASURES USING
DUAL ENERGY X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY (DXA) SCANS
Cameron J. Elder, Taylor K. Dinyer, M. Travis Byrd, Haley C. Bergstrom, Jody L. Clasey,
FACSM. University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING
PRESENTATIONS
38
Friday, February 19, 2021
4:00–5:00 SESSION VI: POSTER FREE COMMUNICATION (CONTINUED)
THE IMPACT OF A FUNDAMENTAL MOTOR SKILL INTERVENTION ON BODY
COMPOSITION OUTCOMES IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
Katherine E. Spring
1
, Jerraco Johnson
2
, Alexandra Carroll
1
, Julia Sassi
1
, Melissa
Pangelinan
1
, Mary Rudisill
1
, Danielle D. Wadsworth
1
.
1
Auburn University, Auburn, AL.
2
Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.
EXPLAINING DISCREPANCIES IN BODY FAT PERCENTAGE VALUES BETWEEN
LABORATORY CRITERION MEASURES IN COLLEGIATE ATHLETES
Sarah N. Lanham, Ronald L. Snarr. Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA.
IMPACT OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE ON BODY COMPOSITION MEASURES AND
RESTING METABOLISM
Lacey Gould
1
, Gabrielle Brewer
2
, Malia Blue
3
, Katie Hirsch
4
, Hannah Saylor
1
, Amanda
Gordon
1
, Andrew Hoyle
1
, Abbie Smith-Ryan, FACSM
1
.
1
University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
2
University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT.
3
High Point
University, High Point, NC.
4
University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR.
BODY VOLUME DERIVED FROM A 2 DIMENSIONAL DIGITAL IMAGE
ACCURATELY MEASURES ADIPOSITY IN A THREE-COMPARTMENT MODEL
Katherine Sullivan, Bjoern Hornikel, Michael R. Esco, Michael V. Fedewa. University of
Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL.
PREDICTORS OF CLINICALLY MEANINGFUL GAIT SPEED RESPONSE AMONG
OLDER ADULTS PARTICIPATING IN WEIGHT LOSS INTERVENTIONS
Ka Ki Tse
1
, Rebecca Neiberg
2
, Daniel Beavers
2
, Stephen Kritchevsky
2
, Barbara Nicklas
2
,
Dalane Kitzman
2
, Jack Rejeski
1
, Steve Messier
1
, Kristen Beavers
1
.
1
Wake Forest
University, Winston Salem, NC.
2
Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC.
LIFESTYLE INTERVENTION FOR TREATMENT OF DIABETES: RANDOMIZED
TRANSLATIONAL TRIAL IMPROVING CONTROL OF CVD RISK FACTORS
Olivia Bond, Jeffrey Katula. Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC.
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE INTAKE INFLUENCED BY SELF-EFFICACY IN ULTRA-
ENDURANCE ATHLETES
Bayley Wade, Lauren Masden, Ally Tripure, Sara E. Mahoney, FACSM. Bellarmine
University, Louisville, KY.
5:00–7:00 AWARDS CEREMONY
AWARD WINNERS ANNOUNCED FOR DOCTORAL, MASTERS, AND
UNDERGRADUATE POSTER COMPETITIONS.
ANNOUNCEMENT OF SEACSM EXECUTIVE BOARD ELECTIONS
Presiding: John Petrella, PhD, SEACSM President, Samford University
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS
39
SESSION I: REVIEW/SYMPOSIA Thursday, Feb. 18, 1:00–2:00 pm EST
COMPONENTS OF THE 24-HOUR ACTIVITY CYCLE AND FEELINGS OF
ENERGY AND FATIGUE IN COLLEGE STUDENTS
Ginny M. Frederick, Patrick J. O'Connor, FACSM, Michael D. Schmidt, Ellen M.
Evans, FACSM. University of Georgia, Athens, GA.
The recently established 24-Hour Activity Cycle (24-HAC) is a paradigm that
integrates the behaviors of 1) sleep, 2) sedentariness (SED), 3) light-intensity
physical activity (LIPA), and 4) moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity
(MVPA), all of which are known to exert independent effects on health and well-
being. However, the interactive effects of the four components of the 24-HAC on
distinct aspects of health are less well established. A cohort known to have
altered and variable 24-HAC patterns are college students given their competing
time and energy demands (e.g., academic, work, social, etc.) within the unique
physical and social environment of a college campus. Moreover, with respect to
well-being, many college students report a high level of mental and emotional
exhaustion, likely in part due to altered sleep behaviors and SED requirements
for academic work. Literature assessing relationships between 24-HAC behaviors
and feelings of energy and fatigue in college students exist to date; however, the
extant literature is robust for some components (e.g. MVPA and sleep) yet nearly
non-existent for others (e.g. SED and LIPA). Given the increasingly variable
patterns in the typical 24-HAC of college students and the emerging paradigm
that both the independent and interactive effects of the 24-HAC components
influence health and well-being it will become increasingly important to
understand the relationships between and among the 24-HAC behaviors, and
feelings of energy and fatigue. In this context, the purpose of this symposium is
to: 1) review the available evidence on bivariate relationships between 24-HAC
components and feelings of energy and fatigue in the college student cohort, 2)
identify gaps in the current literature regarding this topic, and 3) present ideas
for future research to more fully characterize the relationship between the 24-
HAC and feelings of energy and fatigue in this population.
SESSION I: POSTER/FREE COMMUNICATION Thursday, Feb. 18, 1:00–2:00 pm EST
SEQUENCE-SPECIFIC IMPLICIT MOTOR LEARNING USING THE NON-
DOMINANT LEFT ARM IN A THREE-DIMENSIONAL VIRTUAL
ENVIRONMENT
Charles R. Smith
1
, Joelle Via
1
, Hannah Roark
1
, Macie Watkins
1
, Jessica F. Baird
2
,
Jill C. Stewart
1
.
1
University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC.
2
University of
Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL.
BACKGROUND: Implicit motor learning is essential to the acquisition of new
motor skills. The examination of implicit learning, thus far, has been
predominantly limited to single-finger button presses or two-dimensional
movements of a computer mouse or joystick. Recently, we investigated implicit
motor learning during three-dimensional (3D) reach movements with the
dominant right arm. The nondominant left arm typically exhibits a different
control strategy during the execution of whole-arm movements. Therefore, the
purpose of this study was to examine sequence-specific implicit learning during
practice of a 3D reach task with the nondominant left arm. METHODS: Sixteen
young, non-disabled individuals completed a target task presented in a 3D virtual
environment with the nondominant left arm on two consecutive days. Targets
were displayed one at a time alternating between an eight-target repeated
sequence and an eight-target random sequence. Performance was measured by
the time to complete a sequence (response time) and analyzed by sequence type
(random, repeated). Kinematic data determined how movement control changed
over time. Separate repeated measures ANOVAs assessed changes over time for
both Random and Repeated sequences with α = 0.05. RESULTS: On day 1,
response time improved regardless of sequence type (p<0.001); however, the
repeated sequence was faster than the random sequence (p<0.001) indicating
sequence-specific learning. Response time improvements and differences
between random and repeated sequences were retained on Day 2. With no
significant changes in peak velocity over practice or differences by sequence type
(p>0.1), performance improvements were driven by shorter total hand path
distances (p<0.01) on both days. Time to peak velocity also decreased over
practice (p<0.001), regardless of sequence type, indicating an increased reliance
on feedforward movement control. CONCLUSIONS: Similar to our previous
study with the right arm, sequence-specific learning in the left arm was
characterized by decreased response times and shorter hand path distances.
However, peak velocities were higher and hand path distances longer in the
current study than those observed with the dominant right arm, suggesting
differences related to hemispheric specialization for the control of multi-joint arm
movements. The current study provides novel information on the control and
learning of skilled movements in the nondominant arm that may have functional
implications.
GROUND REACTION FORCES ASSOCIATED WITH THE WIND-UP MOTION
IN HIGH SCHOOL BASEBALL PITCHERS
Anthony W. Fava, Jessica L. Downs, Hillary A. Plummer, Gretchen D. Oliver,
Nicole Bordelon, Adam Nguyen. Auburn University, Auburn, AL.
BACKGROUND: Ground reaction forces developed on the drive leg during the
wind-up motion of a pitch may influence pitching mechanics. During the wind-up,
the drive leg and hip are loaded requiring stability and trunk control to effectively
generate momentum in the direction of the pitch. Inefficient energy production
and transfer can impair performance by leaking energy across proximal
segments of the kinetic chain lessening distal joint moments. Therefore, thi s
study aimed to analyze the association between performance and ground
reaction forces for the drive and stride legs during the pitching motion.
METHODS: Kinematic and kinetic data were captured on twenty-three high
school baseball pitchers (16.6±3.1yr; 180.1±6.1cm; 75.9±10.5kg) throwing
fastballs from a mound. The pitching motion was broken into three phases: 1)
stride foot off to peak knee height, 2) peak knee height to stride foot contact, 3)
stride foot contact to maximal shoulder external rotation. Ground reaction forces
in all three directions (vertical, anterior/posterior, medial/lateral) and the
magnitude of both the drive and stride legs were measured using force plates,
while ball speed was assessed using a radar gun. Linear regression was used to
determine a relationship between ground reaction forces and ball speed.
RESULTS: Linear regression revealed the magnitude of drive leg ground reaction
force during phase two significantly predicted ball speed (B = .009, p = .042).
No other variables were included in the regression. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent
pitchers with a larger magnitude of drive leg ground reaction forces were
associated with faster ball speeds. Increased performance is affiliated with how a
pitcher can dynamically load the drive leg to produce greater ground reaction
forces that generate momentum for the pitch.
ROLE OF OCCUPATIONAL FOOTWEAR AND WORKLOAD ON LOWER
EXTREMITY MUSCLE ACTIVATION DURING MAXIMAL EXERTIONS AND
POSTURAL STABILITY TASKS
Hannah Freeman
1
, Harish Chander
1
, Alana J. Turner
1
, Sachini N.K. Kodithuwakku
Arachchige
1
, Adam C. Knight
1
, Chip Wade
2
, John C. Garner
3
.
1
Neuromechanics
Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi
State, MS.
2
Department of Industrial Systems and Engineering, Auburn
University, Auburn, AL.
3
Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, Troy
University, Troy, AL.
Background: Occupational footwear and simulated occupational workloads have
been reported to play a role in maintaining postural stability. As such, three
occupational footwear (steel-toed work boots-ST, tactical work boot-TB; low-top
slip-resistant shoe-LT) were previously tested for postural stability during
sensory organization test (SOT) when exposed to a 4-hour low-intensity walking
workload, with testing repeated at 30-minute increments. Postural stability
decrements were reported in LT and over the workload attributed to the footwear
design and localized muscular fatigue. Purpose: The role of occupational footwear
and workload on lower extremity muscle activity hasn’t been analyzed yet. This
paper reports previously unreported electromyography (EMG) muscle activity
from four lower extremity muscles during this experiment. Methods: EMG from
vastus medialis (VM), medial hamstrings (MH), tibialis anterior (TA) and medial
gastrocnemius (MG) was recorded during maximal voluntary isometric
contractions (MVIC) and during SOT for every 30 minutes over the 4-hour
simulated workload while wearing three different occupational footwear (ST, TB,
LT). Mean MVIC, mean and percent MVIC during each SOT condition from each
muscle was analyzed individually using a 3 (Footwear) x 9 (Time) repeated
measures ANOVA at alpha level of 0.05. Results: Significant differences for
MVICs were evident but was limited to only time main effect with no significant
differences between the occupational footwear. Additionally, there were no
significant differences between footwear and time for any EMG measures during
the SOT postural tasks. Conclusion: The findings from the current analysis
suggest that occupational footwear type does not influence lower extremity
muscle activity both during maximal exertions and during postural stability tasks.
The 4-hour occupational workload only influenced lower extremity muscle activity
during maximal exertions leading to significantly lower muscle activity over the
time course of the workload, but did not influence the muscle activity during
postural stability tasks. The current findings add to the body of literature of
occupational footwear biomechanics and offer design suggestions for
occupational footwear when exposed to simulated occupational workloads.
GROUND REACTION FORCE COMPARISON BETWEEN BAREFOOT AND
SHOD SINGLE LEG LANDING AT VARIED HEIGHTS
Jocelyn E. Arnett
1
, Cameron D. Addie
2
, Hillary A. Plummer
3
, Ludmila M. Cosio-
Lima, FACSM
1
, Lee E. Brown, FACSM
1
.
1
University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL.
2
Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN.
3
Andrews Institute of
Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Gulf Breeze, FL.
BACKGROUND: Landing is a common movement that occurs in many sports.
Barefoot research has gained popularity in examining how shoes alter natural
movements. However, it is unknown how a single leg landing under barefoot
conditions, as well as landing height, affects ground reaction forces (GRF).
PURPOSE: The purpose of this research was to examine the differences in GRF
during a single leg landing under barefoot and shod conditions from various
heights. METHODS: Sixteen female Division II collegiate athletes, 8 basketball
(age: 19.88 ± 0.64 yrs; height: 1.77 ± 0.09 m; mass: 75.76 ± 12.97 kg) and 8
volleyball (age: 20.00 ± 1.07 yrs; height: 1.74 ± 0.08 m; mass: 72.41 ± 5.41
kg), performed single leg landings from 12, 18, 24, and 30 inches barefoot and
shod. An AMTI AccuGait force plate was used to record GRF. A 2 (condition) x 4
(box height) x 2 (sport) repeated measures ANOVA was performed to determine
any GRF differences. RESULTS: There were no significant three way or two-way
interactions (p > 0.05). There was also no main effect for sport (p > 0.05).
There were main effects for footwear and box height (p = 0.000) where shod
(2295.121 ± 66.025 N) had greater impact than barefoot (2090.233 ± 62.684
N). CONCLUSIONS: Single leg barefoot landings resulted in less vertical GRF
than shod landings. This could be due to increased flexion at the joints which
aids in force absorption.
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS
40
IMPACT OF PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO SLIPPERY SURFACE ON STATIC
POSTURAL STABILITY.
Sachini N K Kodithuwakku Arachchige, Harish Chander, Alana J. Turner, Adam C.
Knight. Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS.
Background: Falls and fall-related injuries are extremely common in
occupational settings. Intrinsic factors such as overexertion and extrinsic factors
such as the nature of the standing or walking surface are causative factors of
such falls. Postural stability during acute exposure to a slippery surface and
prolonged exposure to a dry surface have been studied before. However, the
impact of prolonged exposure to a slippery surface on static balance has not
been studied previously. Purpose: To analyze the impact of extended exposure
to a dry surface and a slippery surface on static postural stability during a
simulated load-carrying task. Methods: Eighteen young, healthy males (age:
21.17 ± 3.38 years; height: 1.77 ± 0.08 m; mass: 89.81 ± 14.23 kg) were
recruited. The participants were subjected to a one-hour walking with an anterior
load-carrying task on a dry surface and a slippery surface on two different days.
Participants’ static balance (3 trails of 20 seconds) was assessed using a force
platform in stable and unstable eyes open conditions at 0 minute, 30 minutes,
and 60 minutes of walking time. Postural sway variables were analyzed using a 2
(surface) X 3 (time) repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) for stable
and unstable eyes open conditions. Results: Significant time main effects were
observed in stable eyes open condition with greater balance decrements at 30
minutes and 60 minutes. Additionally, greater balance decrements were
observed on the slippery surface compared to the dry surface in unstable eyes
open condition. Conclusion: Physiological workload causing overexertion and
slippery surface negatively impact static postural stability. The study indicates
that fatigue is unavoidable during work-related tasks, especially during prolonged
tasks, hence the importance of rest-time scheduling among workers to prevent
ergonomic falls. Acknowledgment: This study was funded by Grant
#2T42OH008436 from NIOSH. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the
authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of NIOSH.
USING VIRTUAL REALITY TO RECREATE THE CLASSICAL "MOVING
ROOM" EXPERIMENT TO ASSESS POSTURAL CONTROL
Stephen Luke Ramsey, Sachini N K Kodithuwakku Arachchige, Harish Chander,
Alana J. Turner, Adam C. Knight. Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS.
Background: The “moving room” paradigm was developed by Lee and Aronson
in 1974 to analyse the impact of visual and proprioceptive input in the control of
posture. Postural perturbations can be provided to the visual system, using a
modified “moving room/wall” paradigm, using virtual reality (VR). Purpose:
Hence, the purpose of the study was to analyse the impact of an unexpected and
expected moving wall in a virtual environment on postural stability. Methods:
Nineteen participants (age: 25±6 years; height: 166.13±11 cm; mass:
67.86±12 kg) were tested for static postural stability using a force platform
under three conditions: baseline (BL) with no perturbation and no VE,
unexpected visual perturbations (UP) and expected visual perturbation (EP) in a
custom built VE through a head mounted display. A one-way repeated measures
ANOVA was used to analyse postural sway variables derived from centre of
pressure (COP) excursions at alpha level of 0.05. COP length (COP-L), COP radial
displacement (COP-RD), maximum anterior-posterior (COP AP-Max) and medial-
lateral (COP ML-Max) COP excursion are reported in this paper. Results:
Significant differences between testing conditions existed for COP ML-Max
[F(2,36) = 5.093, p = 0.011, ƞ
p
2
= 0.221] and for COP-RD [F(2,36) = 7.506, p =
0.002, ƞ
p
2
= 0.294]. Post-hoc pairwise comparisons for both the variables
revealed that baseline exhibited significantly lower postural sway compared to
UP, with no significant differences between baseline and EP. COP-L and COP AP-
Max did not exhibit any significant differences. UP demonstrated significantly
higher postural sway parameters compared to BL, suggesting decreased postural
stability when exposed to unexpected moving of the virtual wall. Conclusion:
Hence, with visual perturbations experienced without anticipation, participants
were relying on compensatory postural responses (CPRs) to make postural
adjustments. However, no significant difference existed between EP and BL,
suggesting no change in postural stability, even with visual perturbations in a VE,
as long as they are anticipated so the anticipatory postural responses (APRs) can
make proactive responses to maintain postural stability. Based on the current
findings, there is evidence of both CPRs and APRs during visual perturbations in
the “virtual moving wall” paradigm could potentially serve as a low-cost and
feasible fall prevention-training program.
TRUNK MUSCLE ACTIVATION AND KINEMATICS DURING BAREFOOT AND
SHOD TREADMILL RUNNING
Tania S. Flink, Marianne Spacht, Jeanelle M. Gandia. Gannon University, Ruskin,
FL.
BACKGROUND: Previous research on barefoot versus shod running has focused
on the examination of biomechanics of the lower extremity, with observed
increases in mid/forefoot striking and increased plantar flexion of the ankle. This
study aimed to determine whether acute changes in trunk biomechanics occurred
when participants ran barefoot versus shod. METHODS: Habitually minimalist
(N=4) and habitually shod (N=6) runners were recruited. Participants each ran a
barefoot and shod running protocol for five minutes on a treadmill at his or her
desired speed; the first condition always matched with the runner’s experience.
Data were collected for 10s at the end of the fourth and fifth minutes and
included peak muscle activation using electromyography of the rectus
abdominus, external oblique, and erector spinae (T6 and T12 regions). Torso
ankle, ankle angle, turnover rate, and vertical movement of the center of gravity
were determined using Dartfish software. Four 2x2 ANOVAs were used to
determine the effects of runner type and condition on peak muscle activation of
each individual muscle, while a 2x2 MANOVA was performed to determine the
effects of runner type and condition on the kinematic variables. RESULTS: Peak
muscle activation was significantly greater for the minimalist runners compared
to shod runners for the rectus abdominus muscle (+0.034 mV, F(1, 36) = 7.31,
p < 0.05), external oblique muscle (+0.035 mV, F(1, 36) = 9.35, p < 0.05), and
the erector spinae at region T6 (+0.044mV, F(1, 36) = 9.47, p < 0.05). Torso
angle was significantly greater in the minimalist runners (160.47°) compared
with the shod runners (149.58°), indicating a more upright posture, F(1, 36) =
12.86, p < 0.05. There was no significant main effect or interactions for running
condition for any variable measured. CONCLUSIONS: Running condition
(barefoot vs. shod) did not acutely change the control of trunk muscle activation
or biomechanics in either group tested. Significant observations were observed
with the habitually minimalist runners, who ran with a more upright posture and
greater corresponding muscle activation in the abdominal and upper back
regions. It is suggested that these biomechanical modifications are a product of
long-term adaptations made by training with minimalist footwear, which were
not affected by an acute bout of running with alternative footwear.
ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN A BASEBALL PITCHER'S ARM SLOT AND
SHOULDER JOINT LOADS
Luke Maddox, Kyle Wasserberger, Kevin Giordano, Gretchen Oliver, FACSM.
Auburn University, Auburn, AL.
BACKGROUND: The shoulder is one of the most commonly injured areas among
pitchers. A pitcher’s arm slot, a combination of the orientation of a pitcher’s arm
relative to his trunk and the trunk relative to his pelvis, has been shown to
influence the loads placed on the pitching arm. Examining the relationship
between a pitcher’s arm slot and shoulder joint loads could provide additional
insight into whether specific arm slots place pitchers at a greater risk of injury.
Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the associations between
arm slot and peak shoulder joint loads during the baseball pitch.METHODS: An
electromagnetic motion capture system collected the kinematics of 22 youth
baseball pitchers (75.0±7.9kg; 1.8±0.05m; 16.2±0.8yrs) at 240 Hz. Arm slot
was the combination of arm angle and trunk angle. Arm angle was 1) the angle
of elevation between the pitching arm, and 2) the angle of elevation between the
pitching arm and the global reference frame. The trunk angle was the lateral
flexion angle between the trunk and the pelvis. Arm and trunk angles were
examined at the pitching events of foot contact (FC), maximum shoulder
external rotation (MER), and ball release (BR). Shoulder joint loads were
quantified using peak shoulder rotation torque and peak shoulder anterior force,
defined as the torque exerted by the trunk on the humerus at the shoulder about
the longitudinal humeral axis and the component of the force exerted by the
trunk on the humerus at the shoulder parallel to the anterior trunk axis,
respectively. Spearman’s rank-order correlations examined the associations
between arm slot, trunk angle, and shoulder joint loads.RESULTS: Correlation
analysis revealed no associations between shoulder joint loads and arm angle or
trunk angle at FC, MER, or BR (all p > .212).CONCLUSIONS: The lack of
association between shoulder joint loads and arm slot was surprising and in
contradiction with previous research reporting that sidearm pitchers experience
less shoulder anterior force than ¾ and overhand pitchers. In the current study,
neither the relative orientation between the pitcher’s arm and his body nor the
absolute orientation of the pitcher’s arm in the global reference frame were
associated with shoulder joint loads. These findings suggest that there is no
specific arm slot that consistently increases the loads placed on the shoulder.
Pitchers should choose the arm slot that allows them to perform their best.
RUNNING BIOMECHANICS OF YOUTH WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM
DISORDER
Hunter J. Bennett, Justin A. Haegele, Taylor K. Jones. Old Dominion University,
Norfolk, VA.
BACKGROUND: Research examining gait biomechanics of persons with autism
spectrum disorder (ASD) has grown significantly in recent years and has
demonstrated that persons with ASD walk at slower self-selected speeds and
with shorter strides, wider step widths, and reduced lower extremity
biomechanics compared to neurotypical controls. In contrast to walking, running
has yet to be examined in persons with ASD. The purpose of this study was to
examine lower extremity running biomechanics in adolescents (13-18 year-olds)
with ASD and matched (age, sex, and body mass index) neurotypical controls.
METHODS: Three-dimensional kinematics and ground reaction forces (GRF) were
recorded while participants ran at two matched speeds: self-selected speed of
adolescents with ASD and at a standardized 3.0m/s. Sagittal and frontal plane
ankle, knee, and hip biomechanics along with vertical ground reaction force
(GRF) waveforms were normalized to the stance phase of running. Waveforms
were compared using two-way ANOVAs group x speed) via statistical parametric
mapping (alpha at 0.04). RESULTS: Adolescents with ASD ran with reduced GRFs
(by 14.5%), plantarflexion moments (18.5%), hip abduction moments (44.4%),
and knee abduction moments (69.4%), each surrounding their respective peaks
(all p<0.001). Running at 3.0m/s increased sagittal plane hip and knee moments
surrounding initial contact (both 10.4%; p<0.004) and frontal plane knee angles
during mid (2.9 deg; p=0.003) and late stance (2.8 deg; p=0.003) compared to
self-selected speeds. CONCLUSIONS: This study illustrates that adolescents with
ASD run with reduced contributions from the plantarflexors and hip abductor
musculature, which contribute to vertical GRFs. Educators and therapists should
consider examining running mechanics, in addition to walking, of adolescents
with ASD to determine if muscular or neural deficiencies contribute to reduced
hip and ankle involvement.
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS
41
UPPER EXTREMITY AND PELVIS SEGMENT ENERGY FLOW DURING THE
SOFTBALL SWING
Nicole Bordelon
1
, Kyle Wasserberger
1
, Jessica Downs
1
, Kenzie Friesen
1
, Kevin
Giordano
1
, Anthony Fava
1
, Abby Brittain
1
, Jessica Washington
2
, Gretchen Oliver,
FACSM
1
.
1
Auburn University, Auburn, AL.
2
Berry College, Mt Berry, GA.
BACKGROUND: Energy flow through the kinetic chain is a foundational concept
in softball injury prevention and performance literature; however, research has
yet to measure energy flow during the softball swing. The purpose of the study
was to compare front and back-side upper extremity and pelvis energy flow
during the acceleration phase of the softball swing. METHODS: Twenty-five
NCAA D1 collegiate softball athletes (20.4±1.7yr; 166.7±22.0cm; 74.9±15.9kg)
active on a playing roster and injury free for the past six months participated.
Participants performed three full effort swings off a stationary tee. Kinematic and
kinetic data were collected using an in-ground forceplate and electromagnetic
motion capture system. Energy flow data were analyzed during the acceleration
phase, defined as the period from stride foot contact to ball contact. The front
and back-side upper extremities were defined as closer to the pitcher and
catcher, respectively. Peak rates of energy flow were measured for (a) pelvis
inflow from the hip (b) humerus inflow from the shoulder, (c) humerus outflow to
the elbow, (d) forearm inflow from the elbow, (e) forearm outflow to the wrist,
and (f) hand inflow from the wrist. A one-way MANOVA examined effect of side
(front and back) on the energy flow variable. RESULTS: MANOVA revealed a
significant effect of side on energy flow [F(6, 41),=18.05, p<0.001], Wilk's Λ =
0.275, partial η2 =0.725]. Pairwise comparisons revealed a significant difference
for pelvis energy inflow from the hip (p=0.009), where the front-side (1,616
SD±1,040 W) had greater energy inflow than the back-side (745±1,183 W).
There were no significant differences for upper extremity energy flow variables.
CONCLUSIONS: Pelvis rate of energy inflow was significantly greater from the
front-side hip during the acceleration phase of the softball swing. The finding
suggests a large breaking force is applied by the front-side lower extremity to
stop linear translation of the body at foot contact may be a significant source of
kinetic energy contribution in softball hitting. A lack of significance between
upper extremity segments may indicate neither extremity has a dominant
contribution during the acceleration phase of the swing.
ACUTE EFFECTS OF SUBJECTIVELY- VS OBJECTIVELY-REGULATED HIGH
INTENSITY INTERVAL EXERCISE ON MOTOR FUNCTION
Randall Booker, Madelyn G. Smith, Madison E. Smith, Elizabeth A. Hubbard.
Berry College, Mount Berry, GA.
BACKGROUND: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been proposed as a
mechanism for improving overall health outcomes across the lifespan. However,
the acute effects of ecologically-valid HIIT as compared to traditional HIIT
prescriptions on motor function have yet to be identified. These data will be
crucial for developing effective therapeutic interventions for preserving mobility
and independence among aging adults. METHODS: Thirteen participants (mean
age = 36 ± 13 yrs) completed a graded maximal exercise test to determine
aerobic capacity and peak heart rate followed by single sessions of objectively-
(OBJ) and subjectively-regulated (SUB) HIIT exercise sessions. Both HIIT
sessions consisted of 10 x 60s work intervals, interspersed with 60s recovery
intervals on a treadmill. The order of the HIIT sessions was randomized and
participants selected treadmill speed and incline to match the prescribed
intensity levels based on either heart rate (OBJ; 80-90% peak heart rate) or
ratings of perceived exertion (SUB; 8-9). Before (PRE), immediately after (PT0),
and thirty minutes (P30) after the OBJ and SUB sessions, participants completed
three mobility assessments. The 2-Minute Walk Test (2MWT) evaluates walking
endurance as participants walk as fast as possible around a 50-ft course for two
minutes. Total distance traveled(ft) is reported. The 9-Hole Pegboard Test
(9HPT) assesses hand dexterity where participants place and remove nine pegs
into a board one at a time as quickly as possible. Total time (s) is reported for
the dominant hand. The Standing Balance Test (SBT) measures postural sway
via a standardized theta score using an accelerometer under five different
conditions. Data analysis was completed via SPSS using a repeated-measures, 2-
Factor ANOVA with time (PRE, PT0, P30) and condition (OBJ, SUB) as factors.
RESULTS: There were no significant interaction or main effects of condition or
time for walking endurance or hand dexterity as measured via the 2MWT (p >
0.05) and 9HPT (p > 0.05), respectively. There was a significant main effect of
time (F = 3.562, p = 0.04, ES = 0.229) for the SBT wherein balance scores
significantly decreased from PRE (0.792 ± 0.099 a.u.) to PT0 (0.582 ± 0.120
a.u.), but non-significantly rebounded at P30 (0.706 ± 0.113 a.u.). No significant
interaction or main effects of condition were evident for SBT (p > 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: Overall, neither OBJ or SUB HIIT had a significant effect on
walking endurance or hand dexterity. Engaging in a HIIT session may
temporarily reduce balance performance, but this reduction could rebound
following quiet rest. These data indicate that SUB HIIT is a safe and viable
method for engaging in exercise without deleterious effects to motor function.
EVIDENCE FOR THE USE OF DYNAMIC MAXIMUM NORMALIZATION
METHOD OF MUSCLE ACTIVATION DURING WEIGHT BACK SQUATS
Eva M.U. Maddox, Hunter J. Bennett. Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA.
BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate intra and inter-
participant variability and reliability of muscle activations when analyzed using
maximum voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC) and dynamic maximum
(DMVC) normalization methods. METHODS: Muscle activations were collected on
twenty-seven participants (13 females, 14 males) performing one-repetition
maximum (1RM) and submaximum (80%) back squats. Data from submaximum
squats were normalized to MVICs and DMVC. Data were compared using intra-
class correlations over two testing days, variance ratio, and coefficients of
variation. Mixed-model ANOVAs were used to elucidate the influence on intra-
(method) and inter- (sex) subject variability. RESULTS: Reliability levels were
good for rectus femoris (RF) (Interclass correlation coefficient (ICC): 0.776),
vastus medialis (VM) (ICC: 0.820), and biceps femoris (BF) (ICC: 0.822) for
DMVC across testing sessions. Reliability levels were also good for RF (ICC:
0.735) and BF (ICC: 0.795) during MVIC across testing sessions. Reliability of VM
during MVICs was moderate, reaching an ICC of 0.660. Variance Ratio, peak
coefficient of variation (CV), and mean CV for all muscles were reduced by 24%,
48%, and 56% in DMVC compared to MVIC, respectively. A significant
normalization method by sex interaction was found for both peak and mean BF
activation levels (p=0.005 and p=0.007, respectively). Post hoc tests revealed
that differences between normalization methods were more pronounced in
females than males for both peak (T=3.043, p=0.005, d=1.171) and mean
(T=2.821, p=0.013, d=1.103) activations. Post hoc tests also found greater sex
differences when normalizing to MVIC than DMVC for both peak (T=2.541,
p=0.026, d=0.757) and mean (T=2.629, p=0.022, d=0.920) BF activations.
Lastly, there were significant normalization method main effects for peak and
mean activations for muscle (all p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We provide evidence
for the use of the peak muscle activation measured during the 1RM test as the
denominator when normalizing/assessing submaximal tests of the same
movement. Although these findings hold for both sexes, outcomes of muscle
activations in females were more susceptible to normalization method compared
to males. As such, this study clearly illustrates the need for exercising caution
when considering results from multiple studies that implement different
normalization schemes.
COMPARISON OF MEAN MUSCLE ACTIVITY DURING THE SQUAT AND
COUNTERMOVEMENT JUMPS
Paul T. Donahue
1
, Samuel Wilson
2
, Charles Williams
3
, Christopher Hill
4
, John
Garner
5
.
1
University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS.
2
Georgia Southern
University, Statesboro, GA.
3
University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL.
4
Northern Illinios University, DeKalb, IL.
5
Troy University, Troy, AL.
BACKGROUND: While the squat (SJ) and countermovement jumps (CMJ) have
gained popularity in the assessment of neuromuscular function, inherent
differences between the jumping techniques contribute to differences seen in
results of the test. This is interesting as both techniques have the goal of
achieving the greatest jump height possible. This has led to the present
examination of the differences in mean muscle activity of the knee extensors
during the propulsive phase of each jump technique. METHODS: Twenty-two
recreationally trained males between 18-35 years of age performed three CMJ
and three SJ in during a single visit. Trials were completed with a wooden dowel
placed across the upper back in a high bar squat position. Participants used a
self-selected foot position and depth for each of the trials. If a countermovement
was visually detected during the SJ, an additional trial was collected. Each trial
was performed using a force platform to determine phases of the jumps. The
propulsive phase of the CMJ was defined as the point of zero velocity at the end
of the braking phase through the point of take-off. In the SJ the propulsive
phases was defined as the initiation of movement through take off. EMG data
was 4
th
order Butterworth band pass filtered with full wave rectification prior to
data analysis. Mean muscle activity was calculated as the mean rectified signal
across the entire propulsive phase. The mean of the trials of each strategy was
then compared using a paired samples t-test. RESULTS: No differences were
seen between jumping strategies in the vastus lateralis (CMJ 1.25 ± 0.4 mV vs
SJ 1.17 ± 0.38 mV), vastus medialis (CMJ 1.09 ± 0.44 mV vs SJ 1.07 ± 0.54
mV), and medial gastrocnemius (CMJ 0.768 ± 0.36 mV vs SJ 0.67 ± 0.37 mV).
Significant increase was seen in the semitendinosus during the CMJ (CMJ 0.27 ±
0.11 vs SJ 0.23 ± 0.09). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of no differences between
the knee extensors and plantar flexors, supports previous investigations. The
differences seen in the knee flexors is in contrast to previous findings, by the
differences in the musculature that was examined (semitendinosus vs biceps
femoris). As the knee extensors are the primary musculature involved in
executing the jumping tasks of the ones included in this study, differences in
jump height seen between the two strategies appear to be the result of other
mechanisms then muscle activity during the task.
LONGITUDINAL CHANGES OF A SINGLE SUBJECT IN YOUTH PITCHING
Lori Ann Leineke. Methodist University, Fayetteville, NC.
BACKGROUND: Much of the research related to the biomechanical analysis of
pitchers has been done on adult athletes, and few studies follow athletes
longitudinally to assess changes as the pitcher grows. The purpose of this study
is to assess changes in pitch speed, wrist velocity, accuracy, and stride length, in
a youth pitcher from the ages 11 to 13. METHODS: Data was collected on a
youth right-handed pitcher with no prior right elbow or shoulder injuries. After a
warm up, the pitching kinematics were assessed using 14 Vicon Bonita cameras
integrated with The Motion Monitor software. The participant pitched five, 15-
pitch simulated innings with a 3-minute rest between innings. Data was collected
when the participant was 11, 12, and 13 years old. RESULTS: The average pitch
speed increased from 55.4 MPH (sd 1.74) at age 11 to 61.96 MHP (sd. 1.61) at
age 13, average stride length increased from 110 cm (height 160 cm) for a stride
length to height ratio of .6875 at age 11 to 129 cm (height 175 cm) for a stride
length to height ratio of .7571 at age 13, and wrist velocity from 13.78 m/s (sd
1.74) at age 11 to 18.62 m/s (sd 2.19) at age 13. The greatest percentage gain
was in wrist velocity at 35%. Accuracy improved, with the participant throwing
40 strikes and 35 balls at age 11, progressing to 56 strikes and 19 balls at age
13. CONCLUSION: This participant showed a steady increase in biomechanical
markers expected of an increasingly skilled youth pitcher, with improved
accuracy, stride length to height ratio, and increased speed.
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS
42
INFLUENCE OF AN ATHLETIC SHOE WITH A COMPRESSION SOCK ON
STATIC BALANCE
Hunter C. Derby. Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS.
BACKGROUND: Footwear that includes a compression sock has recently been
developed to help provide support to the ankle and potentially lower the risk of
an ankle injury. This shoe with the built-in compression sock could provide
increased proprioception and therefore improve balance, but this has not been
examined. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a
compression sock built into a shoe on static single leg balance. METHODS:
Thirteen healthy participants (male = 5; female = 8; mass = 56.27 ± 14.19 kg ;
height = 1.58 ± 0.06 m; age = 21.08 ± 2.69 years) served as volunteers for the
study. The participant’s single leg balance was assessed for both legs (dominant,
non-dominant) on an AMTI force platform under eyes open and eyes closed
conditions. The participants were tested while wearing the Nike Hypervenom X
indoor soccer shoe with the compression sock built into the shoe, and the Nike
Hypervenom X indoor soccer shoe without the compression sock. The order for
shoe assignment was randomized among participants. The participant’s average
sway velocity and 95% ellipse area were analyzed using Bioanalysis software. A
2 (footwear: sock vs. no-sock) x 2 (leg: dominant vs. non-dominant) repeated
measures ANOVA was conducted for both dependent variables. The eyes open
and eyes closed conditions were analyzed separately. RESULTS: The results
revealed no significant differences in average sway velocity and 95% ellipse area
between the different types of shoes and the dominant and non-dominant legs (p
> .05) for both the eyes open and eyes closed conditions. For the eyes open
trials with the shoe with the compression sock, the average sway velocity for the
non-dominant leg was 5.88 ± 2.65 cm/s, and for the dominant leg it was 5.85 ±
2.85 cm/s. For the eyes open trials with the shoe without the compression sock,
the average sway velocity for the non-dominant leg was 4.83 ± 1.28 cm/s, and
for the dominant leg it was 5.20 ± 1.47 cm/s. CONCLUSIONS: The shoe with the
compression sock may have provided the participants with increased
proprioceptive feedback, but this did not result in an improvement in balance
performance when compared to the traditional soccer shoe. There were also no
differences in balance between the dominant and non-dominant legs. Additional
research is needed to examine the effects that this type of shoe has on both
dynamic balance and ankle stability.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN KINEMATICS IN DOMINANT AND NON-
DOMINANT HAND TOUCHES DURING THE CKCUEST WITH OVERALL
SCORE
Christina Welmaker, Jeff Barfield. Lander University, Greenwood, SC.
Every athlete has a slight variation in pelvic kinematics when performing
dynamic activities. The closed kinetic chain upper extremity stability test
(CKCUEST) is an easy to perform dynamic movement assessment that requires
proximal stability for distal mobility. Purpose: To examine the relationship
between anterior/posterior pelvic tilt, pelvic axial rotation, and CKCUEST score in
a group of competitive baseball pitchers. Methods: Fourteen baseball pitchers
(18.32±1.85yrs; 185.01±6.90cm; 83.77±14.42kg) currently playing competitive
baseball participated. Kinematics were collected at 240Hz via an electromagnetic
tracking system. After being connected and digitized, each participant assumed a
push up position with their hands 36 inches apart. While in the push up position,
the participants were instructed to swing one arm and touch the hand of the
supporting arm in alternating fashion as many times as possible for 15 seconds.
Three sets were performed with 45 second rest in-between. The data from all
three trials were averaged and analyzed from the middle touch as dictated by
previously established protocol. Results: Pearson product moment correlations
revealed a moderate significant relationship between decreased anterior pelvic
tilt during the dominant hand touch with increased CKCUEST score
(r[14]=0.61,p=0.020). Also, a moderate significant relationship between
decreased anterior pelvic tilt during the dominant hand touch and increased
dominant side pelvic axial rotation during the non-dominant hand touch (r[14]=-
0.55,p=0.042). Additionally, a large significant relationship was observed
between posterior pelvic tilt with non-dominant axial rotation during the non-
dominant touch(r[14]=0.91,p<0.001). Conclusion: Participants exhibiting more
neutral pelvic tilt during the middle touch of the CKCUEST scored higher on the
assessment. These results support the idea that lumbo-pelvic hip complex
(LPHC) kinematics during the CKCUEST are related to shoulder stability, as
defined by CKCUEST score. In addition, different relationships observed between
pelvic tilt and pelvic axial rotation during dominant and non-dominant hand
touches in this group of baseball pitchers indicate bilateral LPHC kinematic
discrepancy. This is important to know when training and treating them. Future
research should examine lumbo-pelvic hip complex muscle activity during the
CKCUEST to determine its relationship with shoulder stability.
PREDICTING KNEE JOINT CONTACT FORCES USING ONLY 6-KINEMATIC
MEASURES AND A NEURAL NETWORK
Kaileigh Estler, Hunter Bennett, FACSM. Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA.
BACKGROUND: Knee joint contact (bone on bone) forces are commonly
estimated using surrogate measures such as external knee adduction moments
(with limited success) or musculoskeletal modeling (more successful). Despite its
capabilities, modeling is not optimal for clinicians or persons with limited
experience and knowledge. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to design a
novel prediction method for knee joint contact forces that is equal or more
accurate than modeling, yet simplistic in terms of required inputs. METHODS:
This study included all six subjects’ (71.3±6.5kg, 1.7±0.1m) data from the freely
available “Grand Challenge” datasets (simtk.org), consisting of motion capture
and in-vivo instrumented knee prosthesis data (e.g. true knee joint contact
forces). Inverse kinematics were used to derive three-dimensional hip, two-
dimensional knee (sagittal & frontal), and one-dimensional ankle (sagittal)
kinematics during the stance phase of normal walking for all subjects. Resultant
knee joint contact forces (normalized to body weight) and inverse kinematics
were imported into MATLAB and normalized to 101 datapoints. A long-short term
memory network, with 2-input delays and 12-hidden layers, was created to
predict knee forces with the kinematics inputs. Five subjects’ data were used for
training (via Bayesian regularization). One subjects’ data was held out for
testing. Mean squared error was used as the criterion for early stoppage. Success
of the network was measured using root mean square errors and correlations
with the in-vivo knee joint contact forces data. RESULTS: The network completed
training in 4-seconds and reached a low mean square error of 0.029 body
weights on the training data. Performance on testing data reached an average
root mean square error of only 0.213 body weights (range 0.175-0.318) and an
excellent correlation of 0.950 (range: 0.866-0.981). CONCLUSIONS: The
network designed in this study was trained using measured in-vivo knee joint
contact forces and produces highly accurate predictions. The root mean squared
errors and correlation coefficients of the neural network outperformed most
musculoskeletal models reported in the literature yet required only 6-kinematic
waveforms. The neural network created here will be widely distributed for usage
by researchers and clinicians alike.
A BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF THE KNEE DURING THE SUMO AND
CONVENTIONAL DEADLIFT
Nicholas A. Lee, Kevin Hall, Michael Dewitt, Amanda Ransom. Methodist
University, Fayetteville, NC.
BACKGROUND: The deadlift is a compound lift that involves gluteal, hamstring,
quadricep and lower back muscles essential for athletes. The deadlift can be
performed in a variety of ways with the sumo and conventional variations being
popular among weightlifters. The main difference between these lifts is the
starting stance position. During the sumo deadlift the stance is wider than
shoulder width and your grip is inside your knees; with the conventional deadlift
your stance is shoulder width or narrower and your grip is outside of your knees.
The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of altering stance between
the sumo (SUM) and conventional (CON) deadlifts on peak knee moment and
angle. METHODS: 5 prescreened healthy collegiate students with over a year of
weightlifting experience participated (age: 23.6 ± 3.55 yrs; BMI: 29.43 ± 3.09
kg/m
2
; height: 173.54 ± 5.30 cm). A 3D motion capture system was used
(Vicon, Centennial, CO) to collect kinematic and kinetic data. RESULTS: No
significant differences were found between variables of interest between the
tasks. However, the following results are trending towards significance. Peak
frontal plane knee moment was 0.62 Nm/kg vs. 0.64 for Nm/kg for the dominant
vs. non-dominant legs respectively during CON and 0.33 Nm/kg vs. 0.38 Nm/kg
for the dominant vs. non-dominant legs respectively during SUM. Peak knee
extension moment was 1.35 Nm/kg vs. 1.27 Nm/kg for the dominant vs. non-
dominant legs respectively during CON and 1.39 Nm/kg vs. 0.95 Nm/kg for the
dominant vs. non-dominant legs during SUM. Peak knee abduction angle was
17.28º vs. 21.32º for the dominant vs. non-dominant legs respectively during
CON and 11.67º vs. 18.08º for the dominant vs. non-dominant legs respectively
during SUM. DISCUSSION: The preliminary results of this study show interesting
results as there were no differences in knee frontal plane moments and angle
between the two deadlifts. Previous studies have focused on the force produced
or the lower extremity muscle activation during the lifts. Therefore, the goal of
this study was to determine which stance produces the highest moment at the
knee and how this applies to athletes’ exercise prescription or injury prevention.
However, further research is warranted with regards to understanding the effect
stance width has on the knee moments.
DISTANCE RUNNING HIP AND KNEE JOINT PLOTS CHANGE
SIGNIFICANTLY DURING A TREADMILL PROGRESSION RUN
Ryan Sloan
1
, Jeffrey Wight
1
, Jaclyn O'Laughlin
1
, Jordon Garman
1
, David Hooper
1
,
Michelle Boling
2
, George Pujalte, FACSM
3
.
1
Jacksonville University, Jacksonville,
FL.
2
University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL.
3
Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL.
In distance running, fatigue may cause subtle changes to kinematics that reduce
efficiency and predispose individuals to injury. Most previous fatigue studies have
limited kinematic analysis to assessing discrete joint angles only. More sensitive
kinematic analyses are needed to better detect subtle changes. In this study we
analyze entire joint plots. PURPOSE: Determine if stance phase sagittal joint
plots (knee and hip) change significantly during a 16-minute progression run.
METHODS: Nineteen runners (18-45 years, 15+ miles per week) participated in
the study. Five VICON Bonita motion-capture cameras and 3D GAIT software
were used to collect treadmill running kinematic data. First, baseline data was
collected at self-selected marathon pace. Two sets of 10 strides were analyzed
and a joint plot was generated for each set (normalized to 100 data points).
Then, the two joint plots were compared for consistency by calculating the mean
difference score (for the 100 data points). Two sets of 10 strides were also
collected during the final minute of the 16-minute progression run and analyzed
using the same procedures. Last, baseline joint plots were compared to final joint
plots (1
st
10 strides baseline vs. 1
st
10 strides final) to determine if the joint plot
changed significantly. A one-way ANOVA was used to test for significant
differences among the intra and inter-trial comparisons (p<0.05). Bonferroni
post-hoc tests were used for follow-up testing. RESULTS: For the intra-trial
analyses, there were no significant differences between baseline and final for
both the hip (0.49°±0.32° vs. 0.62°±0.58°) and knee (0.62°±0.34° vs.
0.74°±0.56°) joint plots. The inter-trial analyses (baseline vs. final) revealed
significant joint plot changes for both the knee (1.82°±0.98°) and hip
(1.94°±1.50°). CONCLUSION: The moderately challenging progression run
appeared to cause slight changes to the joint plots from baseline to the end of
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS
43
the run but no changes to the repeatability of kinematics. This study reveals the
need to thoroughly test for kinematic change with fatigue.
BASEBALL PITCHING MAXIMUM THROWING ARM LOADS POTENTIAL
PREDICTORS OF ELBOW VALGUS AND SHOULDER DISTRACTION
Jeff T. Wight
1
, Brittany Dowling
2
, Chris J. Rodriguez
1
, George G.A. Pujalte,
FACSM
3
.
1
Jacksonville University, Jacksonville, FL.
2
Midwest Orthopaedics at
Rush, Oak Brook, IL.
3
Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL.
BACKGROUND: Baseball pitching biomechanical studies have revealed two
critical throwing arm loads to study: elbow valgus torque (EVT) and shoulder
distraction force (SDF). The predictors of these loads remain poorly understood.
Also, it remains unclear if pitchers who have high EVT magnitudes also tend to
also have high SDF magnitudes. PURPOSE: The primary purpose was to
determine if correlations exist between the two critical loads and important
potential predictors including: throwing velocity, shoulder rotation during the
pitch, and duration of the pitch phases. The secondary purpose was to determine
if there was a correlation between EVT and SDF. METHODS: 200 professional
pitchers (25.8±6.0 yrs) were evaluated using 8-camera motion capture system
(Motion Analysis Corporation, Santa Rosa CA) at 480 Hz. Each pitcher threw
approximately 10 fastball pitches and the fastest strike was analyzed. EVT was
normalized to body height and body weight and SDF was normalized to body
weight. Pearson correlation was used to determine the strength of correlations
between critical throwing arm loads and variables of interest. RESULTS: There
were weak correlations between the duration of the arm cocking phase (134 ±
22 ms) and EVT (5.13 ± 0.80) (r=0.02), between the duration of the arm
acceleration phase (33 ± 4 ms) and SDF (116.8 ± 16.4) (r=0.06), between
shoulder maximum external rotation (165.8° ± 9.8°) and EVT (r=0.03), between
MER and SDF (r=0.05), between throwing velocity (38.99 ± 1.82 m/s) and EVT
(r=0.03).. There was a weak to moderate correlation between throwing velocity
and SDF (r=0.44). The correlation was weak (r=0.22) between EVT and SDF.
CONCLUSION: In this large group of elite pitchers, we revealed surprisingly
weak correlations between the critical loads and potential predictors including
throwing velocity, shoulder range of motion, and phase durations. Further, EVT
and SDF appear to be independent; this suggests that pitchers with high elbow
loads do not necessarily have high shoulder loads, and vice versa.
DOES BASEBALL PITCHING PELVIS ROTATION STYLE INFLUENCE ARM
COCKING AND ARM ACCELERATION TEMPORAL AND KINEMATIC
VARIABLES
Chris Rodriguez
1
, Jeff T. Wight
1
, Brittany Dowling
2
, George G.A. Pujalte, FACSM
3
.
1
Jacksonville University, Jacksonville, FL.
2
Midwest Orthopedics at Rush, Oak
Brook, IL.
3
Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL.
BACKGROUND: Pelvis rotation style is highly variable among pitchers. Some
pitchers initiate pelvis rotation prior to stride foot contact (SFC) while others wait
until after SFC. It is important to determine if pelvis rotation style influences
shoulder kinematics and pitch delivery time. PURPOSE: To determine the
correlation between pelvis rotation and 1) shoulder external rotation and 2)
duration pitch phases (arm-cocking and arm-acceleration).METHODS: 200
professional pitchers (25.8±6.0 years) threw approximately 10 fastball pitches.
Full body mechanics were collected using 3D motion capture (Motion Analysis
Corporation, Santa Rosa, CA) at 480 Hz. The fastest pitch that was thrown for a
strike was used in the analysis. Pelvis rotation style was operationalized using
pelvis orientation at SFC. Pearson correlation was used to determine correlation
between pelvis orientation at SFC and shoulder external rotation (at SFC and
maximum shoulder external rotation, MER), phase duration (arm cocking and
arm acceleration) and ball velocity. RESULTS: For shoulder kinematics, pelvis
orientation had a weak/moderate correlation with external rotation at SFC
(r=0.44) but not at MER (r=0.03). There was no significant correlation between
pelvis orientation and throwing velocity (r=0.04). For phase durations, there was
a strong correlation between pelvis orientation and the arm-cocking phase
(r=0.71) but not the arm-acceleration phase (r=0.03). CONCLUSION: Pitchers
who initiated pelvis rotation early (prior to SFC) tended to have increased ER at
SFC and a shorter arm-cocking phase. Pelvis rotation style does not appear to
influence MER or throwing velocity.
A TAEKWONDO INTERVENTION IN ADULTS WITH DOWN SYNDROME
Angela Dolan, Scott Arnett, Kayla Baker, Whitley Stone. Western Kentucky
University, Bowling Green, KY.
BACKGROUND: Individuals with Down Syndrome (DS) can experience a
functional deficit in motor execution of gait (e.g. shuffling gait), which may
increase fall risk. The Korean martial art of Taekwondo has led to improvements
in physical fitness in individuals with DS, but there is little evidence on the
efficacy of this type of intervention on factors impacting fall risk. The dynamic
kicks utilized in Taekwondo involve high levels of hip and knee flexion which are
important aspects of the gait cycle. Martial arts, in general, have also been
shown to be an effective method for improving gait and balance in typically
developing populations. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects
of a Taekwondo intervention on gait and balance in individuals with DS. It is
hypothesized that this intervention will improve gait characteristics and balance
in individuals with DS. METHODS: Individuals with DS (aged 18-55 years old)
will be recruited from local community centers that serve this population.
Participants will complete a 12-week intervention consisting of traditional Moo
Duk Kwan style Taekwondo. Each class will last 60 minutes and will consist of
stretching and warm-up, kicking, and poomsae practice. Gait and balance will be
assessed pre-, mid-, and post-intervention and will include walking over a
GAITRite walkway system to collect spatio-temporal variables of gait and
completing single- and double-leg balance tests with eyes open and closed. A
one-way ANOVA with repeated measures will be used to determine if differences
exist between pre-, mid-, and post- intervention gait and balance measures.
EXPECTED RESULTS: Improvements in spatio-temporal gait variables and
standing balance are expected after a 12-week Taekwondo intervention for
individuals with DS. No grants or funding were obtained for this study.
THE EFFECT OF DIVIDED ATTENTION ON RUNNING BIOMECHANICS IN
RECENTLY CONCUSSED COLLEGIATE ATHLETES
Natalie S. Hanno
1
, Thomas G. Bowman
1
, Robert C. Lynall
2
.
1
University of
Lynchburg, Lynchburg, VA.
2
University of Georgia, Athens, GA.
BACKGROUND: Following a concussion, athletes are at an elevated risk of
sustaining a lower extremity musculoskeletal injury after returning to play
compared to matched healthy controls. Evidence suggests that current
neuropsychological tests and return to play protocols may not fully identify
neurocognitive and motor deficits. Several studies have identified deficits during
walking dual task, however no study has examined the effect of a dual task on
running biomechanics in recently concussed athletes. Utilizing a device that can
be easily implemented in clinical practice, we seek to examine running with
constant cognitive input since it is the basis of most athletic activities. The
purpose of this study is to examine running biomechanics with and without the
addition of a cognitive task in recently concussed athletes to determine if deficits
remain after the athlete is asymptomatic, has returned to baseline in all common
clinical tests, and has been cleared for full contact play. METHODS: We plan to
recruit 20 recently concussed collegiate athletes and 20 matched healthy
controls. Each participant will complete three sessions: within 24-72 hours of full
game clearance, 1 week post-clearance, and 1 month post-clearance. The
participants’ gait biomechanics will be analyzed under four conditions: (1)
walking alone (single task), (2) walking while simultaneously completing simple
mental tasks (dual task), (3) running alone (single task), and (4) running while
simultaneously completing simple mental tasks (dual task). Participants will
complete a total of 8 walking trials, followed by a total of 8 running trials while
alternating between single and dual task conditions. Runscribe
TM
wearable shoe
sensors (Scribe Labs, Inc., Half Moon Bay, CA, USA) will be utilized to assess gait
velocity (m/s), cadence (steps/min), and stride length (m). Results will be
analyzed using mixed model ANOVAs to evaluate changes in gait and mental
performance across group (concussed, control), time (24-72 hour, 1 week, 1
month), and task (single, dual). ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We predict that
recently concussed athletes will exhibit slower velocity, shorter stride length, and
decreased dual task performance at 24-72 hours and 1 week post-clearance
compared to their matched healthy control, with deficits resolved by 1 month
post-clearance. Funded by the Schewel Student-Faculty Research Fund
ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF SHOULDER ROTATION STRENGTH
TESTING POSITIONS
Molly M. Cassidy, Nicole Bordelon, Kyle Wasserberger, Kevin Giordano, Gretchen
Oliver, FACSM. Auburn University, Auburn, AL.
BACKGROUND: Shoulder strength is essential for upper extremity function
during overhand sports tasks. Clinicians perform shoulder rotational strength
tests in various positions to examine shoulder function; however, shoulder
function may vary across positions. The purpose of this study was to compare
measures of shoulder function (peak torque and muscle activation) between two
shoulder rotational strength testing positions. METHODS: Nine physically active
participants (6 females, 3 males, age: 21.4±2.4 y, height: 170.4±7.9 cm,
weight: 71.6±10.1 kg) performed isometric shoulder internal and external
rotation strength tests using an isokinetic dynamometer in the following
positions: (1) supine with arm abducted at 90° in the frontal plane, and (2)
seated with arm abducted at 90° in the frontal plane and internally rotated 45°.
The elbow was flexed 90° in both positions. Electromyographic data were
collected on the posterior (PD) and anterior deltoid (AD). Maximum voluntary
contraction (MVC) testing established baseline muscle activity to which
subsequent trials were normalized. A 2 (position) x 2 (direction) repeated
measures analysis of variance (RM·ANOVA) compared torque values between
testing positions for external and internal rotation tests. A second 2 (muscle) x 2
(position) RM·ANOVA compared muscle activation (%MVC) between testing
positions for AD and PD muscles. RESULTS: The first RM∙ANOVA did not reveal a
significant position by direction interaction. The second RM∙ANOVA did reveal a
significant muscle by position interaction [F(1, 8) = 8.700, p = 0.018]. Post hoc
analysis showed a difference between supine (mean: 20.4, SD: ± 2.6 %MVIC)
and seated (mean: 32.6, SD: ± 2.4 %MVIC) positions for AD activation, where
greater activation was measured in the seated position (p = 0.011).
CONCLUSIONS: Although peak torque differences were not observed between
positions, clinicians should note that the AD may have a greater contribution to
overall shoulder strength in the seated position versus supine.
AFFECTIVE RESPONSES FOLLOWING REPETITIONS TO FAILURE AT 30%
VERSUS 80% ONE-REPETITION MAXIMUM IN UNTRAINED WOMEN
Caleb C. Voskuil
1
, Taylor K. Dinyer
1
, Pasquale J. Succi
1
, M. Travis Byrd
2
, M. J.
Garver
3
, A. J. Rickard
3
, W. M. Miller
4
, S. Burns
3
, Haley C. Bergstrom
1
.
1
University
of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.
2
Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic,
Scottsdale, AZ.
3
University of Central Missouri, Warrensburg, MO.
4
University of
Mississippi, Oxford, MS.
This study examined the affective responses (like vs. dislike; pleasant vs.
unpleasant) and the perceptual responses (rating of perceived exertion [RPE])
immediately after (IMMED) and 60-min after (POST) a single session of
resistance training to failure. Twenty women (age: 21.4 yrs; height: 167 cm;
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS
44
weight: 64.7 kg) completed two sets of repetitions to failure for the leg
extension, seated military press, leg curl, and lat pull down at either 30% one-
repetition maximum (1RM) (n=10) or 80% 1RM (n=10). A Likert scale ranked
from 1 (dislike/unpleasant) to 7 (like/pleasant) was used to assess session
enjoyment, and the Borg 6-20 scale was used to assess RPE. Independent t-tests
were used to compare total volume accumulation and session RPE between
groups. A 2 (group: 30% 1RM, 80% 1RM) x 2 (time: IMMED, POST) mixed-
model ANOVA was used to determine differences in affective responses
(like/dislike; pleasant/unpleasant). The 30% 1RM group (3,174 ± 942 kg)
accumulated more total volume than the 80% 1RM group (1,893 ± 345 kg) (p
<0.001). There was no difference in session RPE (p=0.852) between the 30%
1RM group (RPE = 16.5 ± 1.9) and 80% 1RM (RPE = 16.3 ± 1.9) group. There
was no two-way (group x time) interaction (p=0.811-1.00) and no main effects
for group (p=0.077-0.411) or time (p=0.168-0.726) in session enjoyment (like
vs. dislike [5.80±0.95]; pleasant vs. unpleasant [5.08±1.09]). Despite
differences in training volume, the perception of enjoyment (like vs. dislike;
pleasant vs. unpleasant) and effort (RPE) were not different between the 30%
and 80% 1RM groups. This may suggest training load does not dictate exercise
enjoyment or perceptions of effort in untrained women when repetitions are
completed to failure.
INTER- AND INTRA-INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN NEUROMUSCULAR
RESPONSES DURING LEG EXTENSION EXERCISE PERFORMED AT 70%
1RM
Taylor K. Dinyer
1
, Evangeline P. Soucie
2
, Pasquale J. Succi
1
, Caleb C. Voskuil
1
, M.
Travis Byrd
3
, Haley C. Bergstrom
1
.
1
University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.
2
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
3
Department of
Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ.
This study examined the inter- and intra-individual differences in the
electromyographic (EMG) and mechanomyographic (MMG) amplitude (AMP) and
mean power frequency (MPF) responses during the bilateral leg extension (LE)
exercise. Eleven men (Age: 23±3 years; height: 175.7±7.2 cm; body mass:
79.9±8.7 kg) completed a one-repetition maximum (1RM) for the LE (87±16 kg)
and repetitions to failure at 70% 1RM (61±11 kg; 15±2 repetitions), on separate
days. The EMG and MMG signals were measured from the vastus lateralis of the
right and left limbs. Polynomial regression analyses were used to determine the
individual (IND) and composite (COMP), normalized EMG and MMG, AMP and MPF
response (linear, quadratic, cubic) vs. percent of total repetitions completed (10-
100%). For the COMP EMG AMP, there was a positive, quadratic relationship for
the right (R=0.992, p<0.001) and left limbs (R=0.984, p=0.044). For the COMP
EMG MPF, there was a negative, cubic relationship for the right limb (R=-0.982,
p=0.001) and a negative, quadratic relationship for the left limb (R=-0.950,
p=0.008). For the COMP MMG AMP, there was a positive, quadratic relationship
for the right limb (R=0.982, p=0.004) and a positive, linear relationship for the
left limb (r=0.942, p<0.001). Both the right (r=-0.842, p=0.001) and left limbs
(r=-0.901, p<0.001) demonstrated a negative, linear relationship for the COMP
MMG MPF. For the IND EMG AMP and MPF, 9-27% of the subjects demonstrated
the same response as the COMP, 36-55% demonstrated different patterns, and
36-45% demonstrated no relationship. For the IND MMG AMP and MPF, 27-45%
of the subjects demonstrated the same response as the COMP, 9-36%
demonstrated different patterns, and 36-55% demonstrated no relationship.
Individual responses should be considered when making inferences about the
patterns of neuromuscular responses during fatiguing resistance exercise.
EFFECTS OF PREFERRED AND NON-PREFERRED WARM-UP MUSIC ON
RESISTANCE EXERCISE PERFORMANCE
Georgia Cook, Zachary Hester, Rebecca Rogers, Thomas Kopec, Tyler Williams,
Christopher Ballmann. Samford University, Birmingham, AL.
BACKGROUND: Listening to warm-up music has been repeatedly shown to
induce ergogenic benefits during endurance, sprint, and resistance exercise
performance. Previous evidence has shown that music preference mediates
warm-up music benefits during endurance-based exercise. However, it is
currently unknown how preference of warm-up music influence explosive
resistance exercise. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the
effects of listening to preferred and non-preferred warm-up music on explosive
resistance exercise performance. METHODS: Resistance trained males (ages 18-
24) participated in two separate bench press trials each with a different music
condition: Preferred warm-up music (PREF) or Non-preferred warm-up music
(NON-PREF). In each trial, participants listened to PREF or NON-PREF music
during a standardized bench press warm-up. Following the warm-up, motivation
to exercise was measured using a visual analog scale followed by 2 sets ×
Repetitions to failure (RTF) at 75% of 1-RM separated by 1 minute of rest. A
linear position transducer was used to measure mean barbell velocity throughout
each set. Rate of perceived exertion (RPE) was obtained after each set. Total
RTF, velocity, RPE, and motivation were compared and analyzed. RESULTS:
Total RTF were significantly higher during the PREF versus NON-PREF trail
(p=0.049) while mean barbell velocity remained unchanged (p=0.684). RPE was
not significantly different between PREF and NON-PREF trials (p=0.539).
Motivation to exercise was significantly higher during the PREF versus NON-PREF
trial (p< 0.001). 2CONCLUSIONS: Listening to PREF music during a warm-up
improves subsequent RTF performance during bench press exercise. However,
barbell velocity is largely unaffected. While perceived exertion was similar
between trials, motivation to exercise was markedly increased during the PREF
music trial. These findings suggest that competitors listening to warm-up music
before giving maximal effort during resistance exercise could optimize
performance by ensuring self-selection of their own preferred music.
EFFECTS OF SELF-SELECTED RESPITE MUSIC ON RESISTANCE EXERCISE
PERFORMANCE
Jonathan Lehman, Brooklyn Whitmire, Rebecca Rogers, Thomas Kopec, Tyler
Williams, Christopher Ballmann. Samford University, Birmingham, AL.
BACKGROUND: Listening to music has been repeatedly shown to induce
ergogenic benefits during endurance, sprint, and resistance exercise
performance. Previous evidence has shown that listening to respite music (i.e.
during recovery) improves subsequent sprint performance during Wingate cycling
tests. However, it is currently unknown if listening to respite music between sets
of resistance exercise is advantageous for explosive performance. PURPOSE:
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of listening to self-selected
respite music on explosive resistance exercise performance. METHODS:
Resistance trained males (ages 18-24) participated in two separate bench press
trials each with a different music condition: No music (NM) or respite music
(RM). Following a warm-up, participants completed 3 sets × Repetitions to failure
(RTF) at 75% of 1-RM separated by 2 minutes of rest. During the 2-minute rest,
participants either listened to NM or RM until the next subsequent set. A linear
position transducer was used to measure mean barbell velocity throughout each
set. Rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and motivation were obtained after each
set. Mean velocity, power output, RPE, and motivation were compared and
analyzed. RESULTS: Mean barbell velocity (p= 0.015) and mean power output
(p= 0.050) were significantly higher during the RM condition versus NM. RPE was
not different between conditions (p= 0.116). Motivation to exercise (p= 0.002)
was significantly higher over the exercise session during the RM condition versus
NM. CONCLUSIONS: Listening to RM in between sets increases explosive
performance through improvements in barbell velocity and power output. While
RPE remained unchanged, RM resulted in increased motivation to exercise. These
findings indicate listening to music during recovery may enhance explosive
resistance performance and suggest that listening to music in between bouts of
maximal effort could possibly be an effective tool for optimizing performance
during competition.
ACCURACY OF PREDICTING ONE-REPETITION MAXIMUM FROM
SUBMAXIMAL VELOCITY IN THE BACK SQUAT AND BENCH PRESS
Christian T. Macarilla. University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL.
BACKGROUND: Predicting one-repetition maximum (1RM) in resistance training
allows athletes to gauge progress and prescribe relative intensities without the
cumbersome and fatiguing process of testing 1RM strength. One approach to
predicting 1RM is through using submaximal velocity. Indeed, the accuracy of
submaximal velocity predict 1RM has been established on machine-based
resistance exercises, conflicting evidence exists regarding the accuracy of
velocity to predict 1RM on free-weight barbell exercises. METHODS: Therefore,
this study examined the accuracy of predicting free-weight back squat and bench
press one-repetition maximum (1RM) using both 2- and 4-point submaximal
average concentric velocity (ACV) methods. Seventeen resistance trained men
performed a warm-up and 1RM test on the squat and bench press, in which ACV
was assessed on all repetitions. The ACVs during the warm-up closest to 1.0 and
0.5 m
.
s
-1
were used in the 2-point linear regression forecast of 1RM and the ACVs
established at the loads closest to 20, 50, 70, and 80% of 1RM were used in the
4-point 1RM prediction. A repeated measures ANOVA, Bland-Altman Plots, and
Mountain plots were used to analyze the agreement between predicted and
actual 1RMs. RESULTS: The ANOVA indicated significant differences between
predicted and actual 1RM for both the 2- and 4-point equations in both exercises
(p < 0.001). The 2-point squat prediction overestimated 1RM by 29.12±0.07kg
and the 4-point squat prediction overestimated 1RM by 38.53±5.01kg. Bench
press 1RM was overestimated by 9.32±4.68kg when using the 2-point method
and by 7.15±6.66kg using the 4-point method. Both Bland-Altman and Mountain
plots confirmed the findings of the ANOVA as data were not tightly conformed to
the respective zero difference lines and the Bland-Altman plots showed wide
limits of agreement. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that both the 2-
and 4-point velocity methods predicted bench press 1RM more accurately than
squat 1RM; however, a lack of agreement between predicted and actual 1RM was
observed for both velocity methods in both exercises.
DIFFERING ALTERATIONS IN FORCE PERCEPTION AND STRENGTH
FOLLOWING SHORTENING AND LENGTHENING CONTRACTIONS
Katie G. Kennedy
1
, Ryan J. Colquhoun
1
, Mitchel A. Magrini
2
, Sydnie R. Fleming
1
,
Nile F. Banks
3
, Joshua L. Keller
1
, Nathaniel D.M. Jenkins
3
.
1
University of South
Alabama, Mobile, AL.
2
Creighton University, Omaha, NE.
3
University of Iowa,
Iowa City, IA.
BACKGROUND: While differences in fatigue following shortening and lengthening
contractions have previously been investigated, further research is needed to
understand the impact of fatigue on force perception and its relation to muscle
activation. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of maximal
concentric (CON) and eccentric (ECC) contractions on force perception, strength
and muscle activation of the elbow flexors. METHODS: Eighteen young males
(Age: 24 ± 3 y) completed 2 experimental conditions, consisting of 6 sets of 10
repetitions of maximal ECC or CON contractions of the elbow flexors. Each visit
was separated by 6 ± 1 days and the order of conditions and arm utilized were
randomized and counter-balanced. Testing was completed prior to the exercise
bouts, and at 24-, 48-, and 72-hours post-exercise. During each visit, subjects
were asked to perform 3 contractions at 50% of their perceived maximal
voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) strength, which was subsequently
recorded. Electromyographic signals from the biceps brachii were recorded
during each submaximal and maximal contraction and the root mean square
(RMS) amplitude was calculated offline. Force (nF) and RMS (nRMS) from the
perceived 50% MVIC contractions were averaged and normalized to MVIC.
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS
45
RESULTS: Interactions were observed for both nF (p = 0.025) and MVIC
(p<0.001). The nF decreased from pre (54.3 ± 17.7% MVIC) to 24- (p<0.01;
47.2% ± 15.2%) and 48-h (p=0.001; 45.1 ± 16.5% MVIC) in the CON
condition, but did not change (p = 0.994) in the ECC condition. In addition, MVIC
decreased from pre (425.6 ± 66.6 N) to 24-h (p=0.025; 394.2 ± 85.3 N),
recovered at 48-h (p=0.05; 408.4 ± 69.4 N), but remained depressed from pre
at 72-h (p=0.029; 406.7 ± 69.9 N) in CON. In ECC, MVIC decreased from pre
(420.7 ± 97.3 N) to 24-h (p<0.001; 310.2 ± 97.2 N), before progressively
recovering at 48- (p<0.001; 339.1 ± 106.2 N) and 72-h (p=0.029; 356.1 ±
109.8 N), but remaining depressed from pre (p<0.001). Further, ECC MVIC was
lower at 24- (p=0.007) and 48-h (p=0.023) relative to CON. No changes were
observed in nRMS across either condition. CONCLUSIONS: These findings
suggest that acute bouts of maximal concentric and eccentric contractions
differentially affect force perception and MVIC strength independent of muscle
activation. These data may provide evidence that there are contraction specific
effects on force perception and output.
INDIVIDUAL AND COMPOSITE MUSCLE OXYGEN SATURATION
RESPONSES OF THE QUADRICEPS TO FATIGUING DCER EXERCISE
Evangeline P. Soucie, Taylor K. Dinyer, Pasquale J. Succi, Caleb C. Voskuil, Haley
C. Bergstrom. University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.
This study examined the individual and composite responses of local muscle
tissue oxygen saturation (SmO
2
; %) during submaximal, bilateral leg extension
(LE) exercise to failure as well as the test-retest reliability of resting SmO
2
values. Thirteen subjects (age: 24±3.1 years; height: 171.4±7.7 cm; weight:
77.7±12.4 kg) completed a one-repetition maximum (1RM) for the LE (68±18.5
kg) on Day 1 and repetitions (reps) to failure at 50% 1RM (34±9.2 kg; 26±4.5
reps) on Day 2. The SmO
2
was measured using continuous wave near-infrared
spectroscopy placed on the vastus lateralis of the dominant limb, two thirds the
distance between the suprailiac spine and lateral side of the patella. On both
days, resting SmO
2
was recorded for 1-min prior to completing reps to failure to
examine the test-retest reliability of the resting values. The total time to failure
for the reps at 50% 1RM was recorded (55.8±10.0 sec). Polynomial regression
analyses were used to determine individual (IND) and composite (COMP) SmO
2
responses (linear, quadratic, and cubic) vs. percent time to failure (5-100%) for
reps completed at 50% 1RM. A one-way repeated measures ANOVA (p≤0.05),
intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC
2,1
), standard error of the measurement
(SEM), coefficient of variation (CoV), and the minimal difference (MD) was used
to determine the test-retest reliability of resting SmO
2
(Day 1 vs. Day 2). For the
COMP SmO
2
response, there was a negative, cubic relationship (R=0.987,
p˂0.001). The IND responses were consistent with the COMP response as all 13
of the subjects also demonstrated a negative, cubic relationship (R=0.88-0.99).
There was no difference (p=0.343) in resting SmO
2
values between Day 1
(60.0±13.9%) and Day 2 (56.0±11.7%). The resting SmO
2
values demonstrated
“poor” to “fair” reliability (ICC: 0.300, 95% CI: -0.265-0.716; SEM: 10.6%; CoV:
18.2%; MD: 29.4%). The negative, cubic SmO
2
response may suggest a
compromise in local blood flow due to increased intramuscular pressure during
LE reps performed to failure at 50% 1RM. The “poor” to “fair” reliability may be
due to high adipose tissue thickness (ATT) (9.3±4.1 mm), concentration of
melanin in the skin, or external pressure applied on the device which can
influence the SmO
2
response. Although the IND responses were consistent with
the COMP responses, recruiting subjects with lower ATT measurements may
provide more reliable test-retest resting SmO
2
values.
COLLEGE BASKETBALL RECREATIONAL AND CLUB LEVEL POWER AND
AGILITY SCORES VS. 2019 NBA DRAFT
Charles Bell
1
, Andreas Stamatis
2
, Zacharias Papadakis
1
.
1
Barry University, Miami
Shores, FL.
2
SUNY Plattsburgh, Plattsburgh, NY.
BACKGROUND: During COVID-19, university campus recreation and wellness
centers (CRW) keep encouraging the remaining-on-campus students to live
active and healthy lifestyles through exercise/competition events. A common
activity is the NBA Draft edition combine test, which students have a brief
experience of the NBA draft. Results are usually compared to the actual NBA-
ones to encourage participants to stay fit. This study investigated differences
among recreational (R), club (C) level basketball experience, and NBA draftees
(NBA). METHODS: A CRW, while adhering to university-related pandemic
policies, organized an NBA combine test for 10 male college students
(75.57kg±10.55SD; 1.81m±.13SD; R=5; C=5). Due to unforeseen
complications, only the Standing Vertical Jump (m), Lane Agility (s), Shuttle Run
(s) and ¾ Sprint (s) tests were performed following NBA’s related protocols. R
and C power and agility scores were compared with the respective scores from
58 athletes (controls), who participated in the 2019 NBA Draft Combine (Weight:
96.36kg±11.39SD; Height:2.01m±.09SD). NBA-related data were obtained from
https://www.nba.com/stats/draft/combine-strength-agility. A multivariate
analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) based on the experience level with weight
(kg), height (m), wingspan (m), and standing reach (m) as covariates was
performed in SPSS (v.27) to examine differences between variables on R, C, and
NBA. RESULTS: Using Pillai’s trace, there was a significant effect of experience
on the examined variables (V=1.13, F
8,118
=19.25, p<.001, η
2
=.57). Pairwise
comparisons revealed that R jumped higher than the C (p=.16) and lower than
NBA (p=.75), while C jumped lower than NBA (p=.01). R in lane agility were
faster than C (p<.001) and slower than NBA (p=.001), while C were slower than
NBA (p<.001). In shuttle run, R were faster both than C (p<.001) and NBA
(p<.001), while C were similar with NBA (p=.68). R were faster on ¾ sprint from
C (p=.07) and NBA (p=1), while C were slower than NBA (p=.07).
CONCLUSION: Due to small R and C sample size, we cannot determine whether
or not these estimates are significant. However, the results describe the
relationship in the sample. This preliminary evidence provides support for the
continuation of data collection. Such power and agility score differences may
encourage students to stay fit, therefore CRW administrators should continue
organizing similar events.
RELIABILITY OF ISOKINETIC KNEE FLEXION AND EXTENSION TOTAL
WORK AND UNILATERAL ENDURANCE RATIOS
Matthew D. Watson, George J. Davies, Bryan L. Riemann. Georgia Southern
University - Armstrong Campus, Savannah, GA.
BACKGROUND: Isokinetic assessment of unilateral knee flexor and extensor
functionality is almost exclusively evaluated through the hamstrings-quadriceps
(H:Q) strength ratio, measured in units of peak torque. Clinical use of an
isokinetic unilateral H:Q endurance ratio, measured in units of total work, may
provide a supplementary perspective of knee flexor and extensor functionality,
yet the reliability of this measure has not yet been established. Therefore, the
purpose of this study was to determine the intersession reliability of knee flexion
(KF) and extension (KE) total work, and the unilateral H:Q endurance ratio.
METHODS: Twenty-eight healthy young adults (14 males, 14 females)
volunteered for two isokinetic (60°/s, 6 repetitions) testing sessions (48hr
apart). Dominant (DOM) and nondominant (NDOM) KF and KE testing was
conducted in a random limb testing order; KE and KF total work was computed
across the 6 repetitions, as well as the unilateral H:Q endurance ratio (KF ÷ KE).
Following normality and heteroscedasticity exploration, relative reliability of the
total work measures was assessed by interclass correlation coefficients (ICC,
model: 2,1) while dependent t tests were used to evaluate systematic bias
between the two testing sessions. Additionally, absolute reliability was assessed
by calculating coefficients of variation (CV). RESULTS: ICCs were excellent for
KF and KE of both limbs, ranging from .892 to .911, with NDOM extension being
the lowest (95% confidence interval: .780-.949). The unilateral H:Q endurance
ratio displayed good relative reliability for the DOM (.709) and NDOM (.719)
limbs. No significant systematic biases were noted for any KF and KE total work,
or unilateral H:Q endurance ratio measures (P ≥ .167) and all CVs for KF and KF
were below 15%, ranging from 7.89% (DOM, KE) to 13.1% (NDOM, KF). Lastly,
unilateral H:Q endurance ratios CVs for both limbs were below 10% (DOM,
9.08%; NDOM, 8.66%). CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that DOM
and NDOM KF and KE total work and unilateral H:Q endurance ratios have
acceptable intersession reliability in healthy young adults. Future work will
examine clinical utilization of isokinetic unilateral H:Q endurance ratios, in
addition to H:Q strength ratios, to gain a more comprehensive evaluation of
patient KF and KE functionality.
HEART RATE VARIABILITY PRIOR TO MATCHES DOES NOT DIFFER
BETWEEN WINS AND LOSSES IN COLLEGIATE BEACH VOLLEYBALL
Harry P. Cintineo
1
, Brittany N. Bozzini
2
, Bridget A. McFadden
1
, Alexa J. Chandler
1
,
Thomas D. Cardaci
1
, Shawn M. Arent, FACSM
1
.
1
University of South Carolina,
Columbia, SC.
2
United States Army Research Institute for Environmental
Medicine, Natick, MA.
BACKGROUND: Heart rate (HR) monitoring is common in many sports. Recently,
HR monitoring systems have incorporated R-R data, from which HR variability
(HRV) can be calculated. The secondary HRV data from HR monitoring provide
measures of parasympathetic and sympathetic activation within the autonomic
nervous system. This has been proposed to be useful for managing athlete
readiness and recovery status. Typically, lower HRV is associated with a more
stressed state while higher HRV is associated with a more recovered state. The
purpose of this analysis was to determine whether HRV was related to match
outcome in collegiate beach volleyball players. It was hypothesized that HRV
would be higher prior to wins compared to losses. METHODS: Ten female beach
volleyball athletes who competed in all matches of the 2020 season were
analyzed (age: 21.3±1 y; BMI: 22.6±1.5 kg/m
2
, %BF: 21.8±3.0%). All methods
were approved by the IRB, and participants provided written informed consent.
Athletes wore a HR monitor during all matches (TeamPro, Polar Electro Inc.,
Woodbury, NY, USA). HRV metrics (standard deviation of R-R intervals [SDRR]
and root mean square of successive differences in R-R intervals [RMSSD]) and
average HR were calculated during the initial ~10 min of athletes wearing their
monitors. This time period was selected as HRV assessments should occur when
HR is below ~120 beats/min due to full vagal withdrawal above this HR. Within-
subjects linear mixed effects models were used to determine differences in HRV
by match outcome with an α-level of 0.05. Analyses were conducted using R.
RESULTS: Average HR during this time, which occurred before the start of
competition warm-up, was 103±14 beats/min. No differences in SDRR or RMSSD
at this time were observed between wins and losses (P>0.15). CONCLUSIONS:
Though HRV is easy to measure during activities in which HR monitoring is
already occurring, the utility of this metric in this setting is unclear based on
these inconclusive findings. Previous researchers have commonly measured HRV
during periods of rest (i.e., upon waking), though this assessment would require
additional time from athletes and coaches in a collegiate team sport setting.
Future research should continue to analyze HRV derived from HR monitoring
systems during team activities, preferably when athletes are at rest (i.e., during
non-training meetings) to assess changes in and other uses for this metric.
A ROADMAP- SOCIAL DISTANCED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY DATA
COLLECTION TO PROTECT THOSE WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES
Whitley Stone, Kayla Baker. Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY.
The novel coronavirus may impact exercise habits of those with varying
exceptionalities (e.g. Down Syndrome, autism spectrum disorder); however, due
to the directed discontinuation of face-to-face research, investigators must adapt
projects to protect all involved when collecting objective physical activity metrics.
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS
46
The purpose of this presentation is to outline the modification process of these
research methods to adhere to social distancing mandates present during
COVID-19. Attendees of this presentation should be able to translate
methodological adaptations provided and apply similar techniques in their own
project. Such adaptations include delivery of electronic consent and assent
forms, electronic surveys, and mailing of research devices. This presentation will
also detail potential barriers to recruitment not typically seen outside of a
pandemic. The amended research methods were implemented without risk for
virus transmission or undue burden on the research team, participant, or
caregiver and in accordance with the institutional review board. Objective
physical activity data collection can be sufficiently modified to protect those with
varying exceptionalities and investigators. Future research designs may require
greater participant incentives and the creation of in-home participation
mechanisms.
SLOW MOTION VIDEO PHONE APPROACH OF MEASURING FOREARM
MUSCLE ENDURANCE
Megan C. Schwinne, Chuan Zhang, Kevin McCully, FACSM. University of Georgia,
Athens, GA.
BACKGROUND: Previous studies have used an accelerometer to measure muscle
specific endurance. The muscle endurance test will be altered so that slow-
motion video can be used to measure muscle movement using an iPhone video
camera. The purpose of this study is to compare muscle endurance index
measurements from an iPhone video camera with results from an accelerometer.
METHODS: I plan to recruit about 10 male and female participants between the
ages of 18 to 45 yrs for participation in this study. Each participant will complete
1 trial of 5 Hz, 5-minute forearm muscle stimulation. Measurements will be made
on the ulnar side of the participant’s forearm muscle. Twitch contractions will be
produced by placing two 2 x 1.5 cm electrodes on the muscle. The forearm
muscle will be stimulated with a muscle stimulator that produces a submaximal
current adequate to produce a visible and strong contraction, without producing
pain. Videos will be collected with an iPhone (Apple, Inc., Cupertino, CA) using
slow motion video at 240 frames per second. Eight slow motion videos will be
taken, to capture the maximal values in the first minute and the end values at
five minutes. The videos will be analyzed using a MATLAB software. The MATLAB
analysis uses consecutive image correlations to plot the rate of change of the
correlation, which indicates the muscle contraction speed. The resultant vector
from a tri-axial accelerometer will be collected simultaneously. Correlations
between the endurance index values for the phone and accelerometer data will
be made. ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Endurance index values from the phone are
expected to correlate with values from the accelerometer. This study will help
determine the practicability of measuring muscle endurance using video phones.
This will allow the study of small muscles as well as reduce the amount of
equipment needed to study muscle specific endurance.
SLOW-MOTION VIDEO PHONE ANALYSIS OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION
ACCELERATION: THE EFFECT OF VARIATION IN CURRENT
Sushana P. Sudhi, Chuan Zhang, Kevin McCully, FACSM. University of Georgia,
Athens, GA.
BACKGROUND: Previous studies have used an accelerometer to measure
decreases in muscle acceleration during muscle specific endurance tests.
Recently it has been proposed to use slow-motion videos via an iPhone video
camera to measure muscle acceleration during the endurance test. The aim of
this study is to compare the change in acceleration of low, medium, high current
muscle contractions from an iPhone video camera to that of an accelerometer.
METHODS: I plan to recruit 15 healthy participants of both genders between the
ages of 18 to 45 for participation of this study. All participants will complete two
20 minute sessions of 8 second increments of stimulation for each 15 different
current intensities. Measurements will be made on the rectus femoris muscle of
healthy control subjects. Twitch contractions will be induced on the muscle by
using 2x4cm electrodes connected to an electrical stimulator. The rectus femoris
muscle will be stimulated with a range of submaximal currents from 15 to 100
mA to produce a visible contractions at various intensities. Stimulation currents
will produce pain ratings less than 3 out of 10 for all conditions. Slow-motion
videos will be collected with iPhone (Apple, Inc., Cupertino, Ca) at 240 frames
per second. Two 8 second slow-motion videos will be taken for each of fifteen
different current levels, ranging from 15 mA to 100 mA. Contraction intensity will
be simultaneously measured using a tri-axial accelerometer (Ambient). The
videos will be analyzed using a MATLAB software. The contraction speed is
determined from the MATLAB analysis through consecutive image correlations for
every 2 video frames in order to plot the rate of change of the correlation. The
faster the contraction acceleration is the lower the correlation between the
pixels. All data collected from both MATLAB and the accelerometer will be
juxtaposed on Microsoft Excel. ANTICIPATED RESULTS: As the intensity of the
current of the muscle stimulus increases, the acceleration of the muscle
contraction should increase. Analysis from the accelerometer should reflect the
same values and direct trend pattern between intensity and acceleration as the
analysis through MATLAB. This study will determine the practicality of using slow
motion videos via an iPhone for measuring muscle acceleration in order to
establish a more accessible method of musculoskeletal medicinal evaluation.
LOWER EXTREMITY STRENGTH AND FATIGUE FOLLOWING MULTI-MODAL
EXERCISE AS A POSSIBLE PREDICTOR OF KNEE RE-INJURY
Alexander W. Parsons, Emily Clifton, Kristin M. Mendez, Carol Beatty, Kevin K.
McCully, FACSM. University of Georgia, Athens, GA.
BACKGROUND: Knee injuries are widespread in athletes, and despite efforts to
return to pre-injury status, deficiencies can remain. This research explores the
connection between the hamstring-to-quadricep strength ratio, fatigue in lower
extremity muscles (specifically the hamstrings) following multi-modal exercise,
and their roles in potential knee re-injury. METHODS: Healthy individuals with a
prior knee injury will be compared to those without one. Day 1: Measurements of
a subject's hamstring and quadricep endurance will be measured using tri-axial
accelerometry during neuromuscular electrical stimulation at 5Hz. Stimulation
will elicit a vigorous contraction for 5 minutes with electrodes placed on the
subject's hamstring and quadricep muscles. The tri-axial accelerometer is placed
between the two electrodes on the subject's skin. The decline in contraction
acceleration will allow for the calculation of the endurance index. The leg with the
lower hamstring endurance index will be used for Day 2 strength testing. Near-
Infrared Spectroscopy will measure muscle mitochondrial capacity to compare to
the muscular endurance data. Day 2: Before the exercise protocol, strength will
be measured by the peak isometric knee extension repetition for the quadriceps
and the peak isometric knee flexion repetition for the hamstrings using a Biodex
ergometer. Subjects will undergo a 45-minute multi-modal exercise protocol
incorporating intervals of jogging, running, and walking with intermittent sprints,
agility drills, and plyometric movements leading to variations in speed and
direction. Throughout the protocol, heart rate and overall distance will be
measured. Following the protocol, there will be a second round of Biodex
strength testing. ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We hypothesize both the hamstrings
and quadriceps will show losses in strength following exercise, with the
hamstrings showing a greater degree of fatigue. We believe those with a prior
knee injury will display a more significant decrease in hamstring strength
following the protocol in comparison to their non-injured counterparts.
Combining strength data with endurance data collected on Day 1, we also
hypothesize the lower the muscle endurance index, the more that muscle will
fatigue. This data could shift current rehabilitation protocols, placing additional
focus on restoring muscular endurance in the hamstrings.
TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY OF A MAXIMAL VOLUNTARY CONTRACTION
FOR THE BILATERAL LEG EXTENSION EXERCISE
Chloe M. Ditka, Taylor K. Dinyer, Pasquale J. Succi, Caleb C. Voskuil, Haley C.
Bergstrom. University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.
The purpose of this study was to determine the day to day reliability of the
average (Avg) and peak maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force for
isometric, bilateral leg extension (LE) exercise. Twelve subjects (7 women, 5
men; age: 24.17 ± 2.95 years; height: 172.36 ± 7.37 cm; weight: 74.50 ± 7.54
kg) completed 3 visits for this study, separated by a minimum of 24-48 hours.
On the first visit, the subjects completed a familiarization trial consisting of two,
6-second MVC trials at a knee-joint angle of 120°. On visits 2 and 3, the subjects
completed 2-5 MVC trials to obtain 2 trials with peak force values that were
within 5% of one another. The MVC that resulted in the highest peak torque (of
the 2 trials within 5% of one another) was used for analyses. The Avg MVC was
determined as the mean of the middle 33% of the 6-second contraction. The
peak MVC was determined as the highest instantaneous peak value from the
middle 33% of the 6-second contraction. Statistical analyses included one-way
repeated measures ANOVAs (p≤0.05), intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC
2,1
),
standard errors of the measurement (SEM), coefficients of variation (CoV), and
minimal differences (MD). There was no difference between Day 1 and Day 2 Avg
(p=0.554; Day 1: 365.35 ± 86.62 Newtons [N]; Day 2: 380.04 ± 85.37 N) or
peak (p=0.694; Day 1: 431.86 ± 100.08 N; Day 2: 441.74 ± 93.58 N) MVCs.
The ICC for the Avg MVC demonstrated “moderate” to “good” reliability (ICC =
0.543; SEM = 59.99 N; CoV = 15.83%; MD = 163.51 N), while peak MVC
demonstrated “good” reliability (ICC = 0.635; SEM = 59.84 N; CoV = 13.70%;
MD = 165.87 N). Further, none of the subjects exhibited a change in the MVC
value from Day 1 to Day 2 that exceeded the MD for either Avg (range = -153.1
- 96.5 N) or peak (range = -152.1 - 103 N) values. Thus, both average and
instantaneous peak MVC values obtained from the middle 33% of a 6-second
contraction provided reliable measures of isometric, bilateral strength of the
lower limbs. However, the peak MVC may provide a more reliable measure due
to a lower CoV compared to the Avg MVC.
SESSION II: REVIEW/SYMPOSIA Thursday, Feb. 18, 2:00–3:00 pm EST
TRAINING CONSIDERATIONS FOR OPTIMAL SPORTS PERFORMANCE FOR
THE MIDDLE AND ELEMENTARY SCHOOL ATHLETE
Andy Mark Bosak. Liberty University, Lynchburg, VA.
The performance of collegiate and high school athletes is important to sports
performance professionals. However, an area of great interest is the performance
of elementary and middle school athletes. With some strength training and
conditioning performance centers and summer sport camps geared towards
younger athletes, many career and research opportunities have become available
working with pediatric athletes. While pediatric athletes can train hard, training
these athletes poses interesting challenges as they are not just “little high school
or collegiate” athletes. Yet, it is crucial that elementary and middle school
athletes are trained in a somewhat similar manner as high school athletes, but
also with important training program differences due to the demands of their
sport as well as their physiological capabilities and potential adaptations to
training. Therefore, this presentation’s purpose and objective will be to 1)
emphasize the importance of physical training for the elementary and middle
school athlete, 2) discuss the unique challenges of training and assessing these
special athletes, 3) review relevant research and outline future research
opportunities, and 4) suggest appropriate training programs principles with
reliance on sports science concepts specific to the pediatric athlete. This
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS
47
presentation is intended for students and faculty who are interested in various
aspects (ie. strength training and conditioning, physiology, etc.) associated with
training elementary and middle school athletes. Since interest is increasing in
regards to how sports science can improve pediatric athletes’ performance, more
research is needed that will assist coaches and pediatric athletes in meeting the
demands of their sport, but with a focus on trying to avoid overtraining and
burnout later in their athletic careers.
SESSION II: POSTER/FREE COMMUNICATION Thursday, Feb. 18, 2:00–3:00 pm EST
EFFECT OF ACUTE PROLONGED SITTING, WITH AND WITHOUT
INTERRUPTION, ON CARDIO-AUTONOMIC FUNCTION, A META-ANALYSIS
Lauren C. Bates
1
, Abdullah Alansare
2
,
,3
, Bethany Barone Gibbs
2
, Erik D. Hanson,
FACSM
1
, Lee Stoner, FACSM
1
.
1
The University of North Carolina Chapel Hill,
Chapel Hill, NC.
2
The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
3
King Saud
University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
BACKGROUND: Sedentary behavior, particularly prolonged sitting, is associated
with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. However, the mechanisms
linking repeated prolonged sitting exposure to CVD risk are not well-understood.
This meta-analysis reports on cardio-autonomic responses, using heart rate (HR)
and heart rate variability (HRV), to acute prolonged sitting with and without
interruption. METHODS: Electronic databases were searched from inception to
August 2020. Inclusion criteria were i) experimental studies ii) examining acute
prolonged (>1 hour) sitting with and/or without interruption; iii) adults
(>18years). Initially, 2,283 studies were identified and 21 articles (27 trials,
n=537) met inclusion criteria. Inverse variance heterogeneity modelling was
used and adjusted for study quality. HR was expressed as weighted mean
difference (WMD) and standardized mean difference (SMD) and HRV as SMD. The
SMD was also used to determine the magnitude of the effect (trivial:<0.2, small:
0.2, moderate: 0.5, and large: 0.8). RESULTS: Prolonged uninterrupted sitting
had a non-significant trivial effect on HR (P=0.827) and HRV (P=0.228).
Interrupting prolonged sitting resulted in a small increase in HR, with P=0.052
[WMD= 3.6 bpm, (95% CI -0.04, 7.3), SMD= 0.38]. The effects of sitting
interruptions on HRV could not be analyzed due to the availability of only 2
studies. Subgroup analyses revealed moderate increases in HR in healthy adults
[WMD= 5.6 bpm, (95% CI 1.5, 9.8), SMD= 0.60], females [WMD= 6.9 bpm,
(95% CI 1.9, 12.0), SMD= 0.69], and > 4 hour sitting bouts [WMD= 4.7 bpm,
(95% CI 1.3, 8.0), SMD= 0.48]. Furthermore, walking was the only interruption
strategy associated with a significant effect on HR [WMD= 6.8 bpm, (95% CI
2.8, 11.0), SMD= 0.48]. CONCLUSION: Acute prolonged uninterrupted sitting
does not alter HR or HRV. It is possible that parasympathetic-sympathetic co-
activation results in a null effect. However, a trivial increase in HR during
uninterrupted prolonged sitting may serve to compensate for decreased stroke
volume as a result of blood pooling and reduced venous return. The increased HR
with sitting interruptions was expected and may reflect increased metabolic
demand. Future studies should consider including measures of sympathetic
activation to improve our understanding of parasympathetic-sympathetic co-
activation.
INTERVAL EXERCISE PRECONDITIONING AND CARDIAC FUNCTION
FOLLOWING DOSE-DENSE DOXORUBICIN THERAPY IN BREAST CANCER -
PRELIMINARY RESULTS
Nathan Weeldryer
1
, Albert G. Wendt
2
, Alisia G.T.T. Tran
3
, Theresa M. Jorgensen
3
,
Shannon W. Wilson
3
, Nathan Serrano
3
, Kathleen Casey
3
, Ian Villanueva
3
, Corey
Mazo
3
, Jared M. Dickinson, FACSM
4
, Siddhartha S. Angadi, FACSM
1
.
1
University of
Virginia, Charlottesville, VA.
2
University of Arizona Cancer Center, Phoenix, AZ.
3
Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ.
4
Central Washington University,
Ellensburg, WA.
BACKGROUND: About 1 in 8 women will develop breast cancer during their
lifetime, and as treatments have progressed, cancer survivorship has continued
to improve. However, breast cancer survivors treated with doxorubicin (DOX)
based chemotherapy are at increased risk for developing cardiomyopathies and
heart failure. Exercise preconditioning has been shown to mitigate DOX toxicity
in animal models, but its value in humans remains unknown. Measurements of
cardiac function, such as ejection fraction (EF) and left ventricular global
longitudinal strain (LVGLS), have been shown to be predictive of mortality risk.
Therefore, the purpose of this ongoing trial is to test the hypothesis that HIIE
preconditioning and exercise continued throughout treatment can be used to
prevent the decline in EF and LVGLS in women treated with dose-dense DOX
chemotherapy. Here, we present preliminary data from the first 8 participants
(HIIE n=5, Control n=3). METHODS: Breast cancer patients (n=8; 50±10y;
168±4cm; 94±35kg; 32.6±11.5 BMI) who were scheduled to undergo dose-
dense chemotherapy were randomized into one of two interventions i) control
(physical activity advice) or ii) exercise preconditioning (3 days/week supervised
exercise). Baseline testing occurred 1-2 weeks prior to the start of DOX
treatment while interventions started 1 week prior to treatment and continued
throughout DOX treatment (4 doses with bi-weekly dosing). Post testing
occurred within 3-7 days after the last DOX treatment. Deltas from between
group differences were analyzed using independent samples t-tests. RESULTS: A
reduction in EF was observed in control versus HIIE (-4.3±6.5 vs. 2.0±3.2%
respectively; p=0.11, d=1.17) after the intervention. Similarly, there was
reduced LVGLS in the control group while the HIIE group saw improvement (2±
0.0% vs. -1.2±2.6% respectively; p= 0.05,d= 1.21). Additionally, measures of
physical function showed the control group had a decrease in peak power output
versus HIIE (-8.3±5.7 vs. 1.4±14.9 Watts respectively; p=0.33, d=0.76) and in
VO
2
peak (-0.21±0.03 vs. -0.02±0.09 L/min respectively; p=0.02, d= 1.52).
CONCLUSION: These preliminary data show that HIIE preconditioning prior to
DOX based chemotherapy may serve as a strategy to preserve both cardiac and
physical function in breast cancer patients undergoing dose-dense DOX
chemotherapy.
ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN CAROTID-FEMORAL AND ESTIMATED PULSE
WAVE VELOCITY IN OLDER ADULTS: THE ATHEROSCLEROSIS RISK IN
COMMUNITIES (ARIC) STUDY
Patricia Pagan Lassalle
1
, Michelle L. Meyer
1
, Kevin S. Heffernan, FACSM
2
, Adam
W. Kiefer
1
, Lauren C. Bates
1
, Erik D. Hanson
1
, Masahiro Horiuchi
3
, Erin Michos
4
,
Anna Kucharska-Newton
1
, Kunihiro Matsushita
4
, Timothy Hughes
5
, Hirofumi
Tanaka
6
, Lee Stoner, FACSM
1
.
1
The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,
Chapel Hill, NC.
2
Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY.
3
Mount Fuji Research
Institute, Fujikawaguchiko.
4
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.
5
Wake
Forest School of Medicine, Wake Forest, NC.
6
The University of Texas at Austin,
Austin, TX.
BACKGROUND: Carotid to femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), the gold-
standard measure of aortic stiffness, is associated with the incidence of
cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. Most cfPWV measurements depend on
technical proficiency, which limit broader implementation in clinical settings.
Recently, an estimated pulse wave velocity (ePWV) measure derived from age
and mean arterial pressure (MAP) has been shown to be associated with the risk
of CVD events and all-cause mortality and may be a simple alternative to cfPWV.
However, ePWV is poorly predictive in non-White individuals, possibly because it
was originally developed from European Cohorts. Consequently, our purpose was
to estimate the strength of association between cfPWV and ePWV, and determine
whether agreement was consistent across race. We hypothesized that cfPWV and
ePWV are in good agreement and association would be consistent across race.
METHODS: We included Black and White older adults (n= 4,478; 75.2 [5.0]
years) from visit 5 (2011-13) of the community-based Atherosclerosis Risk in
Communities Study (ARIC). cfPWV was measured using an automated
cardiovascular screening device. ePWV was calculated as follows:
ePWV=9.587 − 0.402 ×age + 4.560×10
−3
×age
2
− 2.621×10
−5
×age
2
× MAP + 3.17
6 × 10
−3
×age× MAP − 1.832 × 10
−2
× MAP. Association between cfPWV and ePWV
was determined using Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) and Bland-Altman
plots. RESULTS: Linear models were used to determine the association between
cfPWV and ePWV. There was a weak (r=0.35) correlation between cfPWV and
ePWV for the total population, with similar correlations when stratified by Blacks
(r=0.31) and Whites (r=0.36). Bland-Altman plots indicated significant
systematic differences between cfPWV and ePWV (-0.17 m/s, 95% confidence
interval: -0.25 to -0.09 m/s, P <.001), which was consistent by race.
CONCLUSION: In older adults, there was weak correlation between cfPWV and
ePWV and systematic differences in agreement. Our results do not support ePWV
as a surrogate measure of cfPWV in a sample of older White and Black adults.
AGREEMENT OF SEATED AND SUPINE PULSE WAVE VELOCITY
MEASUREMENTS WITH PROLONGED SITTING
Nathan T. Adams
1
, Jillian Poles
1
, Elizabeth Kelsch
1
, Kevin Heffernan
2
, Michelle L.
Meyer
1
, Kathryn Burnet
1
, Robert J. Kowalsky
3
, Bethany Barone Gibbs
4
, Lee
Stoner
1
.
1
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
2
Syracuse
University, Syracuse, NY.
3
Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, TX.
4
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
BACKGROUND: During prolonged sitting research, measuring pulse wave velocity
(PWV) in the seated posture would minimize participant burden and preserve the
detrimental vascular effects of inactivity. However, PWV is validated in the supine
position and it is unknown how supine and seated PWV measures compare. This
study evaluated agreement between the following seated and supine measures
of PWV: carotid-femoral (cf), brachial-femoral (bf), and femoral-ankle (fa). We
evaluated: (i) the overall agreement between seated and supine measures (i.e.,
whether both measures reflect the same physiological construct); and (ii) the
repeated measures agreement (i.e., whether change in one measure agrees with
change in the other measure). METHODS: cfPWV, bfPWV, and faPWV were
recorded while supine and then seated, and then following a three-hour period of
uninterrupted sitting, all measurements were repeated. Mixed model regression
was used to calculate agreement between the supine and seated measures. For
each PWV outcome, the supine measures were regressed against the seated
measures and nested within subject and time (pre vs. post sitting), with subject
and time specified as random. The random variance components were used to
calculate intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) with 95% confidence intervals.
Overall agreement and repeated-measures ICCs were calculated. An ICC ≥ 0.70
represented strong agreement, and ICC ≥ 0.90 represented a very strong
agreement. RESULTS: A total of 18 subjects were included in the final analysis
(age: 22.6±3.1 years, female: 6, cfPWV: 6.1±0.9 m/s). The overall agreement
between seated and supine measures was strong for cfPWV (ICC: 0.77, 95%CI:
0.63-0.86), weak but significant for bfPWV (ICC: 0.37, 95%CI: 0.11-0.58), and
non-significant and weak for faPWV (ICC: 0.26, 95%CI: -0.02-0.49). The cfPWV
measurement had strong repeated-measure (i.e., change in pre-sit vs change in
post-sit) agreement (ICC: 0.87, 95%CI: 0.78-0.92). There was a very strong
repeated measures agreement in bfPWV (ICC: 0.96, 95%CI: 0.93-0.98) and
faPWV (ICC: 0.93, 95%CI: 0.88-0.96). CONCLUSIONS: There was strong overall
seated and supine agreement for cfPWV but weak overall agreement for bfPWV
and faPWV, which indicated that seated and supine measurements are only
comparable for cfPWV. Strong to very-strong repeated-measures agreement for
all measures suggest that change in PWV is comparable regardless of posture.
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS
48
EVALUATING SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE CORRELATION BETWEEN PULSE
WAVE VELOCITY AND AORTIC SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE
Rithika Jonnalagadda
1
, Anna Boone
2
, Arshi Das
3
, Joshitha Leo Charles
4
, Nicholas
Tocci
5
, Marco Meucci
5
.
1
The Early College at Guilford, Greensboro, NC.
2
Southern
Lee High School, Sanford, NC.
3
The STEM Early College at NC A&T, Greensboro,
NC.
4
Green Hope High School, Cary, NC.
5
Appalachian State University, Boone,
NC.
BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to assess if sex differences are
present in the correlation between arterial stiffness, as measured by pulse wave
velocity (PWV), and central arterial pressure in children, adolescents and young
adults. METHODS: 127 healthy participants (60 male, 67 female), aged 7-30
years participated in this study. The sample was composed of 43 children (20
male, 23 female), 48 adolescents (25 male, 23 female), and 36 adults (15 male,
21 female). Cardiovascular measurements including carotid-femoral pulse wave
velocity (cf-PWV) and aortic systolic blood pressure (ASBP) were assessed using
the Sphygmocor XCEL. RESULTS: The correlation between cf-PWV and ASBP was
moderate in males of all ages (r = 0.63) and fair in females of all ages (r =
0.43). cf-PWV and ASBP each increased with age for all age groups in both males
(cf-PWV: r = 0.67; ASBP: r = 0.53) and females (cf-PWV: r = 0.62; ASBP: r =
0.30). ASBP was not significantly different between male and female children (92
± 7 mmHg vs 94 ± 7 mmHg) but was significantly higher in adolescent males
than in adolescent females (102 ± 10 mmHg vs 95 ± 9 mmHg, p < 0.05) and
significantly higher in adult males than in adult females (109 ± 5 mmHg vs 99 ±
7 mmHg, p < 0.05). cf-PWV and ASBP each increased with age for all age
groups of males, with p < 0.01 for both measures, and all age groups of
females, with p < 0.01 for cf-PWV and p < 0.05 for ASBP. Mean cf-PWV
values did not differ significantly between females and males at any age range.
CONCLUSION: Sex differences in the correlation between central arterial stiffness
and aortic systolic pressure are not present in childhood but appear in
adolescence and become more prominent in adulthood. Moreover, fair to
moderate correlations between cf-PWV and ASBP are observed from childhood to
adulthood.
PHOTOPLETHYSMOGRAPHY PULSE WAVE VELOCITY RELIABILITY AND
AGREEMENT WITH A REFERENT DEVICE
Gabriel Zieff
1
, Keeron Stone
2
, Craig Paterson
2
, Simon Fryer
2
, Jake Diana
1
, Jade
Blackwell
1
, Michelle L. Meyer
1
, Lee Stoner, FACSM
1
.
1
The University of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
2
University of Gloucestershire,
Gloucester.
Pulse wave velocity (PWV) is a common measure of arterial stiffness.
Photoplethysmography (PPG) permits continuous measurement of PWV at
multiple arterial segments simultaneously.To determine whether a simple, non-
invasive PPG PWV method agrees with a referent measure, and to determine
whether a posture-mediated change in PPG PWV agrees with change in the
referent. PPG, with electrocardiogram, measured heart-toe (htPWV) and heart-
finger (hfPWV) PWV. Referent measurements were carotid-ankle PWV (caPWV)
and carotid-wrist PWV (cwPWV) determined using the Vicorder device. In 30
adults, three measurements were made: i) two baseline measurements and ii)
one measurement 5 minutes after a modified head-up tilt test (mHUTT, 78°).
Baseline measurements were used to calculate measurement reliability via
intraclass coefficient correlation (ICC). Mixed-models were used to calculate
between-measure (overall agreement between PPG and referent), and between-
condition (change in PPG versus change in referent) agreement between devices.
All measures were reliable (ICC > 0.75). For hfPWV there was strong (ICC 0.7-
0.9) between-measure agreement (ICC: 0.78, 95%CI: 0.67 - 0.85), but
negligible (ICC < 0.2) and non-significant between-condition agreement (ICC:
0.10, 95%CI: 0.12 - 0.31). The lack of between-condition agreement may be
attributable to the non-change in hfPWV and cwPWV with mHUTT. For htPWV,
there was moderate (ICC 0.4-0.7) between-measure agreement (ICC:0.51,
95%CI: 0.32 - 0.65) and very strong between-condition agreement (ICC: 0.90,
95%CI: 0.85 - 0.94). PPG can be used to continuously measure PWV at multiple
arterial segments with acceptable reliability and agreement with a referent.
SYMPATHETIC NEURAL AND CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSES TO
PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS IN INDIVIDUALS PREVIOUSLY DIAGNOSED
WITH COVID-19
Abigail Stickford, Nina Stute, Valesha Province, Marc Augenreich, Jonathon
Stickford, Stephen Ratchford. Appalachian State University, Boone, NC.
BACKGROUND: Individuals infected with the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2
exhibit a wide variety of symptoms, indicating potential systemic effects of the
virus. Anecdotally, many patients - even those who experience only mild cases
initially - continue to suffer from symptoms months after diagnosis, including
indicators of potential autonomic dysfunction like tachycardia upon standing.
However, the long-term impact of COVID-19 on autonomic and cardiovascular
function in otherwise healthy individuals remains largely unclear at this point.
METHODS: Otherwise healthy young adults (n=10, 6F) who had tested positive
for SARS-CoV-2 (COV+) came to the laboratory approximately three weeks post-
diagnosis. Muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA; n=2) via
microneurography, beat by beat systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) arterial blood
pressure via finger photoplethysmography, and heart rate (HR) were
continuously measured in subjects during resting conditions, during a 2 min cold
pressor test (CPT), and during 5 min each at 30° and 60° head up tilt (HUT).
RESULTS: Resting SBP (COV+: 124 ± 18 vs. CON: 128 ± 13 mmHg) and DBP
(74 ± 16 vs. 75 ± 8 mmHg), HR (62 ± 11 vs. 66 ± 9 bpm), and MSNA (13 ± 1
vs. 12 ± 5 bursts/min) were similar between COV+ subjects and other healthy
subjects (CON; n=8) undergoing the same protocol in our laboratory. HR
responses to CPT were similar between groups. There was or tended to be a
group-by-time interaction in SBP (p=0.042) and DBP (p=0.087) responses to
CPT, with COV+ subjects exhibiting a greater increase over time (baseline-to-
peak ΔSBP: +33 ± 16 vs. +19 ± 11 mmHg, ΔDBP: +23 ± 9 vs. +16 ± 9
mmHg). Preliminary data also indicate the MSNA response to CPT is not impaired
in COV+ subjects compared with healthy young adults. Blood pressure, HR, and
MSNA responses to orthostatic stress were also similar between groups.
CONCLUSION: Resting autonomic and hemodynamic parameters appear normal
in individuals who have previously contracted SARS-CoV-2. However, the
transduction of MSNA into vascular responses may be exaggerated during
physiological stress, given the similar MSNA but differential blood pressure
responses between COV+ and healthy young adults observed during CPT.
ALTERATIONS TO ARTERIAL ARCHITECTURE IN YOUNG ADULTS WITH
SARS-COV-2
Rachel E. Szeghy, Valesha M. Province, Laurel K. Koontz, Landry K. Bobo, Marc
A. Augenreich, Nina L. Stute, Abigail S. Stickford, Jonathon L. Stickford, Stephen
M. Ratchford. Appalachian State University, Boone, NC.
INTRODUCTION: SARS-CoV-2 is a rapidly spreading virus with widespread health
implications. Downstream of the lung, SARS-CoV-2 may be inflicting direct
effects on the vasculature, secondary to initiating an inflammatory cascade.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine if SARS-CoV-2 had an
impact on arterial architecture- specifically, pulse wave analysis (PWA), and
carotid stiffness, in subjects 4-weeks after SARS-Cov-2 contraction. We
hypothesized the arterial architecture would be negatively impacted by SARS-
CoV-2. METHODS: Using a cross-sectional study design, we compared young
healthy adults (5M/18F, 23±1y, 23±2 kgᐧm
-1
) and young adults who recently
tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 (5M/7F, 20±1y, 24±3 kgᐧm
-1
). Doppler
ultrasound was utilized to assess carotid distensibility, intima media thickness
(IMT) and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV); Sphygmocor was utilized
for pulse wave analysis assessing central aortic augmentation index. RESULTS:
Differences were observed in cfPWV (Control: 5.2±0.7mᐧs
-1
; SARS-CoV-2:
5.9±0.6mᐧs
-1
, P=0.01), aortic systolic pressure (Control: 111±13mmHg; SARS-
CoV-2: 133±12mmHg, P=0.0004), and central aortic augmentation pressure
(Control: 1.8±6.1mmHg; SARS-CoV-2: 6.7±4.5mmHg, P=0.02) between groups.
However, IMT (Control: 0.5±0.1mm; SARS-CoV-2: 0.4±0.1%, P=0.44), carotid
aortic index standardized to 75bpm (Control: 0.0±17.0%; SARS-CoV-2:
9.8±7.1%, P=0.06) were not different between groups. CONCLUSION: Initial
evidence suggests two measures of arterial stiffness increased weeks after
contracting SARS-CoV-2. These data support the notion that SARS-CoV-2 has
lasting effects on the vasculature.
THE EFFECTS OF EXHAUSTIVE RESISTANCE EXERCISE ON BLOOD
PRESSURE AND AUTONOMIC FUNCTION IN RESISTANCE-TRAINED
MALES
Makena Clark
1
, Ward Dobbs
2
, Danilo Tolusso
3
, Michael Esco
1
, Hayley MacDonald
1
.
1
The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL.
2
The University of Wisconsin-La
Crosse, La Crosse, WI.
3
Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY.
BACKGROUND: It is generally well-accepted that a single bout of resistance
exercise can acutely lower blood pressure (BP), a phenomenon known as post-
exercise hypotension (PEH). However, the occurrence of PEH following
exhaustive resistance exercise (RE) and its relationship with changes in
autonomic function have yet to be fully elucidated. Therefore, we investigated
changes in BP and autonomic function, i.e., several different measures of heart
rate variability (HRV), acutely and over 72h of recovery following exhaustive RE.
METHODS: Seven resistance-trained males ([M±SD]: age=23±3.9 years, body
mass index=27.8±3.3 kg·m
-2
, resting systolic BP [SBP]/diastolic BP [DBP]:
111.1±7.7/70.8±8.2 mmHg) completed five laboratory visits (V) within a 7-d
period (V1 and V2 were separated by 48h). V1: Familiarization, one-repetition
maximum test of the back squat, resting BP and short-term HRV recording. V2:
Pre-RE BP and HRV measurements, immediately followed by the exhaustive RE
protocol (8 sets of 10 repetitions at 70% of one-repetition maximum with 2-min
rest between sets). BP and HRV measurements were replicated immediately
(0.5h), and 24, 48, and 72 h post-RE (V3-V5). Repeated-measures analysis of
variance (ANOVA) and for each BP (SBP, DBP, and mean arterial pressure [MAP];
3 total) and HRV (frequency domain, time domain, and Poincaré plotting; 6 total)
metric was computed. Repeated-measures correlation analysis of change scores
between BP and HRV metrics was also performed. RESULTS: Repeated measures
ANOVA revealed non-significant reductions in SBP and DBP over 72h of recovery
(111.7±8.3 mmHg and 73.5±7.7 mmHg, p>.05), while reductions in MAP
trended towards significance (86.2±7.7 mmHg, p=.08). In contrast, all six log-
transformed (ln) HRV metrics were reduced immediately post-RE until 24h of
recovery (p<.05 for all). Furthermore, repeated-measures correlational analyses
showed no significant intraindividual associations between changes in BP and
HRV metrics over time (p>.05 for all). CONCLUSIONS: A single bout of heavy,
exhaustive RE did not induce PEH among our sample of young resistance-trained
men with normal BP. HRV was significantly reduced immediately following RE but
recovered to baseline values after 24h. Changes in BP and HRV acutely and over
72h were unrelated. Caution is warranted when interpreting the clinical and
practical utility of our results given our sample size and normotensive subjects.
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS
49
CHANGES IN ORTHOSTATIC CHALLENGE FOLLOWING MAXIMAL
EXERCISE IN YOUNG ADULTS
Emily Bechke
1
, Lilly Shanahan
2
, Susan D. Calkins
1
, Susan P. Keane
1
, Laurie
Wideman, FACSM
1
.
1
University of North Carolina-Greensboro, Greensboro, NC.
2
University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
BACKGROUND: Autonomic nervous system (ANS) function can be assessed by
heart rate variability (HRV) at rest or in response to an external stimulus, such
as an orthostatic challenge (OC) or exercise. The response of HRV following OC
reflects the functional capacity of the ANS, where depressed responses are linked
to increased risk for various diseases. Additionally, HRV measures at rest and
following OC have been shown to differ by sex, but this response has yet to be
evaluated following an exercise bout. Thus, the purpose of this study was to
determine the impact of maximal exercise on changes in OC between males and
females. METHODS: Young adult males (M) (N=77; Age=19.1±0.8 yrs,
Ht=178.9±8.2cm, Wt=81.1±21.6kg) and females (F) (N=90; Age=18.9±0.7yrs,
Th=165.1±7.4cm, Wt=72.8±18.4kg) completed an OC prior to (PRE) and
following (PST) a maximal treadmill exercise test. The OC consisted of 6-minutes
in the supine, seated, and standing positions, with HRV analysis performed in the
last 5-minutes of each segment. Measures of HRV included a linear metric (root
mean square of successive R-R intervals; rMSSD), frequency metric (high
frequency; HF), and non-linear (complexity) metric (sample entropy; SampEn).
Relative change scores were calculated for the OC between supine to seated
(S1), seated to standing (S2), and supine to standing (S3) positions at PRE and
PST exercise for each HRV metric. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA (sex x
PRE-PST) was used to determine differences in S1, S2, S3 for each HRV metric.
RESULTS: Exercise significantly altered S1, S2, S3 for all HRV metrics, except for
SampEn at S2 (p=0.233), and there were no significant sex differences in any
HRV metrics for S1, S2 or S3 (p≥0.05). CONCLUSION: These results suggest
that non-linear measures may recover more quickly than linear or frequency
metrics of HRV and that certain positional changes within the OC challenge test
may be more sensitive to exercise. This is important since research including
nonlinear measures of HRV are limited and may provide more nuanced
information about ANS function than other HRV metrics. No sex differences were
observed in the current study, but the combination of OC and maximal exercise
should be investigated further in other populations, as it may reflect subtle sex
differences and exercise-induced changes in ANS function.
VASCULAR DYSFUNCTION IN YOUNG ADULTS WITH SARS-COV-2
Laurel Kaitlyn Koontz, Valesha M. Province, Nina Stute, Marc Augenreich, Landry
K. Bobo, Abigail S. Stickford, Jonathan Stickford, Stephan M. Ratchford.
Appalachian State University, Boone, NC.
Background: While SARS-CoV-2 primarily affects the lungs, the virus may be
inflicting detriments to the cardiovascular system, both directly through
angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptor, as well as initiating systemic
inflammation. Persistent systemic inflammation can attenuate nitric oxide (NO)
bioavailability and endothelial dysfunction, an early indication of cardiovascular
disease risk.
Purpose: To determine if prolonged effects on the systemic vasculature, among
otherwise healthy young adults, occur after contracting SARS-CoV-2. Methods:
In order to establish the potential effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the systemic
vasculature in the arms and legs, we performed a cross-sectional analysis of
young healthy adults (Control: 15F/5M, 23.0±1.3y, 167±9cm, 63.0±7.4kg) and
young adults who, 3-4 weeks prior to testing, had tested positive for SARS-CoV-
2 (SARS-CoV-2: 6F/4M, 19.8±1.2y, 172±13cm, 68.4±14.0kg) (mean±SD).
Using Doppler ultrasound, brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in the
arm and single passive limb movement (sPLM) in the leg were assessed as
functional biomarkers of nitric oxide bioavailability. Results: FMD was
significantly reduced in the COVID-19 group (2.48±1.33%) compared to the
Control group (8.59±3.27%) (P<0.01) and when made relative to the shear
stimulus (COVID-19: 0.3±0.02AU, Control: 0.12±0.06AU, P<0.01). The femoral
arterial blood flow response, as evidenced by the area under the curve, from the
sPLM was reduced in the COVID-19 group (-18±102ml) compared to the Control
group (118±114ml) (P<0.01). Conclusion: Contracting SARS-CoV-2 is associated
with a significant decrement in systemic vascular function among otherwise
young healthy adults which is evident weeks after testing positive for SARS-CoV-
2. Funding: Partially funded by internal COVID-19 Research Cluster Award at
Appalachian State University.
THE EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON CHANGE IN ARTERIAL STIFFNESS OVER
TIME, A META-ANALYSIS
Jacklyn Rojas, Brisa Barajas, Patricia Pagan Lassalle, Gabriel Zieff, Lauren Bates,
Michelle L. Meyer, Lee Stoner. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, NC.
BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one cause of death
in the U.S., taking one life every 36 seconds. Sedentarism and insufficient
physical activity are CVD risk factors as they contribute to arterial stiffness.
Arterial stiffness is the compromised ability of blood vessels to expand and recoil.
This can be assessed by pulse wave velocity (PWV), the velocity at which pulse
pressure waves are propagated down the arterial tree. The purpose of this meta-
analysis is to investigate the effect of aerobic (AE) and resistance (RE) exercise
on PWV as a measure of arterial stiffness over time. METHODS: Electronic
databases (PubMed, SPORTDiscus) were searched from inception to July 2020.
Extracted data was used to determine the change effects of time (change in PWV
with weeks of training) and group (exercise intervention vs. control). To account
for effect-size dependency, a 3-level model was conducted with restricted
maximum likelihood estimation. The 3 sources of variance taken into account
included: variance at the level of the subject (Level 1), variance between effect
sizes extracted from the same study (Level 2), and variance between studies
(Level 3). RESULTS: Initially, 110 studies were identified. After evaluation of
study eligibility, data from 6 studies involving 246 participants were extracted for
analysis. The 6 studies included 12 experimental arms (AE=5, RT=2, control=5).
Compared across all studies and exercise and control groups, PWV changed by -
2.87 cm/s per week (95%: -6.73 to 0.99, P=0.139). The majority of the variance
was at levels 3 (I
2
=56%) and 2 (I
2
=25%). Compared to the control group, for
the exercise group PWV changed by -5.10 cm/s per week (95%: -12.65 to 2.44,
P=0.177). When the exercise groups were categorized by exercise modality,
compared to control group the AE group changed by -5.35 cm/s per week
(95%CI: -13.10 to 2.38, P=0.167), and the RT group by -3.23 cm/s per week
(95%CI: -33.99 to 27.54, P=0.831). CONCLUSIONS: The findings were
inconclusive. With an exercise intervention PWV did decrease each week, but the
change did not reach significance. The effects do appear to be stronger for AE
compared to RE. Considering the study design differences, small number of
studies, and the inability to identify whether the change in PWV is non-linear,
further research is warranted. Source of funding: NONE
EFFECTS OF BIOLOGICAL SEX ON CARDIAC DYSFUNCTION DURING
CANCER CACHEXIA
Louisa Tichy. University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC.
Background: Cancer cachexia is a complex metabolic wasting disease that
occurs in up to 80% of cancer patients and is responsible for about 20% of
deaths in cancer patients. While research is growing, cancer cachexia remains a
vastly underestimated and untreated condition. Current research shows that
cardiac muscle is depleted during cancer cachexia, but little research has been
conducted examining the effects of sex on this phenomenon. Purpose: The
purpose of this study was to examine the effects of sex on cardiac dysfunction
during cancer cachexia and determine the underlying mechanisms responsible for
this phenomenon. Methods: Male and female LC3 Tg+ mice underwent a 3-
week Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC; 1x10
6
in flank) protocol. Cardiac function was
assessed via conscious echocardiography, and autophagic and inflammatory
proteins were investigated for their possible role in cancer-mediated cardiac
wasting. Results: Echocardiography revealed that there was a significant
(p<0.05) reduction in the fractional shortening in both males and females when
comparing pre- and post-inoculation values. Furthermore, males exhibited a
significantly greater degree of cardiac dysfunction compared to females after 3
weeks of tumor bearing (fractional shortening: males, -29% vs. female, -8%; P<
0.01). Autophagic flux analysis showed both male and female hearts exhibited a
significant increase in late phase autolysosomes, with females exhibiting
significantly (P< 0.05) more late phase puncta (P< 0.05). Similarly, tumor
bearing females expressed significantly more cardiac LC3-II and FoxO3a
compared to male tumor bearing mice. Interestingly, while both male and female
tumor bearing groups showed increased NF-kB expression (not significant), only
female tumor bearing mice exhibited a significant (P< 0.05) increase in IL-1beta
expression. No significant difference in TNF-alpha levels was found when
comparing tumor bearing males and females. Conclusion: Our data supports the
idea that cardiac dysfunction is mediated by cancer cachexia and that certain
autophagy and inflammatory pathways respond differently based on sex. This
data can serve an important role in understanding how cancer cachexia presents
and progresses differently based off sex and helps identify sex specific targets for
therapeutic intervention.
FUNCTIONAL BALANCE AMOUNT MIDDLE-AGED ADULTS AS A RISK
FACTOR FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE.
Hannah M. Twiddy, Leryn J. Reynolds, Patrick B. Wilson. Old Dominion
University, Norfolk, VA.
Objective. Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the U.S. Thus,
assessing the extent of this disease is a high priority in preserving health
throughout the lifespan. Cardiovascular disorders are now classified as a risk
factor for falls, which is the leading cause of unintentional injury in middle age
and older adults; often requiring hospitalization. This investigation aimed to
measure balance in adults ages 40-64 years with poor ankle brachial pressure
index (ABPI) compared to those with good ABPI. Methods. Data were collected
from the 1999-2000 and 2001-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination
Surveys, which included 2,145 middle-aged adults (age 40-64 years).
Measurements evaluated were functional assessments of vestibular balance
through the Romberg Balance Test and cardiovascular disease risk through right-
sided ABPI. Right-sided ABPI was categorized into poor (≤0.90) or normal
(>0.90). Balance was categorized into pass or fail of the Romberg Balance Test.
Results. Normal ABPI was found in 2,094 (51.07 ± 0.16 years) participants and
poor ABPI in 51 participants (57.08 ± 0.85 years). In middle-aged adults, good
balance was determined from those who passed all 4 conditions (n=1,574)
compared to those who failed one or more conditions (n=571). Individuals with
poor ABPI had a greater odds ratio of having poor balance compared to
individuals with good ABPI. Those with poor ABPI had 3.50 (95%CI:1.69, 7.27;
p=0.001) higher odds of poor balance. Discussion. Poor balance is more
prevalent in individuals at risk for cardiovascular disease as assessed by poor
ABPI. Thus, functional balance may serve as a risk indicator of cardiovascular
disease for middle-aged adults, although future studies should assess whether
these associations are independent of traditional cardiovascular disease risk
factors.
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS
50
BLOOD FLOW RESTRICTION STIMULUS DIFFERS BETWEEN ABSOLUTE
AND RELATIVE PRESSURES
Matthew B. Jessee, Daphney M. Stanford, Matthew A. Chatlaong, William M.
Miller. University of Mississippi, University, MS.
Background: Guidelines suggest blood flow restriction (BFR) be made relative to
individuals’ arterial occlusion pressure (AOP) versus using one absolute pressure
for all individuals, however, the resultant stimulus has not been compared.
Purpose: To compare the BFR stimulus between absolute and relative pressures.
Methods: Using pulsed wave Doppler ultrasonography, 42 participants’ brachial
arterial blood flow was measured twice at rest, then once each at 40% AOP, 80%
AOP, and 100 mmHg (randomized, all separated by 1-min). Blood flow measures
were preceded by 10-min seated rest (AOP determined mid-rest). Changes in
blood flow [mL min
-1
= time-averaged mean velocity (TA
mean
)*πr
2
)], shear rate (s
-
1
=TA
mean
*8/diameter), and oscillatory shear index [AU=|retrograde shear rate|/
(|antegrade shear rate|+|retrograde shear rate|)] were calculated as differences
from rest measure 1 to: rest 2 (∆REST), 40% AOP (∆40%), 80% AOP (∆80%),
and 100 mmHg (∆100), then analyzed [presented as mean (SD)] using one-way
RMANOVAs (p<.05). Results: Changes in total [∆REST=0.20 (26.65); ∆40%=-
34.07 (28.98); ∆80%=-45.45 (34.78); ∆100=-40.23 (31.23); all p≤.018] and
antegrade blood flow [∆REST=1.50 (26.49); ∆40%=-29.78 (29.56); ∆80%=-
42.18 (34.25); ∆100=-34.14 (31.32); all p≤.003] differed across all conditions.
However, retrograde [∆REST=-1.63 (7.39); ∆40%=-4.89 (6.56); ∆80%=-3.58
(6.31); ∆100=-5.94 (6.61)] only differed comparing ∆REST to ∆40% (p=.015)
and ∆80% (p=.006), and ∆80% to ∆100 (p=.009). Changes in total
[∆REST=6.55 (87.91); ∆40%=-145.07 (119.17); ∆80%=-200.02 (149.62);
∆100=-180.74 (140.08); all p≤.009], and antegrade [∆REST=9.88 (85.41);
∆40%=-124.61 (117.89); ∆80%=-182.89 (142.05); ∆100=-154.56 (132.42); all
p≤.001] shear rate differed across all conditions. However, retrograde shear rate
[∆REST=-6.84 (30.38); ∆40%=-22.31 (30.05); ∆80%=-17.89 (32.22); ∆100=-
25.05 (28.95)] only differed comparing ∆REST to ∆40% (p=.011) and ∆100
(p=.005), and ∆80% to ∆100 (p=.010). Oscillatory shear index changes
[∆REST=.02 (.15); ∆40%=.12 (.14); ∆80%=.20 (.15); ∆100=.19 (.17)] differed
across all conditions (all p≤.009), except ∆80% and ∆100 (p=.812).
Conclusion: The blood flow restriction stimulus differs between absolute and
relative pressures in the upper body. Whether these differences alter acute
and/or chronic responses to blood flow restriction should be investigated.
APPLYING RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE BLOOD FLOW RESTRICTION
ALTERS BLOOD FLOW VELOCITY BUT NOT BLOOD PROFILES
Daphney M. Stanford, Matthew A. Chatlaong, William M. Miller, Matthew B.
Jessee. University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS.
BACKGROUND: It is recommended that blood flow restriction (BFR) be applied
relative to an individual rather than applying one absolute pressure. It is unclear
how the different applications alter blood flow characteristics. The purpose of this
study was to compare blood flow velocities and profiles with relative and absolute
pressures. METHODS: Over one visit, after 5-min of seated rest, arterial
occlusion pressure (AOP) was measured with a 5-cm wide nylon pneumatic cuff
at the upper arm. After a second 5-min rest, using pulse wave Doppler
ultrasonography, time averaged mean (TA
mean
) and max (TA
max
) brachial blood
flow velocities were measured over 5 cardiac cycles twice at rest (R1; R2), then
again with each BFR condition (randomized and counter balanced, all separated
by 1-min): 100mmHg (ABS), 40% AOP (40%), and 80% AOP (80%). Blood flow
velocities (cm/s) and profiles (TA
mean
/TA
max
), presented as mean±SD, were
compared across conditions using one-way RMANOVAs (SPSS 27, alpha level
=.05). RESULTS: 26 females and 17 males (age:27±7 years, BMI:24.8±4.1
kg/m
2
, AOP:157±26 mmHg) participated. Antegrade TA
max
was different across
all conditions (40%:8.3±3.0, 80%:4.8±1.9, ABS:6.4±2.6; all:p≤.001) except R1
compared to R2 (R1:15.6±8.4, R2:16.0±8.4; p=.75). Antegrade TA
mean
was
different across pressures (40%:5.2±1.8, 80%:3.0±1.2, ABS:4.1±1.7;
all:p≤.001) compared to rest (R1:10.0±5.6; R2:10.2±5.5; p=.76), which again
did not differ. Retrograde TA
max
was lower than R1 when pressures (40%:-2.8±
2.0, 80%:-2.3±1.6, ABS:-3.0±1.8; all:p≤.007) were applied, but resting
conditions did not differ (R1:-1.3±1.7, R2:-1.7±2.1; p=.29). However,
retrograde TA
max
at 80% was not different from R2 (p=.17) and 40% did not
differ from 80% (p=.09) nor ABS (p=.57). Retrograde TA
mean
decreased from R1
with restriction (40%:-1.7±1.2, 80%:-1.4±1.0, ABS:-1.8±1.1; all:p≤.003),
while resting conditions did not differ (R1:-.8±.9, R2:-1.0±1.2; p=.25).
However, retrograde TA
mean
did not differ from 80% to R2 (p=.12) or 40% from
80% (p=.11) and ABS (p=.57). Neither antegrade (R1:.6±.1; R2:.6±.1;
40%:.7±.2; 80%:.6±.1; ABS:.7±.2; p=.23) nor retrograde (R1:.6±.1;
R2:.6±.1; 40%:.7±.2; 80%:.6±.1; ABS:.7±.2; p=.42) blood velocity profiles
were different. CONCLUSIONS: While blood flow velocity changes are dependent
upon the absolute or relative BFR pressures applied, blood flow velocity profiles
are unaltered.
IMPACT OF ACUTE ANTIOXIDANT SUPPLEMENTATION ON NEURAL
CARDIOVASCULAR CONTROL IN PSORIATIC SUBJECTS
Nina L. Stute, Stephen M. Ratchford, Kevin A. Zwetsloot, Abigail S.L. Stickford.
Appalachian State University, Boone, NC.
BACKGROUND: Recent studies indicate psoriasis not only affects the skin and
joints, but, as a systemic inflammatory disorder, is associated with increased risk
of vascular complications leading to myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular
stroke. Individuals with psoriasis have been shown to have altered cardiovascular
regulation; however, the underlying mechanisms are yet to be fully elucidated.
There is a great deal of hypothesized interplay between systemic inflammation,
oxidative stress, and autonomic function in psoriasis. PURPOSE: Therefore, the
purpose of this proposed study is to elucidate these mechanisms by modulating
inflammation and oxidative stress, via antioxidant supplementation, and monitor
the subsequent impact on muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) and
vascular function. METHODS: Subjects diagnosed with psoriasis will be recruited
from local dermatologists in the Boone, NC area. A repeated measures design
will be accompanied with a placebo-control group (CON). Visits 1 and 2 will take
place 2 weeks apart, where the experimental group (AOx) will supplement with
vitamin C 1000mg, vitamin E 600IU, alpha lipoic acid 600mg, and CON will take
placebo tablets. Visits will consist of: anthropometrics, blood biomarkers,
autonomic function testing battery using microneurography to evaluate MSNA,
and vascular function testing. ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We hypothesize that
MSNA, oxidative stress, and inflammation will be increased in subjects with
psoriasis when compared to previously collected healthy, age-matched data, and
will decrease post antioxidant supplementation in the AOx group. We also
suspect that subjects with psoriasis will show decreased arterial compliance and
endothelium-dependent flow mediated dilation when compared to previously
collected healthy, age-matched data.
THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON STEP COUNT AND HEART RATE
VARIABILITY IN ADULTS.
Brisa Barajas Gomez, Lauren C. Bates, Erik D. Hanson, FACSM, Lee Stoner,
FACSM. UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic was deemed a public health emergency
by the World Health Organization and has since impacted billions of lives
globally. To prevent widespread transmission, school closures, virtual learning,
and social distancing regulations were implemented. An unintended consequence
of these closures is an increased sedentary behavior among adults (>18 years).
High rates of sedentary behavior are associated with cardiovascular disease
(CVD) risk, which can be noninvasively tracked using heart rate variability (HRV).
The purpose of this proposed retrospective observational study is to investigate
the impact COVID-19 is having on sedentary behavior (step count) and HRV
among adults. METHODS: In Spring 2021, male and female adults (n=>50)
associated with a large university (The University of North Carolina and Duke
University students and employees) who wear a smartwatch will be asked to self-
report their step count and monthly average HRV before COVID-19 (February
2020), immediately after school closure (March 2020), and then during COVID-
19 (September 2020). Measurements will be obtained from smartwatch
technology including Apple Watch (version 4, 5, or 6), Polar watch, or Garmin
watch devices. Less than 5,000 steps per day will be considered a sedentary
lifestyle. Additionally, questionnaires will be issued to participants to access the
context of sedentary behavior engagement including questions about time spent
sedentary at work/school, leisure time watching television, leisure-time computer
use, leisure screen time (phone/iPad), transportation sitting, or other sitting.
Changes in sedentary behavior and HRV across the three time points will be
analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA, and the relationship between step
count and HRV will be analyzed using mixed-model regression. ANTICIPATED
RESULTS: We hypothesize that sedentary behavior will increase and HRV will
decrease following COVID-19 and that sedentary behavior is inversely associated
with HRV. This study will potentially allow us to understand more about COVID-
19 related sedentary behavior in adults as well as objectively quantify associated
CVD risk via HRV measurement. Furthermore, investigating the context of
sedentary behavior engagement will allow us to improve our understanding and
success of future interventions.
POSTER AWARDS: DOCTORAL STUDENTS Thursday, Feb. 18, 4:00–5:00 pm EST
PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL DETERMINANTS OF
EXERCISE TOLERANCE IN EARLY BREAST CANCER SURVIVORS
Chad W. Wagoner, Jordan T. Lee, Claudio L. Battaglini, FACSM. UNC Chapel Hill,
Chapel Hill, NC.
Background: Early breast cancer survivors (EBC) have a marked decrease in
physical activity and an impairment in their ability to tolerate exercise as
reflected in their reduced cardiorespiratory fitness (VO
2peak
). Previous literature
has attributed low VO
2peak
to impairments along the oxygen cascade, which
prevents proper delivery and utilization of oxygen. However, little information is
available regarding the impact that skeletal muscle function, body composition,
and patient-reported outcomes may have on influencing exercise tolerance in
this population. Purpose: The purpose of this preliminary evaluation was to
identify the potential role of skeletal muscle function, body composition, and
patient-reported outcomes in exercise tolerance for EBC. Methods: 33 early-
stage (I-III) EBC were recruited. Exercise tolerance was assessed via an
incremental maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) on a cycle ergometer
to obtain VO
2peak
. Determinants of exercise tolerance included lower body muscle
strength assessed via isometric leg extension, lean body mass (LBM) / body fat
percentage (BF%) via DEXA, self-reported cancer-related fatigue (CRF) via
questionnaire, and treatment type. Results: Univariate regression analyses
revealed both lower body strength (R
2
= 0.166; p < 0.03) and greater BF% (R
2
= 0.332; p < 0.01) were associated with lower VO
2peak
. When considering
treatment type, those who only received radiation showed a significant
association between VO
2peak
and lower body strength (R
2
= 0.284; p < 0.05) and
greater BF% (R
2
= 0.594; p < 0.01). Those who received chemotherapy and
radiation displayed an association between VO
2peak
and CRF (R
2
= 0.495; p <
0.03). Conclusions: Lower body muscular strength and body composition are
possible determinants of exercise tolerance in EBC as they were associated with
decreased VO
2peak
. Considering combination therapy, greater CRF also showed
significant associations with decreased VO
2peak.
Provided that VO
2peak
is commonly
assessed on a cycle ergometer, it plausible to consider lower body muscle
function playing a pivotal role in the premature termination of a CPET. Future
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS
51
research should explore whether these factors being improved with exercise
training could possibly lend to improved exercise tolerance. Funded by the Breast
Cancer Research Foundation
CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS AT BASELINE AND IN RESPONSE TO
TRAINING ACROSS METABOLIC HEALTH AND WEIGHT PHENOTYPES
Alexis Jones
1
, Jacob L. Barber
1
, Emmanuel J. Ayala
1
, Charles S. Schwartz
1
,
William A. Clarkson
1
, James S. Skinner, FACSM
2
, Claude Bouchard, FACSM
3
, Mark
A. Sarzynski, FACSM
1
.
1
University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC.
2
Indiana
University, Bloomington, IN.
3
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton
Rouge, LA.
Background. Cardiorespiratory fitness has been proposed to be included as part
of the metabolic health and weight status phenotype. Few studies have examined
how metabolic health/weight status is associated with changes in fitness in
response to exercise training. Thus, the present study examined VO
2
max before
and after endurance training across four metabolic risk and BMI categories in the
HERITAGE Family Study.Methods. Participants (n=718) from HERITAGE
completed a 20-week training program and four groups based on baseline BMI
and metabolic risk were created: metabolically healthy normal weight, MHNW;
metabolically unhealthy normal weight, MUNW; metabolically healthy
overweight/obese, MHO; and metabolically unhealthy overweight/obese, MUO.
Unhealthy was defined as having ≥2 metabolic syndrome components: high
blood pressure, fasting triglycerides, fasting glucose, and low HDL-C. VO
2
max
was measured during two maximal exercise tests on a cycle ergometer at
baseline and post-training. General linear models were used to examine
differences at baseline and change in VO
2
max after adjusting for age, sex, and
ethnicity (and baseline VO
2
max in change models only). Results. There were no
differences in baseline VO
2
max/kg between the normal weight groups (adjusted
mean±SEM: ~33.9±0.5), which were higher than the values for the obese
groups (p<0.0001); MHO had higher VO
2
max/kg compared to MUO (28.8±0.3 vs
27.5±0.4, p=0.004). The MUO group had a significantly (p≤0.03) lower baseline
VO
2
max/kg lean mass (41.2±0.4) compared to values for all other groups,
whose mean values were similar (~43.2±0.5). All four groups experienced
significant increases in VO
2
max with training. The MUO group showed the
smallest increase in both VO
2
max/kg (4.2±0.2) and VO
2
max/kg lean mass
(5.9±0.3), which was significantly different compared to values for all other
groups for VO
2
max/kg (~5.6±0.3). The MHO group showed the largest increase
in VO
2
max/kg lean mass (7.4±0.2), which was different (p≤0.01) from values for
the MHNW (6.6±0.2) and MUO groups. Conclusions. Metabolically unhealthy
obese adults had the lowest baseline values and experienced the smallest
improvements in relative VO
2
max with training of any metabolic health/weight
group. These findings support the notion that cardiorespiratory fitness may not
be a distinguishing characteristic of only metabolic health, but also a potential
target of treatment, particularly in obese adults.
INDIVIDUAL COVID-19 RESPONSE POLICIES’ EFFECTS ON UNIVERSITY
EMPLOYEES’ DAILY STEPS
Jake H. Hudgins, M. Ryan Mason, Marilyn S. Campbell, Martha J. Biddle, Melinda
J. Ickes, Lance M. Bollinger. University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.
BACKGROUND: Many policies and suggestions enacted by governments and
employers in response to the COVID-19 pandemic decreased access to common
places of physical activity. The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of
individual COVID-19 response policies on objectively measured daily steps
(steps∙d
-1
) of university employees. METHODS: To determine the impact of the
specific policies chosen, objectively measured steps∙d
-1
were examined from
commercial triaxial accelerometers (N=559). The average steps∙d
-1
for the three-
day period immediately preceding and following new pandemic response policy
announcements were compared using paired t-tests. RESULTS: Steps∙d
-1
were
not significantly different before and after Kentucky’s “State of Emergency”
declaration (10,675±167 vs. 10,472±178 steps∙d
-1
, p=0.110). Steps∙d
-1
significantly decreased after the announcement of the World Health
Organization’s worldwide pandemic and social distancing recommendation
announcement (10,348±171 v. 9551±156 steps∙d
-1
, p<0.001) as well as after
the cessation of in-person classes at the university being examined (10,100±160
vs. 9,186±167 steps∙d
-1
, p<0.001). Conversely, there was a significant increase
after both the halt of non-essential research at the university (9,186±167 vs.
9,590±175 steps∙d
-1
, p<0.001) and after Kentucky’s “Healthy at Home” order
went into effect (9,693±177 vs. 10,156±185 steps∙d
-1
, p<0.001). Lastly, a non-
significant 1.8% increase in steps∙d
-1
was seen after the statewide ban on mass
gatherings (9,523±171 vs. 9,693±177 steps∙d
-1
, p=0.154). CONCLUSION: These
results indicate there may be positive or negative unintended consequences on
daily steps depending on the nature of the pandemic policy implemented.
Moreover, the effect of later withdrawing or relaxing these policies is still unclear.
Governments and employers may need to consider not only pandemic policy
effectiveness in reducing community disease transmission but also the potentially
detrimental effects on health behaviors such as physical activity. FUNDING:
National Center for Research Resources and the National Center for Advancing
Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, supported this research
through Grant UL1TR001998. The content is solely the responsibility of the
authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH. The
authors declare no conflict of interest.
LIPOPROTEIN-INSULIN RESISTANCE (LPIR) SCORES DECREASED
FOLLOWING AN OPTIFAST AND AEROBIC EXERCISE PROGRAM
Emily Grammer
1
, Joshua McGee
1
, Taylor Brown
1
, Marie Clunan
1
, Anna Huff
1
,
Briceida Osborne
1
, Laura Matarese
1
, Walter Pories
1
, Joseph Houmard
1
, Robert
Carels
1
, Mark Sarzynski, FACSM
2
, Damon Swift
1
.
1
East Carolina University,
Greenville, NC.
2
University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC.
BACKGROUND: Early detection of insulin resistance may be effective in
combatting the type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) global crisis. The lipoprotein
insulin resistance index (LPIR) quantifies T2DM risk based on lipoprotein particle
size parameters in relation to insulin levels. However, a lack of data exists on the
effect of weight loss and aerobic exercise on LPIR score. METHODS: Thirty
sedentary overweight and obese adults (Age: 46.2 ± 10.7 yrs.; Weight: 95.4 ±
12.6 kg; BMI: 34.4 ± 3.3 kg/m
2
) completed a 10-week OPTIFAST weight loss
program and supervised aerobic exercise training with the goal of achieving
clinical weight loss (≥7% body weight). The OPTIFAST program involved
consuming meal-replacement products totaling ~800 kcals per day. Participants
attended weekly classes on behavior modification and nutrition. The weekly
aerobic exercise volume was 300 MET min and increased by 50 MET min each
week until 700 MET min per week was reached. Plasma blood samples were
analyzed using high-throughput nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
(LabCorp, NC) at baseline and at follow-up, LPIR score was calculated through
the summation of selected lipoprotein parameters and scaled between 0 (most
insulin sensitive) and 100 (least insulin sensitive). RESULTS: Participants had an
average reduction in weight (-8.4 kg or 9.9%, p < 0.001), % fat mass (-2.1 %,
p < 0.001), and waist circumference (-7.7 cm, p < 0.001), but no change in
absolute peak oxygen uptake (0.02 L/min, p = 0.737), after the intervention.
Additionally, there was a reduction in LPIR score (-12.1, p < 0.001), insulin (-8.9
uIU/mL, p = 0.002), and glucose (-11.2 mg/dL, p < 0.001), along with an
average decrease in blood lipid levels: triglycerides (-27.2 mg/dL, p = 0.001),
and lipoproteins: very-low-density lipoprotein (-5.5 mg/dL, p = 0.001) and low-
density lipoprotein (-7.9 mg/dL, p = 0.013). Changes in LPIR were associated
with changes in triglycerides (r = 0.41, p = 0.025). No significant associations
were observed between changes in LPIR and body composition, fitness, or blood
pressure changes (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: LPIR improved following an
OPTIFAST program with aerobic exercise, suggesting a reduction in T2DM risk
independent of traditional glycemic measures. Future research should investigate
how to maintain improvements in LPIR after obtaining weight loss.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CELL FREE DNA AND VOLUME LOAD
Henry M. Lang
1
, Michelle M. Duffourc
2
, Caleb D. Bazyler
3
, Michael W. Ramsey
3
,
Jeremy A. Gentles
3
.
1
University of Mary, Department of Exercise Physiology,
Bismarck, ND.
2
East Tennessee State University Quillen College of Medicine,
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Molecular Biology Core Facility, Johnson
City, TN.
3
East Tennessee State University, Department of Sport, Exercise,
Recreation, and Kinesiology, Johnson City, TN.
BACKGROUND: Cell free DNA (cf-DNA) is a biomarker used to track immune
response to different stimuli including post-trauma organ failure, quantifying cell
necrosis following myocardial infarction, and monitoring tumor metastasis in
cancer patients. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), rather than cell necrosis or
apoptosis, are thought to be the primary source of cf-DNA following exercise
training. The primary purpose of this study was to assess the sensitivity of cf-
DNA to different resistance training volume-loads, within a heterogenous group
of participants. The secondary purpose was to examine the ability of relative
strength to predict cf-DNA response to resistance training. METHODS: Thirty
participants were recruited for this study, 15 males and 15 females. Participants’
back squat (BS) 1 repetition maximum (1RM) were obtained with a mean 1RM of
153.5 ± 34.0kg for males and 71.2 ± 14.6 for females. Relative strength was
calculated by dividing 1RM by body mass (male relative strength = 1.7 ± 0.3
kg/kgBW, female relative strength = 1.1 ± 0.2 kg/kgBW). Participants abstained
from exercise for 48hrs after 1RM testing followed by a BS session consisting of 6
sets of 10 repetitions at 60% of the participants’ 1RM. Blood was collected via
venous draws into 4ml EDTA vacutainers at 3 time points; immediately before
(T1), after 3 sets (T2), and after 6 sets (T3) of the BS. RESULTS: A repeated
measures ANOVA showed that cf-DNA increased significantly from T1 (407.72 ±
320.83) to T2 (1244.6 ± 875.83) (p < 0.001 , Cohen’s d = 0.96) and T1 (407.72
± 320.83) to T3 (1331.15 ± 1141.66) (p < 0.001, Cohen’s d = 1.06), while no
statistical difference was found between T2 and T3. The linear regression model
to predict %Δ cf-DNA from T1 to T3 from relative strength was found to be
significant (p = 0.04; R
2
= 0.15). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that
cf-DNA increases as the resistance training volume load increases. This study
also illustrates that individuals with greater relative strength may experience a
greater relative cf-DNA increase when relative intensity is constant. The current
study builds on the body of research illustrating cf-DNA provides insights into the
immune response following resistance training.
NRF2/KEAP1 PATHWAY CHANGES IN MUSCLE ASSOCIATED WITH
EXERCISE TRAINING
Kerry Martin, Traci Parry, Allan Goldfarb, FACSM. University of North Carolina at
Greensboro, Greensboro, NC.
Exercise is known to increase oxidative stress (OS), which has the potential to
signal change in the cells, often leading to cell protection when OS is
manageable. This OS-induced protection has been implicated in many diseases,
including cancer, CVD, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, etc. Cells have the
capacity to respond to OS and also control OS by antioxidant enzymes, such as
superoxide dismutase (SOD) and heme oxygenase (HO). When OS occurs,
reactive molecules interact with kelch-like ECH associated protein 1 (KEAP1),
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS
52
which leads to the release of nuclear erythroid-related factor 2 like-2 (Nrf2). Nrf2
can translocate to the nucleus to bind to regions of DNA to induce antioxidants,
promoting cytoprotection. Acute exercise of sufficient intensity can up-regulate
Nrf2 into the nucleus. However, changes in response to exercise training on
these two proteins in the pathway are not well defined. Purpose: The purpose of
this study was to examine the changes that occur in response to exercise
training in the KEAP1/Nrf2/antioxidant pathway in skeletal muscle. Methods:
Fourteen mice (C57BL) exercised for 8 wks, 5x/day for 45-60 min., using a
protocol designed to elicit OS, and were compared to sedentary control mice
(n=9). Mice were sacrificed 72 hrs after the last exercise session, and hindlimb
gastrocnemius, soleus, and quadriceps (superficial and deep) were collected and
flash frozen using liquid nitrogen. Samples were thawed, homogenized, and
separated into nuclear and cytosolic fractions. Each fraction was analyzed by
multiplexed western blotting, using fluorescent primary antibodies (anti-: KEAP1,
Nrf2, SOD1, HO1, GAPDH), imaged using a GE Typhoon scanner, corrected to
GAPDH. A repeated measures MANOVA was conducted followed with univariate
rm-ANOVAs. Results: Exercise training increased total Nrf2 by 31.9% (p < .001)
and nuclear Nrf2 by 69.2% (p <<.001 ), avg. across all muscles, compared to
sedentary mice. Additionally, the soleus muscle demonstrated an 89% increase
in KEAP1 in trained mice. HO1 increased in the nucleus only (74.5%, p < .001),
while SOD1 increased in both nuclear and cytosolic fractions (N: 32.9%, p <
.001; C: 18%, p = .048). Conclusion: Exercise training appears to increase
total and nuclear-located Nrf2, as well as a modest increase of KEAP1 in the
cytosol. In addition, there were increases in HO1 and SOD1 in the nucleus of
these muscles, that may be due to increased pathway activation. These findings
shed light on exercise-induced changes in the KEAP1/Nrf2 pathway, and how it
might contribute to protecting cells, which would be beneficial for a number of
diseases. Further investigations should examine other aspects of this pathway,
such as NRF2 binding to DNA, other down-stream redox molecules, and the
degradation pathway for Nrf2/KEAP1 molecules.
EARLY-ONSET PHYSICAL INACTIVITY IN TUMOR-BEARING MICE IS
ASSOCIATED WITH ACCELERATED CACHEXIA
Brittany Counts-Franch, Jessica Halle, James Carson, FACSM. University of
Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN.
BACKGROUND: Inactivity and skeletal muscle mass loss are critical
characteristics of cancer cachexia. Physical inactivity is beginning to be examined
for its role in exacerbating cancer cachexia progression. While the Lewis lung
carcinoma (LLC) model is a widely used pre-clinical cancer cachexia model, the
degree of cachexia exhibits considerable variability. Many studies using the LLC
cachexia model report only pre- or mild cachexia and have not examined the
physical activity level during the initiation and progression of cachexia.
Therefore, we examined if the early-onset of physical inactivity was associated
with accelerated cachexia development in tumor-bearing mice. METHODS: Male
C57BL/6J (12 wks. age) were injected with 1 x 10
6
LLC cells (n=28) or PBS
(n=23) subcutaneously in the right flank, and tissue was collected 26-28 days
post cell injection. Tumor volume and body weight were measured every 5 days
throughout the study to calculate the tumor growth rate. Fifteen days post tumor
inoculation, a subset of mice (PBS n=10, LLC n=11) were individually housed in
metabolic cages for 5 days. Plasma Interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations were
measured by Elisa at the end of the study. RESULTS: We report a wide range of
tumor mass at the end of the study (N= 28; 0.39-5.48g), which coincided with a
large variation in bodyweight loss (-20% to 6.2%). Mice with high growth rate
large tumors (HGLT) (n=10) exhibited significantly greater bodyweight loss (-
7.8%), decreased muscle mass (-17%) and fat mass (-42%) compared to low
growth rate small tumors (LGST) (n=9). Total cage activity was decreased (day
15) in tumor-bearing mice; before measurable differences to tumor volume,
HGLT tumor mice exhibited significantly reduced cage activity compared to LGST.
Tumor mass was associated with decreases in cage activity (r = -0.865;
p=0.001). Metabolically, HGLT had significantly greater lipid oxidation compared
to LGST. Plasma IL-6 was significantly elevated in LLC mice and was increased in
HGLT compared to LGST tumor mice. Interestingly, end of study plasma IL-6
concentrations was associated to early declines in cage activity (r= -0.823;
p=0.004) and increased lipid oxidation (r= 0.745, p=0.013). CONCLUSION:
Early-onset inactivity and systemic metabolic dysfunction were associated with a
greater degree of cachexia severity at the end of the study. Future studies
should investigate if tumor-derived factors are driving the early suppression of
physical activity. Acknowledgments: NCI R01-CA121249
COMPARISON OF LEISURE TIME PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES OF METABOLIC
SYNDROME POSITIVE AND GENERAL POPULATIONS
Robert Booker, Megan E. Holmes. Mississippi State University, Mississippi State,
MS.
The constellation of cardiometabolic indices elevating risk of morbidity and
mortality is referred to as metabolic syndrome (MetS). Engaging in physical
activity (PA) has a beneficial impact on MetS. However, it is unclear what specific
types of PA MetS-positive individuals are engaging in and how this compares with
the general population. PURPOSE: This study aimed to identify how self-
reported engagement in types of PA of MetS-positive individuals compared to the
general population. METHODS: Using 2015-2016 National Health and Nutritional
Examination Survey data, individuals with no missing cardiometabolic data were
classified as MetS positive using ATP-III criteria (obesity, dysglycemia,
dyslipidemia, and hypertension). Participants reported the types of PA engaged
in the past seven days. Expected reported types of PA for the general population
was gathered from the 2011 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. A Chi-
Square Goodness of Fit was used to examine if MetS-positive individuals engage
in the same types of PA at the same prevalence as the general population.
RESULTS: MetS-positive individuals reported engaging only in active video
gaming, aerobics, basketball, bike riding, football, roller blading, running, soccer,
and walking. The general population had a greater prevalence for all nine types
of PA with a significant difference in the observed and expected prevalence of
types of PA among MetS-positive individuals and the general population (χ
2
=
91.71, p<0.001). Active video gaming and walking the most prevalent types of
PA among MetS-positive individuals and the general population, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the distribution of the types of PA MetS-positive
individuals engaged in is different from the general population. MetS-positive
individuals engaged in a lower prevalence of all reported PAs. The low levels of
PA in tandem with MetS increase risk of morbidity and mortality. Understanding
which types of PA are prevalent among MetS-positive individuals, such as active
video gaming, may help to guide future efforts on how to increase PA
engagement and subsequently improve health.
POSTER AWARDS: MASTERS STUDENTS Thursday, Feb. 18, 4:00–5:00 pm EST
ASSOCIATION OF BONE MINERAL DENSITY AND LOWER-BODY POWER
IN DIVISION-I COLLEGIATE SOCCER PLAYERS
Hannah Elizabeth Ramirez, Ronald L. Snarr. Georgia Southern University,
Statesboro, GA.
BACKGROUND: Bone mineral density (BMD) is an important indicator of overall
bone health and is demonstrated to be highly correlated with a lower risk of
injury and osteoporosis. For athletes, undergoing chronic plyometric and power-
based training has been shown to positively impact BMD. Therefore, for
individuals with greater lower-body power, it may be hypothesized that BMD can
be predicted from an increased vertical jump height. Repetitive impact during the
counter-movement jump (CMJ) may provide a stimulus that increases BMD. The
purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between lower-body
power and BMD in collegiate soccer players. METHODS: Thirty-two (females:
n=12, 18.08±0.79 years; males: n=20, 19.15±1.46 years) Division-I soccer
athletes agreed to participate in this study. In order to assess lower-body power,
each athlete performed three trials of a counter-movement jump on a switch
mat. Participants were instructed to jump as high as possible and to reach the
arms towards the ceiling on the ascent. A one-minute rest period was given
between each jump and the best trial was recorded. Following this, BMD was
analyzed via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). In order to determine
the association between BMD and lower-body power, Pearson’s Product
correlations were calculated for the entire group and each sex. RESULTS: For
the entire group (n=32), results indicated a moderate-to-large, positive
correlation between BMD and lower-body power (r=0.68; p<0.01). However,
when factored by sex, a low-strength, positive correlation was observed in males
(r=0.23; p=0.34); whereas, no relationship existed between BMD and lower-
body power in females (r=0.14; p=0.66). CONCLUSIONS: While the results
indicated a moderate-to-strong association between BMD and lower-body power
for the entire group, this effect was diminished when factored by sex. While
chronic impact and loading can positively effect BMD, the measurement of
vertical jump height may not fully represent lower-body power for soccer
players. Therefore, future research should consider the examination of a sport-
specific test to explore the association between BMD and lower-body power in
soccer athletes.
AGREEMENT BETWEEN ACUTE CHANGES IN CAROTID-FEMORAL AND
BRACHIAL-FEMORAL PULSE WAVE VELOCITY
Jillian Poles
1
, Nathan Adams
1
, Elizabeth Kelsch
1
, Kevin Heffernan
2
, Michelle L.
Meyer
1
, Kathryn Burnet
1
, Robert J. Kowalsky
3
, Bethany Barone Gibbs
4
, Lee
Stoner, FACSM
1
.
1
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
2
Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY.
3
Texas A&M University- Kingsville, Kingsville,
TX.
4
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
BACKGROUND: Carotid-femoral (cf) pulse wave velocity (PWV) is considered the
gold standard measure of arterial stiffness, and independently predicts
cardiovascular disease. cfPWV can be difficult to obtain, as applanation of the
carotid artery is technically challenging. Brachial-femoral (bf)PWV is a simpler
alternative. However, bfPWV has not been as widely used and there is limited
research comparing the two measures. In order to comprehensively study
agreement between the two, it is important to know not only how well they
agree at rest, but also to what extent change in cfPWV corresponds to change in
bfPWV. METHODS: In 18 healthy, young subjects, PWV was measured using the
Vicorder (SMT Medical) under standardized conditions. bfPWV was first recorded,
followed by cfPWV, in the supine position. Additionally, to determine whether
change in one measure corresponds to change in the other, measurements were
also repeated in the seated posture, in the same order. Postural change was
used to induce an acute and controlled change in PWV. Mixed model regression
was used to calculate agreement between the two measures. The bfPWV
measure was regressed against the cfPWV and nested within subject and posture
(supine, seated), with subject and posture intercepts specified as random. The
random variance components were used to calculate overall agreement (overall
agreement between cfPWV and bfPWV) and repeated-measures agreement
(change in cfPWV versus change in bfPWV) between measures. Agreement was
assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), with ICC ≥ 0.70
representing a strong agreement, and ICC ≥ 0.90 representing a very strong
agreement. RESULTS: Complete data from 18 subjects (22.6 ± 3.1 years old,
33% female) was included in the analysis. Mean supine cfPWV was 6.1 ± 0.9
m/s, and mean seated cfPWV was 7.8 ± 1.0 m/s. There was strong overall
agreement (ICC: 0.74, 95%CI: 0.59-0.84) and very strong repeated measure
agreement (ICC: 0.90, 95%CI: 0.84-0.94) between cfPWV and bfPWV.
CONCLUSIONS: The current findings indicate a strong agreement between bfPWV
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS
53
and cfPWV, and that change in bfPWV is very strongly associated with change in
cfPWV. The use of bfPWV, a more user-friendly method than cfPWV, can be used
interchangeably to assess arterial stiffness.
CLINICAL PREDICTORS OF VO
2
MAX RESPONSE TO ENDURANCE
TRAINING: HERITAGE FAMILY STUDY
Emanuel J. Ayala
1
, Jacob L. Barber
1
, Charles S. Schwartz
1
, Jeremy M. Robbins
2
,
Robert E. Gerszten
2
, Xuewen Wang
1
, James S. Skinner, FACSM
3
, Claude
Bouchard, FACSM
4
, Mark A. Sarzynski, FACSM
1
.
1
University of South Carolina,
Columbia, SC.
2
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA.
3
Indiana
University, Bloomington, IN.
4
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton
Rouge, LA.
Background: There is wide variation in the response of VO
2
max to exercise
training. However, the influence of baseline phenotypes on VO
2
max trainability
(ΔVO
2
max) is not well studied. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine
the contribution of modifiable, biologically, and clinically relevant baseline traits
to absolute ΔVO
2
max (mL/min). Methods: Participants were 488 sedentary,
healthy adults between the ages of 17-65 (56% female, 33% Black) who
completed 20 weeks of standardized aerobic exercise training as part of the
HERITAGE Family Study. Phenotypes were measured at baseline and post-
training. Baseline resting and submaximal exercise (i.e., 50 Watts) measures of
cardiopulmonary (e.g., cardiac output, ventilation, blood pressure) and metabolic
traits (e.g., lactate, free fatty acids), as well as body composition traits (e.g.,
percent body fat, fat free mass) were entered into a forward selection regression
model predicting ΔVO
2
max with age, sex, and race forced into the model.
Results: A total of 34 traits were entered into the forward selection model, with
10 traits associated with ΔVO
2
max at p<0.05: fat free mass (partial r
2
= 2.9%);
percent body fat (partial r
2
= 1.7%); arteriovenous oxygen difference at 50W
(partial r
2
= 1.6%); stroke index at 50W (partial r
2
= 1.5%); visceral fat (partial
r
2
= 1.5%); ventilation at 50W (partial r
2
= 1.0%); concentration of hemoglobin
(partial r
2
= 1.6%), hematocrit (partial r
2
= 1.4%), and resting lactate (partial r
2
= 0.6%); and tidal volume at 50W (partial r
2
= 0.7%). This panel of 10 traits
explained approximately 14.5% of the variance in ΔVO
2
max. Conclusion: The
contribution of baseline measures of modifiable cardiopulmonary, metabolic, and
body composition traits to absolute ΔVO
2
max was minimal. The variance in
ΔVO
2
max explained in this study may be higher than normal due to the use of
predictor variables derived and tested in a single study cohort. There remains a
large portion of the variance in ΔVO
2
max that is not yet explained. Further
research is needed to identify other modifiable factors that may influence
VO
2
max trainability.
EFFECTS OF CLEAR, TINTED, AND MIRROR TINTED FOOTBALL HELMET
VISORS ON REACTION TIME AND TARGET-DETECTION
Rachel Miller
1
,
,2
, Anna Covington
1
, Rebecca Rogers
1
, Justin Moody
1
, Christopher
Ballmann
1
.
1
Samford University, Birmingham, AL.
2
University of West Alabama,
Livingston, AL.
BACKGROUND: We have previously shown that clear football helmet visors do
not impair peripheral vision reactive time (PRT). Currently, almost all
organizations and levels of competitive football allow clear visor use but ban the
wearing of dark tinted visors during gameplay. However, whether tinted visors
influence visuomotor ability is currently unknown. PURPOSE: The purpose of
this study was to examine the effects of clear, tinted, and mirror tinted helmet
visors on PRT and target detection in collegiate football players. METHODS:
Division 1 NCAA football players with normal/corrected to normal vision
participated. In a randomized manner, participants completed PRT tests for the
following conditions: Baseline/no helmet (BL), Helmet only (HO), Helmet + Clear
Visor (HCV), Helmet + Tinted (40% Visual Light Transmittance) Visor (HTV), and
Helmet + Mirror Tinted (28% Visual Light Transmittance) Visor (HMV). For each
condition, a 60 s PRT test was completed on a Dynavision D2 visuomotor board.
Subjective perception of how visors would affect field performance was assessed
with a 7-point Likert scale questionnaire. RESULTS: Independent of visors, all
helmet conditions resulted in significantly slower average PRT and lower target
hits compared to BL (p<0.05). HMV resulted in slower average PRT compared to
HO (p<0.001) and HCV (p=0.015). Target hits were lower with HMV versus HO
(p<0.001) and HCV (p=0.008). However, no differences existed between HTV or
HMV for PRT or target hits (p>0.05). Subjectively, participants believed that the
HTV and HMV would make their performance worse on the field compare to HCV
(p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Wearing a helmet regardless of visor type worsens
PRT and target detection. However, only the mirror tinted visor exacerbated
impairments in peripheral visuomotor ability. Since mirrored visors resulted in
poorer visuomotor ability beyond that of solely a helmet or clear visor, caution is
warranted in use of mirrored visors during competition for both performance and
safety concerns.
THE EFFECTS OF PREVIOUS AMENORRHEA ON VASCULAR FUNCTION
Katherine T. Williford, Emma Frye, Erin Bouldin, Denise Martz, Rebecca Kappus.
Appalachian State University, Boone, NC.
BACKGROUND: Young premenopausal women are susceptible to amenorrhea,
which contributes to negative vascular remodeling and endothelial dysfunction. It
is unknown whether these vascular changes are permanent or reversable when
regaining a consistent menstrual cycle. METHODS: This study examined
subclinical cardiovascular disease risk factors and the vascular function of 10
eumenorrheic women, and 6 previously amenorrhoeic women (mean age: 23 ± 2
years). The amenorrheic women ceased menses for an average of 11.5 ± 2
months and regained menus for a mean of 33 ± 30 months before testing.
Anthropometric measurements, physical activity, central (aortic) and peripheral
(brachial) blood pressures, carotid intima media thickness, carotid beta stiffness,
and brachial flow mediated dilation were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA.
When significance was detected a Bonferroni Post Hoc analysis was performed.
An ANCOVA was performed to control for variance and confounding factors.
RESULTS: Compared to the eumenorrheic group, the previously amenorrheic
females had significantly lower brachial systolic blood pressure (116 ± 7 mmHg
vs 106 ± 10 mmHg), mean arterial pressure (82 ± 5 mmHg vs 75 ± 6 mmHg),
aortic systolic blood pressure (100 ± 7 mmHg vs 89 ± 6 mmHg), aortic diastolic
blood pressure (67 ± 7 mmHg vs 59 ± 6 mmHg), aortic mean arterial pressure
(82 ± 6 mmHg vs 73 ± 4 mmHg), and higher weekly minutes of physical activity
(156 ± 71 mins vs 280 ± 30 mins). After controlling for physical activity using an
ANCOVA, group differences in SBP (p=0.03) and aortic MAP (p=0.05) remained
significant. There were no significant differences in carotid intima media
thickness, beta stiffness, and brachial flow mediated dilation. CONCLUSION:
There were no significant differences in vascular structure remodeling between
groups. The amenorrhoeic group displayed higher amounts of exercise, and
lower peripheral and central blood pressure. This suggests that there are no
long-term detrimental cardiovascular effects from previous amenorrhea and that
physical activity may play a role in lowering central and peripheral blood
pressure.
MUSCLE CONTRACTION BY HIGH-FREQUENCY ELECTRICAL STIMULATION
INDUCES HIPPO SIGNALING EFFECTOR YAP RESPONSE IN APC
MIN/+
MICE
Richard Thomas Yongue, Shuichi Sato, Emily Walker. University of Louisiana at
Lafayette, Lafayette, LA.
BACKGROUND: mTOR is an established anabolic signaling that controls the
tissue size and responds to resistance-type exercise, even under muscle-wasting
conditions. Hippo signaling effector YAP also plays a role in regulating skeletal
muscle size. However, whether YAP responds to such an external stimulus is
unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine whether muscle
contraction would trigger YAP response in mice with tumor burden. METHODS:
Male Apc
Min/+
(Min, n=6) mice and age-matched Wild-type (WT, n=6) mice were
used in this study. A single bout of high-frequency electric stimulations (HFES,
ten sets of six repetitions, ~18 min) was applied to both groups under
anesthesia. This intervention induced eccentric contraction on the left tibialis
anterior (TA) muscle. Right TA served as contra-lateral control. 30 min following
the HFES, both TA muscles were excised and snap-frozen in the liquid nitrogen
for further analysis. Total protein was extracted from the tissues, and routine
western blotting was conducted using approximately 60~100 µg of the total
protein. Muscle weight datum was analyzed by a Student’s t-test. Western blot
data were analyzed by a two-way ANOVA with repeated measures (genotype x
HFES). Post-hoc analyses were performed with the Bonferroni test when
appropriate. The coefficient of determination (r
2
) was used to examine whether a
linear regression model fits the plots. RESULTS: Min mice lost approximately
18.0% of body weight (BW) compared to their peak BW at the time of HFES.
Control TA muscle was smaller in Min mice than WT mice (52.6 mg±1.1 vs. 35.4
mg±1.2, respectively, p<0.01). These data confirmed that Min mice developed
cachexia. Densitometry analysis of Western blot data showed that HFES
increased the phosphorylation (p-) levels of p70S6K regardless of genotype
(p<0.01). However, the p-p70S6K response to HFES was higher in WT mice than
Min mice (2.5 folds vs. 1.5 folds, p<0.01). HFES upregulated pYAP levels
(p<0.01), but we observed a significant interaction between genotype and HFES
(p<0.05), indicative of altered responses to HFES. When the fold differences
were plotted, there was a significant inversed relationship between p-p70S6K
and p-YAP (r
2
=0.565, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that
muscle contraction by HFES evokes YAP activity, but the response is different
between healthy and cachectic mice.
SLEEP DURATION AND ARTERIAL STIFFNESS, A META ANALYSIS
Alex N. Pomeroy
1
, Patricia Pagan Lassalle
1
, Christopher E. Kline, FACSM
2
, Kevin
S. Heffernan
3
, Lee Stoner, FACSM
1
.
1
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,
Chapel Hill, NC.
2
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
3
Syracuse University,
Syracuse, NY.
BACKGROUND: Research has shown chronically short (<7 hours) and long (>9
hours) sleep duration may increase cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk relative to
recommended sleep duration (7-9 hours). However, the factors contributing to
CVD risk that also relate to sleep duration are less understood. One factor could
be arterial stiffness (AS), an indicator of CVD risk. This study sought to
consolidate the literature examining the association between sleep duration and
AS. Studies using pulse wave velocity (PWV), the “gold standard” for AS
measurement, were selected for analysis. METHODS: Electronic databases
(PubMed, SPORTDiscus) from inception to July 2020 were referenced. Initially,
464 studies were identified. After evaluation of study eligibility, data from 10
cross-sectional studies involving 83,032 participants (65% male) were extracted
for meta-analysis. Meta-analyses were completed on 3 sleep duration categories
(short, recommended, and long), including sub-group analysis for
cardiometabolic health status, sleep disorder status, PWV method, and age
category (<65 or 65+ y). Effect sizes were calculated as weighted mean
differences (WMD) using a random-effects model. Standardized mean differences
(SMD) were also calculated to determine effect size magnitude, with a SMD of
<0.2 as a small effect, 0.2-0.8 as moderate, and >0.8 as large. RESULTS: Short
sleep duration resulted in a small but significant increase in PWV (WMD=15.25
cm/s, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 9.02-21.48 cm/s, p<0.001, SMD=0.02).
Long sleep duration resulted in a large and positive increase in PWV
(WMD=33.83 cm/s, 95% CI: 19.87-47.80 cm/s, p<0.001, SMD=0.82). Older
age had a small moderating effect in short (WMD=16.8 cm/s, 95% CI: 10.3-23.2
cm/s, p<0.001, SMD=0.02) and a large moderating effect in long (WMD=16.7
cm/s, 95% CI: 10.3-23.2 cm/s, p<0.001, SMD= 0.95) sleep. Cardiometabolic
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS
54
disease had a small moderating effect in short (WMD=16.6 cm/s, 95% CI: 10.3-
23.0 cm/s, p<0.001, SMD= 0.03) and a large moderating effect in long
(WMD=26.7 cm/s, 95% CI: 11.7-41.6 cm/s, p<0.001, SMD=0.90) sleep.
CONCLUSIONS: Short and long sleep are associated with greater PWV (i.e.
elevated CVD risk) relative to recommended sleep duration. The effects of short
or long sleep on PWV are more pronounced in adults who are older and with a
cardiometabolic disease. These findings indicate arterial stiffness is a factor
influencing CVD risk in short and long sleep.
THE EFFECTS OF PRE-EXERCISE GLYCEROL HYPERHYDRATION ON
SUBSEQUENT EXERCISE PERFORMANCE: A META-ANALYSIS
Nicholas T. Barefoot
1
, Tori Stone
2
,
,3
, Danilo Tolusso
4
, Jonathan Wingo, FACSM
1
,
Hayley MacDonald
1
.
1
University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL.
2
Yale School of
Medicine, New Haven, CT.
3
The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT.
4
Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY.
BACKGROUND: Dehydration can negatively affect exercise performance by
increasing cardiovascular strain and hyperthermia. Studies have explored the use
of glycerol-containing beverages to maintain hydration status and attenuate
decrements in performance with mixed results. Therefore, we sought to
systematically review and quantitatively synthesize the available literature to
estimate the effect of glycerol supplementation on exercise performance.
METHODS: Six electronic databases were searched for studies that included the
following: human subjects ≥18 y, glycerol and placebo or control
conditions/groups, and a measure of performance. RESULTS: Twenty studies
yielded 33 effects (k). Subjects (n = 166) were young adults ([M ± SD] 25.2 ±
3.8 y), highly fit (maximal oxygen uptake = 58.3 ± 4.1 mL·kg
-1
·min
-1
), and
mostly men (98%). The majority of our sample (k = 25, 76%) had subjects
exercise in hot and/or humid environmental conditions (32.6 ± 2.6°C) and more
than half (k = 17, 52%) used a measure of total work (e.g, distance covered,
time to exhaustion) to gauge performance. On average, studies achieved a
moderate quality rating (satisfied 61.6 ± 9.2% of quality items), although the
quality scores ranged widely from 38.3 to 86.4%. Overall, glycerol
supplementation had a negligible effect on performance compared to a placebo
or control treatment (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.16; 95% CI: -
0.01, 0.26) and this SMD effect size lacked heterogeneity (Q
32
= 10.25, p =
0.99; I
2
= 0%). A priori subgroup analyses failed to identify any significant effect
modifiers related to sample characteristics (e.g., training status, baseline
hydration status), performance test and environmental conditions (e.g.,
anaerobic vs. aerobic test, hot vs. thermoneutral environment), or glycerol
supplementation (e.g., dosage, mixture vs. bolus consumption method) (p >0.05
for all). CONCLUSIONS: Glycerol supplementation was found to have a
negligible effect on exercise performance; however, the practical significance of
its use should also be considered when interpreting these results. The lack of
heterogeneity observed in our sample limits the external validity of our findings
(i.e., ecological fallacy). Hence, the lack of improvement in performance may be
attributable to the specific characteristics of our sample and not the glycerol
supplementation per se. Future studies should investigate the potential
performance benefits of glycerol supplementation among unique populations or
exercise modes, during conditions that elicit greater and prolonged heat stress.
ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN BASIC PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS AND
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN UNDERGRADUATE SENIORS DURING THE COVID-
19 PANDEMIC
Molly K. Clounch, Elizabeth D. Hathaway. University of Tennessee at
Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN.
BACKGROUND: According to Self-Determination Theory, individuals have three
basic needs: autonomy, relatedness, and competence that when satisfied lead to
optimal motivation, performance, and well-being. Physical activity (PA) is
promoted as beneficial to both physical and mental health and has been
increasingly promoted during the COVID-19 pandemic for its benefits during this
challenging time. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationships
between physical activity and autonomy, relatedness, and competency among
senior exercise students at a Southeastern university during the COVID-19
pandemic. METHODS: Students (N=124, 21.5±1.6 y, 65% female, 78% white)
enrolled in an upper level course completed surveys at Weeks 2 and 6 during Fall
2020. The Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale (BPNSFS)
was completed at Week 2 and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire
(IPAQ) was completed at Weeks 2 and 6. The BPNSFP was used to compute the
following: Autonomy Satisfaction, Autonomy Frustration, Relatedness
Satisfaction, Relatedness Frustration, Competence Satisfaction, Competence
Frustration. The IPAQ was used to assess time spent in vigorous, moderate, and
walking activities during the previous 7 days. Pearson correlations were
conducted to assess potential associations between PA and autonomy,
relatedness, and competence. RESULTS: Relatedness Frustration was negatively
associated with Week 2 min/wk of vigorous exercise (r = -0.28, p = 0.002),
Week 2 min/wk of moderate exercise (r = -0.19, p=0.035), Week 2 min/wk of
walking (r = -0.20, p = 0.023), and Week 6 min/wk of walking (r = -0.27, p =
0.003). Competence Satisfaction was correlated with Week 2 min/wk of vigorous
exercise (r = 0.23, p = 0.012), Week 2 min/wk of walking (r = 0.18, p = 0.048),
and Week 6 min/wk of vigorous exercise (r = 0.33, p < 0.001). Competence
Frustration was negatively correlated with Week 2 min/wk of vigorous exercise (r
= -0.28, p = 0.002), Week 6 min/wk of vigorous exercise (r = -0.30, p=0.001),
and Week 6 min/wk of walking (r = -0.20, p = 0.033). CONCLUSIONS: Results
from this study suggest a connection between vigorous exercise and walking with
two of the three basic psychological needs. Further research should be conducted
to assess if exercise may be helpful in enhancing satisfaction and lessening
frustration in competency and relatedness among college students during
challenging times.
POSTER AWARDS: UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS Thursday, Feb. 18, 4:00–5:00 pm
EST
AGEISM IN EXERCISE PRESCRIPTION IN THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED
STATES
William K. Kamenicky, Tara M. Prairie. Tennessee Wesleyan University, Athens,
TN.
Introduction: This study aimed to determine to what extent ageism by exercise
prescribers occurs within exercise prescription. For this study, exercise
prescribers included fitness managers, fitness instructors, and physical
therapists. Methods: An elicitation study under the Theory of Planned Behavior
was used to evaluate ageism within the exercise prescriber population. Sixteen
exercise prescribers consented to participate in a mixed methods survey that
included a 5-point Likert scale and qualitative open-ended questions. Answers to
the 5-point Likert scale adapted from the Ageism Attitude Scale, provided the
scoring for ageist attitudes. A co-occurrence network of words was created to
undertake a thematic analysis to identify emerging themes and significant
statements. Results: A Mann - Whitney U Test revealed a significant difference
in ageism levels of male providers (Md 68.5, n = 6) and female providers (Md =
56, n = 10), U = 6.5, z = -2.556, p = .05, r = 4. Male participants expressed
higher ageism scores (M = 12.42) than female participants (M = 6.15). A Kruskal
- Wallis revealed the age group (45-54 years) recorded a higher median score
(Md = 69) than other age groups. Physical therapists recorded a higher median
score (Md = 65.5) than other job titles. Themes agreed upon include perceived
positive and negative aspects of wisdom as it relates to patient/provider
relations, impacts of poor health which includes frailty/lack of strength, and
admiration. Conclusion/Policy Implications: Division in demographic
populations within the study supports the need to increase awareness of implicit
ageism within exercise prescription. Recommendations include weaving ageism
into the curriculum of academic programs and providing continuing education
opportunities for professionals within the field.
EFFECTS OF ACUTE FEEDING ON RESTING METABOLIC RATE AND
RESPIRATORY QUOTIENT
Alyson G. Nelson
1
, Gabrielle J. Brewer
2
, Lacey M. Gould
1
, Hannah E. Saylor
1
,
Malia N.M. Blue
3
, Katie R. Hirsch
4
, Amanda N. Gordon
1
, Andrew T. Hoyle
1
, Abbie
E. Smith-Ryan, FACSM
1
.
1
University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill,
NC.
2
University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT.
3
High Point University, High Point, NC.
4
University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR.
BACKGROUND: Acute postprandial changes of substrate utilization and metabolic
rate likely impact body composition. Sex differences in fat utilization may imply a
difference in acute metabolic rate and substrate oxidation, which may have
longer-term implications. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the acute
effects of high protein (PRO) vs. high carbohydrate (CHO) meal consumption on
resting metabolic rate (RMR) and respiratory quotient (RQ) in comparison to a
fasted state (FAST). METHODS: In a randomized cross-over design, 38 normal
weight young adults (age 21.9±3.2 years; height 174.2±8.8 cm; weight
71.7±9.9 kg) were asked to come in for three separate trials. Visits were
randomly ordered and included a high PRO (63.5 grams PRO, 58% of meal), a
high CHO (116.5 grams CHO, 86% of meal) meal, or a trial after an 8h fast. For
women (n=17), all three visits occurred during the mid-follicular phase to
account for the influence of estrogen. Food was given upon arrival and allowed to
digest for 30 minutes. Height and weight were collected. RMR and RQ were
collected in a supine position using the indirect calorimetry canopy method for 30
minutes, with the first five minutes removed. RESULTS: RMR after a high PRO
meal (2224.68±458.54 kcals) was significantly greater (p<0.001) than a high
CHO meal (2092.11±376.03 kcals); both conditions were significantly greater
than FAST (1798.78±265.07 kcals). RQ was significantly greater as a result of
CHO (0.87±0.06 a.u.) compared to FAST (0.75±0.06 a.u.; p<0.001); with no
difference between FAST and PRO (0.75±0.06 a.u.; p=0.999). There was no
significant sex interaction for RMR or RQ (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A high PRO
meal seems to cause a greater acute increase in RMR, compared to a high CHO
feeding, which may have implications for body re-composition. High PRO does
not appear to elicit an acute increase in RQ, suggesting that acute high PRO may
support greater thermogenesis and fat oxidation, in both males and females.
EFFECTS OF LIMB DOMINANCE AND IMMOBILIZATION ON HEART RATE
AND MUSCLE ACTIVATION USING AXILLARY CRUTCHES
Kara Brooke Bellenfant, Gracie Robbins, Rebecca Rogers, Thomas Kopec,
Christopher Ballmann. Samford University, Birmingham, AL.
BACKGROUND: Previous evidence has shown differences in limb muscle
activation during bipedal walking resulting in functional limb asymmetry.
Furthermore, it has been reported that use of assistive walking devices alters
muscle recruitment and may increase metabolic demand of ambulation.
However, it is currently unknown whether functional asymmetry exists during
ambulation with assistive walking devices with concomitant joint immobilization.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of how limb
dominance and joint immobilization alter heart rate, RPE, and muscle activation
during walking with axillary crutches. METHODS: Twelve physically active,
college-aged females were recruited for this study. In a crossover,
counterbalanced study design, participants completed walking trials with three
different conditions: 1) Bipedal walking (control), 2) Axillary crutch ambulation
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS
55
with dominant limb (DOM) immobilization, 3) Axillary crutch ambulation with
non-dominant limb (NDOM) immobilization. During the axillary crutch ambulation
conditions, the corresponding knee joint was immobilized at a 30-degree flexion
angle with a hinged post-operative knee stabilizer. For each walking
trial/condition, participants ambulated at 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 mph for five minutes
at each speed. Heart rate and RPE were monitored throughout. Surface
electromyography (EMG) was used to record muscle activation of the medial
gastrocnemius (MG), soleus (SOL), tibialis anterior (TA), biceps brachii (BB), and
triceps brachii (TB). EMG signals for each immobilization condition were
normalized to corresponding values for bipedal walking. RESULTS: Heart rate
(p< 0.001) and RPE (p<0.001) were significantly higher for both DOM and NDOM
conditions compared to Bipedal. However, no differences existed between DOM
and NDOM conditions (p> 0.05). No differences in muscle activation were noted
for any muscles between DOM and NDOM conditions (p>0.05). Regardless of
condition, BB activation was significantly higher during 0.8 mph (p=,0.042) and
1.0 mph (p= 0.021) compared to 0.6 mph. Furthermore, TB activation was
significantly higher during 0.6 mph (p< 0.001) and 0.8 mph (p< 0.001)
compared to 1.0 mph irrespective of condition. CONCLUSION: Compared to
bipedal walking, heart rate and RPE are higher while using axillary crutches but
are unaffected by limb dominance. While no differences in muscle activation were
apparent based on limb dominance, slower speeds resulted in increased TB
activation and faster speeds resulted in increased BB activation while using
assistive devices. Thus, limb dominance appears to have little effects on muscle
activation during ambulation with axillary crutches while varying speeds alter
upper body muscle activation differentially.
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS DURING THE COVID-
19 STAY AT HOME ORDER IN NORTH CAROLINA
Madison Gill, Meir Magal, FACSM, Danielle F. Braxton, Shannon K. Crowley. North
Carolina Wesleyan College, Rocky Mount, NC.
BACKGROUND: Studies show that rates of depression have increased during the
Corona Virus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, and that this may be due,
in part, to increased levels of chronic stress and social isolation. Physical activity
(PA) has been shown to help prevent the development of depression, and public
health messaging during the COVID-19 pandemic has consistently highlighted
the importance of staying physically active. How COVID-19 restrictions have
impacted PA participation is currently unknown. This study aimed to explore PA
participation, and the relationship between PA and depressive symptoms, in
North Carolina (NC) residents during the April, 2020 NC stay at home order.
METHODS: Participants (n=193, mean age: 35.6y +/- 14.0) were recruited from
29 counties in NC during the COVID-19 stay at home order. Participants were
asked to complete an online survey about depressive symptoms (Beck
Depression Inventory), access to PA activities, PA activity over the last month (5
point likert scale ranging from “much lower” to “much higher” than usual), and
weekly PA participation (International Physical Activity Questionnaire). Total
min/week of PA was calculated from the IPAQ, and PA activity likert scale results
were dichotomized as (1) lower than usual or (2) the same/higher than usual.
RESULTS: Forty -four percent of participants reported that their PA levels were
lower than usual during the NC stay at home order. Individuals who reported
that their PA levels were lower than usual reported significantly lower durations
of weekly PA than those who reported that their PA levels were the same or
higher (320.3 min/week vs. 538.7min/week; t = -4.01; p < 0.001). Regression
analysis revealed that, after controlling for age, sex, BMI, education, race,
marital status, and income, lower total PA duration per week significantly
predicted higher depressive symptoms (ß= -0.19, p< 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: A
significant proportion of individuals reported lower than usual PA during the NC
stay at home order, which was associated with significantly reduced weekly PA
durations. Consequently, lower weekly PA was associated with higher depressive
symptoms. These findings should be considered preliminary, considering the
small sample size and use of self-report measures, but they suggest that future
study of the unique barriers and facilitators of PA participation during the COVID-
19 pandemic is warranted, particularly with regards to mental health outcomes.
EFFECTS OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON THE FITNESS ROUTINES OF
COLLEGE STUDENTS AND FACULTY
Case Jackson, Lauren Adlof, Dr. Ludmila Cosio-Lima, FACSM. University of West
Florida, Pensacola, FL.
BACKGROUND: The rapid transition to emergency remote teaching and the
temporary closure of fitness facilities as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic had
profound impacts on the daily fitness routines of both college students and
faculty. The purpose of this study was to examine the initial effects of the
temporary fitness facility closures from March - July 2020 due to the COVID-19
pandemic, on the fitness routines of college students and faculty at a regional
University. METHODS: A sample of 250 students and faculty (age=18-60yrs; n
= 45 males n= 200 females) participated in an online, mixed methods survey of
reported exercise frequency (0, 1-2, 3-4, 5-6, 7 days/wk), type, and motivation
(Likert scale) before (PRE), during (DUR), and after (POST) initial COVID-19 gym
closures and physical distancing protocols. Paired Samples t-tests and Pearson
product-moment correlation coefficients were used to determine the differences
and relationships between the variables over time. RESULTS: The majority of
the participants (75/ 32.33%) reported a PRE exercise frequency of 3-4days/wk.
However, during COVID-19 (DUR), most participants reported an exercise
frequency of 1-2 days/wk (35.78%) which was significantly lower than exercise
frequency PRE COVID-19 (p=0.00). The majority of participants (67/ 29%)
reported a POST exercise frequency of 1-2 days/week, which was significantly
lower than PRE (p=0.00). On a Likert-scale of 0-5, there was a significant
difference in exercise motivation between PRE (3.8土1.14), DUR (2.8土1.30,
p=0.00), POST (3.5土1.21, p=0.00) conditions. A strong positive correlation was
found between PRE frequency and PRE motivation (r=0.704, p=0.00).
CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic significantly negatively impacted the
exercise frequency and exercise motivation of university students and faculty.
Frequency and exercise motivation levels did not return to PRE- levels, even
after distancing protocols were relaxed and fitness facilities reopened. This study
highlights the importance of strategies to influence exercise habits, and these
results are important for researchers and practitioners to further investigate
emerging technologies and platforms that improve exercise frequency and
motivation in this population.
CARDIAC ABNORMALITIES AMONG YOUNG ADULTS WITH SARS-COV-2
Sophie Osada, Rachel Szeghy, Valesha Province, Laurel Koontz, Landry Bobo,
Nina Stute, Marc Augenreich, Jonathon Stickford, Abigail Stickford, Stephen
Ratchford. Appalachian State University, Boone, NC.
Background: The novel virus SARS-CoV-2 inflicts far-reaching health
decrements, both directly and through secondary inflammatory stimulation. To
date, there is little information regarding the effects of COVID-19 on the heart
after infection, especially among young healthy adults. Purpose: We sought to
determine whether contracting SARS-CoV-2 affects cardiac function in young,
otherwise healthy adults, weeks after testing positive for SARS-CoV-2. Methods:
Echocardiography was performed on 12 subjects (7F/5M, 20±1y, 24±3 kgᐧm
-1
)
who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 approximately 3-4 weeks prior to study test
date. A parasternal long-axis view of the heart was utilized to measure septal
and left ventricular posterior wall thickness, left ventricular volume, and left
ventricular outflow tract. A four-chamber view of the heart was utilized to
measure mitral valve function, diastolic function, end diastolic and systolic
volume, and ejection fraction. Z-tests were performed to determine if these
values are significantly different from the sex- and age-matched normative
values with significance set at P<0.01 (mean±SD). Results: Interventricular
septal wall was enlarged in male subjects with SARS-Cov-2 (1.13±0.19cm)
(P<0.01) compared with normative values (0.92±0.16cm). Left ventricular mass
index was enlarged in both female (92.2±19.9g/m
2
) and male (107.1±22.8g/m
2
)
subjects with SARS-Cov-2 compared with normative values (61.5±14.5g/m
2
,
72.4±18.0g/m
2
, respectively). Mitral valve deceleration time was prolonged in
the female subjects with SARS-Cov-2 (231±44ms) compared with normative
values (176.7±40.1ms) (P<0.01). Septal wall e’ (0.16±0.02m/s) and lateral wall
s’ (0.14±0.03m/s) were elevated in the male subjects with SARS-Cov-2
compared with normative values (0.12±0.03m/s, 0.10±0.03m/s, respectively)
(P<0.01). Conclusions: These results suggest evidence of myocardial
inflammation as well as systolic and diastolic abnormalities, which may persist in
young adults for weeks after contracting SARS-CoV-2.
A COMPARISON OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL TRAINING LOADS
BETWEEN OBJECTIVELY- VERSUS SUBJECTIVELY-PRESCRIBED HIGH-
INTENSITY INTERVAL TRAINING
Madelyn G. Smith, Madison E. Smith, Randall Booker, Elizabeth A. Hubbard.
Berry College, Mount Berry, GA.
BACKGROUND: High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) is a method of aerobic
exercise that is both effective and time-efficient. The traditional HIIT prescription
uses objectively measured work rate, velocity, or heart rate targets. However,
there is little evidence comparing HIIT that is prescribed using objective
measures (i.e., heart rate (HR)) versus HIIT prescribed using subjective
measures (i.e., ratings of perceived exertion (RPE)), even though subjectively-
prescribed HIIT may be more practically applicable. The purpose of the present
study was to evaluate the internal training load, VO2, HR, speed, and incline
generated by single treadmill sessions of objectively- (OBJ) and subjectively-
prescribed (SUB) HIIT exercise. METHODS: Thirteen participants (mean age
=36±13yrs) completed a baseline testing session to determine peak volume of
oxygen consumption (VO2) and HR, followed by a familiarization session and two
randomly-assigned HIIT sessions on a treadmill. Both HIIT sessions consisted of
a 5-minute warm up, 20 minutes of alternating high and low intervals for 60s
each, and a 5-minute cool down. The OBJ session work intervals prescribed the
high- and low-intensity intervals based on 80-90% and 30-40% of HRmax,
respectively. The SUB session work intervals prescribed the high- and low-
intensity intervals based on RPE vales of 8-9 and 3-4, respectively, on the Borg
CR-10 scale. Participants were asked to select their treadmill speed and incline
based on the prescriptions given. Training Impulse (TRIMP) was used to calculate
internal load. VO2, HR, speed, and incline were measured every minute.
RESULTS: There were no significant differences in internal load between OBJ
and SUB as determined via TRIMP (OBJ = 59.2±6.0 a.u., SUB = 63.9±7.4 a.u.,
p=0.09) and average percentage of HR Reserve (OBJ = 83.6±3.7 % bpm, SUB =
86.7±4.5 % bpm, p=0.07), nor external load via treadmill incline (OBJ =
2.3±3.7 % grade, SUB = 2.3±2.3 % grade, p=0.62). However, there were
significant differences between OBJ and SUB HIIT sessions for VO2 (OBJ =
29.7±6.8 ml/kg/min, SUB = 32.5±6.3 ml/kg/min, p=0.03) and treadmill speed
(OBJ = 4.4±1.0 mph, SUB = 4.7±0.9 mph, p<0.01). Participants ran faster and
consumed more oxygen during the SUB session versus the OBJ session.
CONCLUSION: Participants generate similar or larger internal and external loads
using real-time RPE measures of intensity (i.e., subjectively prescribed sessions)
as compared to HR measures of intensity (i.e., objectively prescribed sessions)
during treadmill-based HIIT exercise. These data indicate that this simpler, more
practically relevant method of prescribing HIIT may be capable of generating the
desired training load for a client or athlete without strict work rate or HR targets.
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS
56
EFFECTS OF VERBAL FEEDBACK ON ANAEROBIC EXERCISE
PERFORMANCE AND MOTIVATION
Emily Deskin, Grace Hardiman, Thomas Kopec. Samford University, Birmingham,
AL.
BACKGROUND: This study investigated the effects of positive- and negative-
verbal feedback on anaerobic rowing performance and motivation. METHODS:
Fifteen participants were recruited (21.0 ± 0.8) and completed the study. They
were randomly assigned whether they received the positive or negative feedback
on their first visit and received the opposite feedback on their second visit.
Participants were evaluated for their initial motivation score prior to beginning
the exercise protocol. Next, the participants completed 3 maximal effort rowing
sprints while the researchers played either pre-recorded positive or negative
comments for 30s with a 30s-rest period. Afterwards, participants again reported
their levels of motivation during the activity. Negative feedback consisted of the
following phrases: “You’re falling behind the average for your age group”; “Come
on, row harder”; “Row faster”; “You can do better”; “Why are you going so
slowly”; “Where is your power”. Positive feedback consisted of the following
phrases: “Good job”; “Keep going”; “You're almost there”; “Keep it up”; “Nearly
finished”; “You can do it”. RESULTS: Paired samples t-tests analyzed the
difference between positive and negative trials in mean power output, peak
power, and peak force, and motivation was assessed before and after rowing
performance in both conditions. Motivation was not significantly different
between positive- and negative-feedbacks (p = 0.083). Additionally, mean force
across the entire effort was not different between feedback types (p = 0.205).
However, peak force (p = 0.030) and peak power (p = 0.029) were significantly
different between feedback types, with negative feedback eliciting higher values
in both peak force (156.87 N vs. 142.53 N) and peak power (265.06 W vs.
234.52 W). CONCLUSIONS: The results from this study demonstrate that
participants performed more favorably to negative feedback rather than positive
feedback, though they subjectively reported slightly lower levels of motivation
with negative feedback. These data may help strength and conditioning coaches
and personal trainers when determining the best way to motivate their athletes
and clients, as more negative cues resulted in better peak values of anaerobic
performance.
SESSION III: REVIEW/SYMPOSIA Friday, Feb. 19, 11:00 am–12:00 pm EST
CARDIOVASCULAR CONSEQUENCES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE IMPAIRMENTS
IN BREAST CANCER
Prashil R. Thaker
1
, Gabriel Zieff
1
, Emily Draper
1
, Craig Paterson
2
, Chad
Wagoner
1
, Patricia P. Lassalle
1
, Jordan T. Lee
1
.
1
University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
2
University of Gloucestershire, Gloucestershire.
Breast cancer survivors have a higher risk of cardiovascular disease compared to
healthy age-matched controls. Through treatments such as chemotherapy and
radiation, direct cardiotoxic effects impair skeletal muscle mass, quality and
oxidative capacity. The detrimental effects of breast cancer treatment contribute
to a significant decrease (20-30%) in peak oxygen consumption levels which
may promote exercise intolerance. This decrease in peak oxygen consumption
levels and limited ability to perform aerobic exercise may indirectly increase
cardiovascular disease risk for breast cancer survivors. Reduced skeletal muscle
mass and quality has been characterized by intramuscular fat deposition and
sarcopenia which affects the ratio of intramuscular fat to skeletal muscle.
Importantly, this ratio explains 50% of the variability in cardiorespiratory fitness
in individuals with breast cancer or breast cancer survivors. As a potential
strategy to improve skeletal muscle health and aerobic capacity, resistance
training could ultimately lead to an improved capacity to conduct aerobic
exercise and decrease cardiovascular disease risk.
SESSION III: POSTER/FREE COMMUNICATION Friday, Feb. 19, 11:00 am–12:00 pm
EST
INTER- AND INTRA-INDIVIDUAL VO
2
RESPONSES ABOVE CRITICAL
POWER
Pasquale J. Succi
1
, Taylor K. Dinyer
1
, Caleb C. Voskuil
1
, M. Travis Byrd
2
, Haley C.
Bergstrom
1
.
1
University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.
2
Department of
Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ.
This study compared the highest VO
2
(VO
2peak
) recorded during a graded exercise
test (GXT) to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer with the highest VO
2
(VO
2ext
)
recorded during 2 trials to exhaustion within the severe domain (>critical power
[CP]). Ten subjects (Mean ± SD, age = 22.8 ± 3.6 years, weight = 71.8 ± 10.1
kg, height = 178.4 ± 6.8 cm) completed a GXT to determine VO
2peak
and power
output at VO
2peak
(PPO)
.
The CP was determined from 4, constant power output
rides to exhaustion and the VO
2ext
was determined during the lowest (85% PPO,
Time to Exhaustion (T
Lim
) = 615.10 ± 209.04 s) and highest (100% PPO, T
Lim
=
240.12 ± 54.95 s) power output rides. There were no significant differences (p =
0.498) between VO
2peak
(47.62 ± 6.30 mL·kg
-1
·min
-1
), VO
2ext
at 85% PPO (46.88
± 4.81 mL·kg
-1
·min
-1
) or VO
2ext
at 100% PPO (48.26 ± 4.51 mL·kg
-1
·min
-1
). The
smallest worthwhile effect (SWE), calculated as 20% of the GXT VO
2peak
SD, was
1.26 mL·kg
-1
·min
-1
. At 85% PPO, 2 of the 10 subjects had a VO
2ext
above VO
2peak
that exceeded the SWE, and 5 subjects had a VO
2ext
below VO
2peak
that exceeded
the SWE. At 100% PPO, 7 subjects had a VO
2ext
above VO
2peak
that exceeded the
SWE, and 2 subjects had a VO
2ext
below VO
2peak
that exceeded the SWE. Although
there were no mean differences between the VO
2peak
and VO
2ext
, the majority of
subjects (70-90%) had a VO
2ext
at 85% and 100% PPO that was different from
VO
2peak
. A higher proportion of subjects reached a VO
2ext
below VO
2peak
at 85%
(50% of subjects) versus 100% PPO (20% of subjects). In addition, only 20% of
subjects at 85% PPO had a VO
2ext
that exceeded the VO
2peak
, versus 70% of
subjects at 100% PPO. The inter- and intra-individual differences in VO
2
responses for the GXT, 85% PPO, and 100% PPO may be due to intensity specific
variations in motor unit recruitment patterns and relative contributions of type I
versus type II muscle fibers.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHYSICAL FITNESS, COGNITIVE FUNCTION,
SLEEP QUALITY, AND SEDENTARY TIME IN OLDER ADULTS.
Violet Wray, Jeffrey E. Herrick, Sean Collins. University of Lynchburg, Lynchburg,
VA.
BACKGROUND: Aging promotes declines in both health and performance-related
fitness and cognitive function which in turn may reduce sleep quality in older
adults, a commonly reported complaint. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to
further describe the most consequential relationships between select components
of health and performance-related physical fitness, physical activity status,
sedentary time, and cognitive function with sleep quality in community-dwelling
older adults. METHODS: Participants enrolled in the University of Lynchburg
Active Aging Program, a self-managed, limited support community-based
endurance, strength, and flexibility exercise program. Select components of
health and performance-related fitness were assessed; 6-minute walk test pace
(6MW), body fat percentage (%fat), handgrip strength (HGS), timed up & go
(TUG), 30-second chair stand (30s), and the four square balance test (4SQ)
along with cognitive function (Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)), sleep
quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)), and physical activity/sedentary
time status (International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)). RESULTS: 11
older adults enrolled in the program (70.25±9.34 years old, Sex 2:9
Male:Female, BMI 28.74±5.52 kg/m2, Race n= 5:5:1 African American
(AA):Caucasian (C):Asian-Indian). Baseline (6MW 99.97±21.1 m/min, %Fat
40.41±6.07%, HGS 28.62±16.55kg, TUG 7.58±1.27 sec, 30s 13.13±3.39reps,
4SQ 11.34±3.96sec, MoCA 21.0±3.0, PSQI 5.54±3.5, PA Status
1468.5±1595.55 Light/Moderate MET min/wk, Weekly sedentary time (TSED)
6.82±0.71 hr/wk) Using a stepwise linear regression to determine the strongest
predictor for sleep quality, our modeling included MoCA, METmin/wk, 6MW pace,
%fat, HGS, 4SQ, TUG, 30s, and TSED; we report TSED was the most
consequential predictor for sleep quality in the model (p=0.02, r= 0.791, r
2
=
0.625). There was a slight improvement in our model when METmin/wk was
added (p=0.01, r=0.918, r
2
= 0.843). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest, that
in a group of community-dwelling older adults, total weekly sedentary time was
the most consequential predictor of sleep quality, that prediction was slightly
improved with the addition of total weekly physical activity. Therefore, our
results suggest that reducing sedentary time along with increasing total weekly
physical activity would be beneficial to overall sleep quality in community-
dwelling older adults.
EXERCISE RESPONSES DURING REPEATED SUPRAMAXIMAL EXERCISE
WHILE LISTENING TO SELF-SELECTED MUSIC: THE ROLE OF GENDER
Kendall Rhoads, Sierra Sosa, Rebecca Rogers, Thomas Kopec, Christopher
Ballmann. Samford University, Birmingham, AL.
BACKGROUND: Music has been shown to improve performance during
endurance, sprint, and resistance exercise. Multitudes of studies have suggested
females may recover from intense exercise differently than males. Furthermore,
recent evidence has reported that females may respond more favorably to warm-
up music prior to sprint exercise compared to males although reasons are not
fully clear. It is unknown if males and females respond differently to repeated
supramaximal exercise while listening to self-selected music during exercise.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine possible gender differences
in supramaximal exercise performance and psychological responses to exercise
while listening to music. METHODS: Physically active males and females (ages
18-24) were recruited to participate. Participants completed two separate
supramaximal exercise trials each with a different condition: 1) No music (NM),
2) Self-selected music (SSM). During each trial, participants completed 3 × 15
second Wingate anaerobic tests (WAnT) while listening to NM or SSM separated
by 2 minutes of active recovery. Following each WAnT, rate of perceived exertion
(RPE) and motivation to exercise were assessed. Mean anaerobic capacity,
fatigue index, RPE, and motivation to exercise were analyzed. RESULTS: The
were no significant gender differences for anaerobic capacity between NM and
SSM conditions (p>0.05). Fatigue index was significantly lower in females while
listening to SSM (p= 0.032) versus NM while no differences were observed for
males (p= 0.246). RPE was lower while listening to SSM versus NM in females
(p= 0.020) but not for males (p= 0.277). Lastly, motivation to exercise
increased in the SSM condition versus NM in females (p= 0.006) but not in males
(p= 0.090). CONCLUSIONS: Listening to SSM music did not result in superior
performance in either males or females during repeated WAnTs. However,
females responded more favorably to psychological variables (i.e. RPE,
motivation) which may have in turn influenced indices of fatigue during the tests.
These results suggest that females may respond more positively to listening to
SSM music during repeated bouts of supramaximal exercise.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN OXYGEN CONSUMPTION RELATIVE TO FAT FREE
MASS IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS
Rohan Kalelkar
1
, Asha Coltrane
2
, Aakash Chigurupati
3
, Dana Morris
4
, Chloe Bell
4
,
Marco Meucci
4
.
1
Durham School of the Arts, Durham, NC.
2
Jordan High School,
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS
57
Durham, NC.
3
Ardrey Kell High School, Charlotte, NC.
4
Appalachian State
University, Boone, NC.
BACKGROUND: Aerobic capacity can be assessed using a cardiopulmonary
exercise test by measuring VO
2
at the aerobic threshold (VO
2AerT
) or at peak
exercise (VO
2peak
). VO
2
can be expressed in absolute terms, relative to body
weight (BW) and fat free mass (FFM) to indicate different aspects of aerobic
capacity and these values vary with age and between sexes. The purpose of this
study is to investigate sex differences in VO
2AerT
and VO
2peak
expressed in absolute
terms, relative to BW and FFM in adolescents and young adults of a normal
weight. METHODS: 24 adolescents (12 males and 12 females, 14 to 17 years)
and 24 young adults (12 males and 12 females, 18 to 30 years) participated in
this study. Body composition was assessed through BodPod in adolescents and
dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in adults. A cardiopulmonary exercise test on a
cycle ergometer was performed using protocols of 15 watts/min in adolescents,
20 watts/min in adult females, and 25 watts/min in adult males. Metabolic data
was collected through breath-by-breath analysis, using the COSMED K5 and
COSMED Quark metabolic carts in adolescents and young adults, respectively. A
one-way analysis of variance was applied to identify sex differences between the
main outcomes. The study was approved by the Appalachian State Review
Board. RESULTS: There were statistically significant correlations observed
between male and female absolute VO2peak levels (0.640), and absolute VO
2AerT
(0.468). Absolute VO
2AerT
was higher in male adolescents compared to female
adolescents (1174±249 vs. 836±137 mL/min, p = 0.035) and higher in male
young adults compared to female young adults (1609±341 vs. 1188±310
mL/min, p =0.006). The absolute VO2peak was higher in male adolescents
compared to female adolescents (2412±506 vs. 1699±366 mL/min, p = 0.003)
and male young adults compared to female young adults young adults
(3427±466 vs. 2286±368 mL/min, p = 0.000). No sex differences in VO
2peak
and
VO
2AerT
were observed when VO
2
was expressed relative to BW and negligible
differences were observed when VO
2
was expressed relative to FFM.
CONCLUSION: There are no observable sex differences in cardiorespiratory
fitness when VO
2
is expressed relative to FFM in both adolescents and young
adults; however, males report higher cardiorespiratory capacity than females in
absolute VO
2
, which is higher at both submaximal and peak exercise intensities.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN OXYGEN UPTAKE EFFICIENCY SLOPE ADJUSTED
FOR FAT FREE MASS IN ADOLESCENT CHILDREN
Aditi Kumar
1
, Kaylah Barrios
2
, Claire Cai
3
, Joshua Cai
4
, Lavinia Falcioni
5
, Marco
Meucci
6
.
1
Panther Creek High School, Cary, NC.
2
Northwest Guilford High School,
Greensboro, NC.
3
Green Level High School, Cary, NC.
4
Ardrey Kell High School,
Charlotte, NC.
5
University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome.
6
Appalachian State
University, Boone, NC.
BACKGROUND: Oxygen uptake efficiency slope is a submaximal indicator of
cardiorespiratory fitness, which depends on anthropometrics and body
composition. Moreover, oxygen uptake efficiency slope has been shown to be
highly correlated to maximal consumption which is an indicator of aerobic power.
The aim of this study is to investigate sex differences in the oxygen uptake
efficiency slope expressed in absolute terms (OUES) and relative to body weight
(OUES
BW
), body surface area (OUES
BSA
), and fat free mass (OUES
FFM
), and if
OUES is a better indicator of aerobic efficiency or aerobic power in healthy
adolescents. METHODS: Sixty healthy adolescents (30 boys and 30 girls, aged
11-17 years) participated in this study. Body composition was assessed via Bod
Pod and body surface area was calculated using the Mosteller formula.
Participants performed a cardiopulmonary exercise test to volitional exhaustion
on a cycle ergometer using a 15 watts/min protocol. Gas exchange parameters
were measured using breath-by-breath analysis (COSMED K5). The absolute
oxygen consumption at peak exercise (VO
2peak
) and at the aerobic threshold
(VO
2AerT
) were determined. OUES was derived from the relationship between
oxygen consumption (VO
2
) and minute ventilation (VE) by VO
2
= a log VE + b
using all points up to the AerT (OUES
AerT
) and up to the VO
2peak
(OUES
peak
).
RESULTS: Boys reported higher body weight (69.1±23.9 vs 56.1±9.5, p<0.01),
body surface area (1.79±0.34 vs 1.58±0.15, p<0.01), fat free mass (51.7±12.8
vs 40.4±4.9, p<0.01) and VO
2peak
relative to body weight (35.8±8.7 vs
31.0±6.5, p=0.02) compared to girls. No sex differences were observed in
VO
2AerT
relative to body weight (17.1±3.9 vs 17.1±4.9). OUES was higher in boys
compared to girls (2492±729 vs 1965±540, p=0.02) while no sex differences
were observed in OUES
BW
(37.5±8.8 vs 35.5±8.9), OUES
BSA
(1387±281 vs
1242±324), and OUES
FFM
(48.5±8.2 vs 48.3±10.3). A very strong correlation
was obtained between OUES
peak
and VO
2peak
in boys (r=+0.89) and girls
(r=+0.86) and a moderate correlation was observed between OUES
peak
and
VO
2AerT
in boys (r=+0.79) and girls (r=+0.70). CONCLUSION: Sex differences in
OUES disappear when oxygen uptake efficiency slope is expressed as OUES
BW
and OUES
FFM
. Moreover, OUES
peak
has been shown to be a better indicator of
aerobic power than aerobic efficiency in healthy adolescents.
EFFECTS OF A VIRTUAL REALITY PACER ON CYCLING PERFORMANCE
Lauren G. Killen, Tara Boy, James M. Green, FACSM, Lee G. Renfroe. University
of North Alabama, Florence, AL.
BACKGROUND: Despite the popularity of virtual reality (VR) exercise, pacing
effects on performance in this paradigm are not well understood. PURPOSE:
This study examined physiological and perceptual responses of a VR pacer on
cycling performance in recreationally active individuals. METHODS:
Recreationally active individuals (n = 15) of varying aerobic fitness (VO
2 peak
40.6
± 9.4 ml/kg/min) competed in two VR cycling trials to determine one’s best time
trial (BTT). Once the BTT was determined, in a counterbalanced order on
separate days, participants completed the same course but cycled against a
pacer set at one’s BTT (APT) and against a 5% deceptively faster pacer (DPT).
Throughout each cycling trial VO
2
, HR, RPE, velocity, and time surpassed were
collected at 25, 50, 75, and 100% of trial completion. RESULTS: Both VO
2
and
HR were significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) for DPT at 25% and 50% of ride
completion vs. BTT. Additionally, time to completion was significantly faster (p ≤
0.05) across all time periods for DPT vs. BTT. Despite the higher intensity
selection, acute overall RPE measures were not significantly different for BTT vs.
DPT. CONCLUSION: Findings indicate the presence of a VR pacer resulted in
higher intensity selection for recreationally active individuals. Cycling with a
deceptively faster pacer motivated individuals to work harder and feel more
absorbed, despite a greater unpleasant perception during the trial. Even with the
higher intensity, 93% of current participants beat the deceptively faster pacer
suggesting pacers could be a key motivator for encouraging greater intensity
selection when exercising alone.
VALIDITY OF FITBIT VERSA 2 HEART RATE
Cameron D. Addie. Middle Tennessee State, Murfreesboro, TN.
BACKGROUND: Millions of individuals monitor heart rate (HR), via Smartwatch
technology. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the validity
of the Fitbit Versa 2 in measuring HR relative to the criterion measure of
electrocardiogram (EKG). METHODS: Participants were physically active (N = 6;
Males = 3; M age: 23.7 ± 2.0 years; height: 174.0 ± 6.9 cm; mass 82.9 ± 17.2
kg). The Fitbit Versa 2 was placed on the right wrist and HR was monitored using
a GE CASE Stress test system (V6.7). Following a 3-minute warm up,
participants walked for 3 minutes at 1% grade at a comfortable, self-selected
pace (M = 2.5 ± 0.4 mph). After 3 minutes, the treadmill speed was increased to
a faster walk (M = 4.0 ± 0.5 mph). In the final three minutes, the speed was
increased until each participant started to jog (5.3 ± 0.6 mph). The last minute
HR of each stage was compared between the FV2 and the GE CASE. RESULTS:
The HR was underestimated using the FV2 (121 ± 11 bpm) at the faster walking
stage (t = -2.84, d=.89, p < .05) compared to the GE CASE (142 ± 12 bpm).
There was no difference between HR measures for the slow walk or jogging
stages (p > .05). CONCLUSION: The FV2 did not provide an accurate
assessment of HR during brisk walking. Future research studies should assess
the effects of varied arm or wrist movements on HR assessments during fast-
paced walking.
VALIDITY OF FITBIT VERSA 2 ENERGY EXPENDITURE
Zachary R. Norred. Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN.
BACKGROUND: Wrist tracking technology has gained attention for tracking
health-related metrics, however, the validity of these devices remains unknown.
PURPOSE: To assess the criterion validity of the Fitbit Versa 2 (FV2) in
estimating energy expenditure against indirect calorimetry. METHODS:
Participants were physically active (N = 6; Males = 3; age: 23.7 ± 2.0 years;
height: 174.0 ± 6.9 cm; mass 82.9 ± 17.2 kg). Oxygen consumption was
measured via ParvO Medics TrueOne 2400. A Fitbit Versa 2 was placed on the
right wrist of the participants. After a 3-minute warm up, participants walked for
3 minutes at 1% grade at a self-selected comfortable pace (M =2.5 ± 0.4 mph).
After 3 minutes, speed increased to a brisk walk (M = 4.0 ± 0.5 mph). In the
final stage, speed was increased until each participant began to jog (5.3 ± 0.6
mph). Calories expended at the last minute of each stage were compared
between the FV2 and the Parvo. RESULTS: Caloric expenditure was
overestimated using the FV2 (7.3 ± .8 kcal) for the slower walk (t = 8.0, p<.05)
when compared to the ParvO (4.7 ± .8 kcal). There was no difference for the
brisk walk or while jogging (p>.05). CONCLUSION: The FV2 did not provide an
accurate estimate of caloric expenditure during the slow walking condition.
RELATIVELY-DEFINED MODERATE INTENSITY ASSOCIATED CADENCE
(STEPS/MIN) THRESHOLDS ACROSS THE ADULT LIFESPAN: THE
CADENCE-ADULTS STUDY
Cayla R. McAvoy
1
, Christopher C. Moore
2
, Elroy J. Aguiar
3
, Scott W. Ducharme
4
,
John M. Schuna Jr.
5
, Tiago V. Barreira
6
, Colleen J. Chase
7
, Zachary R. Gould
8
,
Marcos A. Amalbert-Birriel
8
, Stuart R. Chipkin
8
, John Staudenmayer
8
, Catrine
Tudor-Locke, FACSM
1
, Jose Mora-Gonzalez
1
.
1
University of North Carolina -
Charlotte, Charlotte, NC.
2
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.
3
The
University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL.
4
California State University, Long Beach,
CA.
5
Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR.
6
Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY.
7
University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amhert, MA.
8
University of Massachusetts
Amherst, Amherst, MA.
BACKGROUND: A cadence of ≥ 100 steps/min has been consistently reported
as a heuristic (rounded, evidence-based) threshold for absolutely-defined
moderate walking intensity (defined as ≥ 3 metabolic equivalents [METs]) in
young adults. However, less is known about cadence and relatively-defined
moderate intensity indicators (i.e., ≥ 64% heart rate maximum [HRmax = 220-
age], ≥ 40% HR reserve [HRR = HRmax-HRresting], and ≥ 12 Borg scale Rating
of Perceived Exertion [RPE]) across the adult lifespan (ages 21-85). PURPOSE:
To investigate heuristic cadence thresholds associated with relatively-defined
moderate intensity walking across the adult lifespan. METHODS: 253 adults
(52.8 ± 18.6 years old; BMI 25.6 ± 3.6 kg/m
2
; 49% female) completed a
progressive treadmill walking protocol consisting of 5-minute bouts increasing
from 0.5 to a maximum of 6.0 miles/hour. The protocol concluded when
participants naturally selected to jog or run, reached 75% HRmax, and/or
reported RPE > 13. Cadence was hand-tallied and a chest-worn monitor
continuously measured HR. Data were analyzed using both segmented mixed
regression models and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analyses to
determine analysis-specific cadence thresholds. RESULTS: Across all moderate
intensity indicators, cadence thresholds based on segmented regression ranged
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS
58
from 122.7-126.7 (ages 21-40), 115.6-119.2 (ages 41-60), and 105.9-112.8
steps/min (ages 61-85). Cadence thresholds based on ROC analyses were 113.5
steps/min (ages 21-40), 105.5-112.9 (ages 41-60), and 102.0-104.3 steps/min
(ages 61-85). Overall accuracy ranged from 70.2%-96.3% across all intensity
indicators and age groups. Final heuristic cadence thresholds corresponding with
relatively-defined moderate intensity represented a balance between specificity
and sensitivity measures. CONCLUSION: Regardless of the specific moderate
intensity indicator (i.e., %HRmax, %HRR, or RPE), heuristic cadence thresholds
were ≥ 120 (21-40 years), 110 (41-60 years), and 105 steps/min (61-85 years).
These thresholds are higher than cadence thresholds traditionally associated with
absolutely-defined moderate intensity, plausibly due expected age-associated
differences in physiological response to, and perceived experiences of, relatively-
defined physical activity. These heuristic cadence thresholds are useful for
guiding and analyzing relatively-defined moderate intensity walking in adults 21-
85 years old. Funding: NIH-NIA-5R01AG049024
THE INFLUENCE OF GRADED EXERCISE PROTOCOL ON VO
2PEAK
ESTIMATION USING PERCEPTUAL EXERTION
Danilo V. Tolusso, Brett Gibson, Mark Schafer, Griffin Green, Scott Lyons,
FACSM. Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY.
Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) extrapolation is a method used to estimate
maximal and peak oxygen consumption (VO
2peak
) by creating individual
regression equations based on the submaximal relationship between RPE (X) and
VO
2
(Y). These submaximal relationships can then be extrapolated to estimate
VO
2peak
by solving for a maximal RPE value. This method allows practitioners to
estimate VO
2peak
for prescription or assessment purposes while decreasing the
risks associated with maximal exercise testing. Researchers have studied the
accuracy of this method using a variety of exercise modes, populations, and
graded-exercise testing (GXT) protocols with varying degrees of success.
However, no study has specifically investigated how the GXT itself could affect
accuracy of VO
2peak
estimations. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to
examine how estimation of VO
2peak
changes based upon the GXT employed. Ten
healthy, college-aged adults performed three GXT protocols (Bruce, Astrand, and
novel) with Borg RPE and VO
2
being recorded during the last 15 seconds of each
stage. The three GXTs differed by how intensity was increased from stage to
stage; the Bruce protocol increases both speed and grade, the Astrand increases
just grade, and the novel protocol increases just speed (one mph every two
minutes). Additionally, three separate regression equations were calculated for
each protocol by using using submaximal VO
2
and RPE across three separate RPE
ranges (6-13, 6-15, and 6-17). Outliers were specified as any estimated VO
2
value 1.5* interquartile range above or below the mean. This resulted in the
removal of five data points (three from the novel protocol and two from the
Bruce protocol). Agreement analyses revealed that both the novel (ICC=.62-.81)
and Astrand (ICC=.29-.84) protocols resulted in better accuracy than the Bruce
(ICC=.23-.44) protocol at all submaximal RPE ranges. Additionally, 95% limits of
agreement were also narrower for novel (9.38-12.36 ml/kg/min) and Astrand
(8.14-22.38) protocols as compared to the Bruce (14.76-30.54) protocol and
narrowed as RPE range increased. Overall, results indicate that protocol selection
is an important consideration when estimating VO
2peak
via RPE extrapolation.
Practitioners should select GXT protocols that increase only one component of
intensity (i.e., speed or grade) between stages and use regression equations
based on a larger perceptual range while also keeping in mind that the test
should remain submaximal.
EFFECTS OF WATCHING TV ON EXERCISE DURATION AT 60% VO2MAX
(MODERATE INTENSITY) IN COLLEGE RECREATIONAL MALE ATHLETES
Corey Smith, Marissa Gatto, Chandler Posey, Catalina Casaru, FACSM. Georgia
Southwestern State University, Americus, GA.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a self-selected
TV show or movie on the duration of an aerobic exercise training session. Twenty
recreational male athletes participated in three trials, 48h to 72h apart. The trials
included one VO₂
max
and two aerobic exercise trials. Participant’s height, weight,
% body fat, and VO₂
max
were collected on the first visit. The exercise trials
included a control (without TV) and an experimental trial (with TV). Exercise
trials included a warm-up at a self-selected speed, then a transition into
exercising at 60% of their VO₂ max. Experimental sessions involved a self-
selected TV show or movie playing at a volume ≥75 decibels. Participants were
instructed each trial to exercise as long as they could until they voluntarily
stopped. Heart rate (HR) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were taken
prior, every five minutes, and at the end of the exercise trials. PRETIE-Q
questionnaires were administered before and after sessions to measure the
tolerance and preferences of each exercise session. RESULTS: There was a
significant difference (p > 0.05) in increased duration of the exercise session
(6.34 ±9.40 min) for running at 60% of VO
2max
while watching television
compared to running without watching television. CONCLUSIONS: Twelve out of
the 16 participants (75%) ran longer with a self-selected television or movie,
supporting the hypothesis. PRETIE-Q tolerance scores validate the consistency of
moderate intensity in both trials, but show no significant impact on preference or
tolerance to exercise sessions.
VALIDITY OF WAIST-WORN STEP-COUNTING WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES
IN ADULTS 21-40 YEARS OLD: THE CADENCE-ADULTS STUDY
Jose Mora-Gonzalez
1
, Cayla R. McAvoy
1
, Elroy J. Aguiar
2
, Christopher C. Moore
3
,
Scott W. Ducharme
4
, Catrine Tudor-Locke
1
.
1
University of North Carolina at
Charlotte, Charlotte, NC.
2
The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL.
3
University
of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
4
California State University,
Long Beach, CA.
Background: The use of step-counting wearable technologies in physical activity
research has surged and grown. However, only ~5% of available wearable
technologies have been validated, and comparable indices for validity based on
standardized protocols are lacking. The purpose of this study was to validate, in
terms of mean absolute percent error (MAPE), five waist-worn step-counting
wearable technologies in comparison with a criterion measurement of directly
observed steps. Methods: Eighty adults (30.1 ± 5.8 years old; BMI = 24.8 ± 3.4
kg/m
2
) performed 5-minute treadmill walking bouts (2-min rest between bouts),
beginning at 0.5 mph and increasing by 0.5 mph until a maximum of 6.0 mph.
Participants concurrently wore five step-counting wearable technologies on the
waist (Actical, ActiGraph GT9X, Digiwalker SW-200, Fitbit One, NL-1000).
Directly observed and tallied steps served as the criterion measure. MAPE was
computed for each person-bout by subtracting the directly observed steps
(criterion measurement) from the wearable technology-derived steps and
dividing the differences’ absolute value by the directly observed steps. MAPE was
then averaged across speeds for each specific device. Results: The Fitbit One
displayed the lowest (best) averaged MAPE value across treadmill speeds (13%),
followed by the NL-1000 (18.5%). On the other hand, the ActiGraph GT9X
reported the highest (worst) averaged MAPE value (25%), followed by the Actical
(24%) and the SW-200 (21%). The lowest MAPE values across devices were
observed at 3.0-4.5 mph (2%). In contrast, the largest MAPE values across
devices (67%) were observed at very slow walking speeds (0.5-1.5mph).
Conclusions: MAPE values for waist-worn step-counting devices are as low at 2%
during normal walking speeds, but reduced performance can be expected at very
slow walking speeds. The MAPE values determined herein can serve as important
reference measures for researchers and manufacturers interested in comparing
device performance, including devices worn at other body locations. Funding:
NIH-NIA-5R01AG049024
COMPARISON OF WEARABLE TECHNOLOGY AT QUANTIFYING
POWER/MUSCLE LOAD OF ENDURANCE RUNNERS AGAINST VARYING
WIND RESISTANCE
Marissa L. Bello, Derick A. Anglin, Zachary M. Gillen, Brandon D. Shepherd,
JohnEric W. Smith. Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS.
BACKGROUND: The use of wearable technology may provide useful insight to
training using live feedback, and the use of multiple devices may provide a more
comprehensive view of training differences. The purpose of this study was to
compare the efficacy of wearable technology in determining performance
variables in endurance runners while running against varying levels of wind
resistance. METHODS: 10 trained endurance runners (4 females, 6 males) were
recruited for this study and were currently running at least 120 min/wk for the
past 3 months. Participants completed 2 sessions: Session 1 included a VO
2peak
protocol to determine workload, while Session 2 involved a 20-min run at 70%
VO
2peak
. The 20-min run was divided into 10 min of no wind resistance (W
0
), and
10 min with a wind resistance of 10 mph (W
10
). Both sessions were performed at
least 2 h postprandial, at the same time of day, and following the same dietary
intake prior to each session. Power was calculated using a power meter, and
muscle load (ML) of the quadriceps, glutes, and hamstrings were measured using
EMG sensor-embedded compression shorts. HR was monitored via a chest strap
HR monitor. RER and VO
2
were monitored using a metabolic cart. The middle 5
min of each segment were analyzed for session means to avoid non steady-state
measures associated with beginning exercise and anticipation of completion.
Paired t-tests were used to compare differences between wind resistances for all
variables. Pearson correlations were conducted between power and ML for each
segment. Significance was set at p<0.05. RESULTS: There were no significant
differences between ML, RER, HR, or VO
2
(p>0.119) between segments. There
was a significant difference for power, with W
10
greater than W
0
(334.4±62.9 vs.
349.1±69.7 W; p=0.002). There were also strong correlations for power and ML
for W
0
(r=0.727; p=0.017) and a trend in W
10
(r=0.630; p=0.051).
CONCLUSIONS: The significant differences observed in power indicates a
running power meter can differentiate between wind resistance. Additionally,
there is a significant correlation between power and ML, despite no significant
changes in ML. These results suggest the combination of these two wearables
may help determine changes in performance metrics in fluctuating conditions
that can influence the physiological demand in a runner.
OXYGEN CONSUMPTION NORMALIZED BY FAT FREE MASS IN NORMAL
WEIGHT AND OVERWEIGHT ADOLESCENTS
Srijan Oduru
1
, Gautham Ravindran
2
, Kartik Nagaraj
3
, Anvi Charvu
3
, Sarean G.
Metzinger
4
, Marco Meucci
4
.
1
Green Hope High School, Cary, NC.
2
Panther Creek
High School, Cary, NC.
3
Raleigh Charter High School, Raleigh, NC.
4
Appalachian
State University, Boone, NC.
BACKGROUND: The impact of obesity on adolescent health can be diminished by
assessing and improving fitness status. Although peak oxygen consumption
(VO
2peak
) is commonly utilized to assess aerobic fitness in adolescents, oxygen
consumption at the aerobic (VO
2AerT
) and anaerobic (VO
2AnT
) thresholds can also
used as submaximal indicators of aerobic fitness. Oxygen consumption is
commonly expressed in absolute terms and relative to body weight (BW);
however, it is pertinent to normalize oxygen consumption values by fat free mass
(FFM) to assess work done by metabolic tissue. This study aimed to investigate
differences in VO
2peak
, VO
2AnT
and VO
2AerT
normalized by FFM and BW between
normal weight (NW) and overweight (OW) adolescents. METHODS: A sample of
38 healthy adolescents (11-17 years old) composed of 19 NW and 19 OW
individuals, were recruited in this study. Body weight and body composition were
assessed via BodPod. Gas exchange values were obtained from a
cardiopulmonary exercise test on a cycle ergometer using a 15 watts/min
protocol and breath-by-breath analysis (COSMED K5). An independent sample t-
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS
59
test was used to determine significant differences in main variables between NW
and OW adolescents, and a Pearson’s r correlation was used to identify the
association between gas exchange parameters and anthropometric
characteristics. RESULTS: Compared to their NW peers, OW adolescents reported
lower VO
2peak
(29.1±7.0 vs 37.7±6.8, p<0.01),VO
2AnT
(23.6±4.7 vs 28.8±6.3,
p<0.01) and VO
2AerT
(14.5±2.3 vs 18.7±3.6, p<0.01) when normalized by BW.
However, no group differences were observed when VO
2peak
(44.7±6.6 vs
45.1±6.4),VO
2AnT
(36.1±4.6 vs 34.6±7.1) and VO
2AerT
(22.6±3.2 vs 22.4±3.5)
were normalized by FFM. Moderate to very strong positive correlations (r
between 0.67 and 0.89) have been observed when VO
2peak
, VO
2AnT
and VO
2AerT
were correlated to FFM and BW in both OW and NW groups. Significant
differences were observed in the regression slopes for VO
2peak
, VO
2AnT
and VO
2AerT
versus BM between OW and NW (p<0.01, p=0.01, p<0.01, respectively);
however, no differences in the regression slopes were obtained for VO
2peak
, VO
2AnT
and VO
2AerT
versus FFM between OW and NW adolescents. CONCLUSION:
Normalizing gas exchange parameters by FFM effectively eliminated differences
in submaximal gas exchange parameters between normal weight and overweight
adolescents.
LOWER BODY BLOOD FLOW RESTRICTION TRAINING ON AEROBIC
ADAPTATIONS IN MINIMALLY ACTIVE ADULTS
Austin Bennett, Caitlyn Harper, Kaitlyn King, Jeffery Herrick, Jill Lucas, Sean
Collins. University of Lynchburg, Lynchburg, VA.
Introduction: Blood flow restriction (BFR) training is a novel training method that
has been shown to elicit positive aerobic and anaerobic physiological adaptations
under low intensity. Using a pneumatic cuff placed distally on the limb to restrict
blood flow and create an anaerobic environment within exercising muscle in
order to elicit muscular adaptations. This has been shown to have a direct
positive effect on respiratory variables as well such as VO
2max
. Purpose: The
purpose of this study is to observe the effects of peripheral BFR of bilateral lower
limbs during stationary recumbent bike training on VO
2max
and respiratory
adaptations over seven weeks of biweekly training. Methods: Eight (4 males and
4 females) sedentary, recreationally active adult subjects were randomly
assigned to either the BFR (n=5, BFR) group or non-BFR (n=3, CON) group.
Three testing sessions were conducted throughout the study (pre-training, mid-
training, post-training) which consisted of anthropometric measurements and a
graded cycle ergometer VO
2max
test using the COSMED-K5 metabolic analyzer.
The test consisted of 2 min stages, starting at 100W and increasing by 25W until
volitional fatigue. Each BFR training session consisted of a 5 minute warm up
without BFR cuffs, application bilaterally of BFR cuffs to the proximal upper thigh
region and inflation to 60% (BFR) or 5% (CON) of arterial occlusion pressure
(AOP), 20 min of cycling at a heart rate reserve (HRR) of 35-45%, and a 5
minute cool down without BFR cuffs. Results: Absolute VO
2max
, Relative VO
2max
,
Respiratory Exchange Ratio, maximum heart rate, the maximum rate of
perceived exertion did not show any significant findings. There was a significant
difference (p < 0.05) found in time to reach VO
2max
and maximum watts
reached, however these two DV declined over the course of the study. This
training adaptation was likely due to a fatigue component. Overall, there was not
a significant difference observed from the training protocol of this BFR study.
Conclusion: This study failed to provide evidence supporting the ability of
submaximal stationary recumbent bike training combined with BFR to elicit
aerobic adaptations, increase in VO
2max
.
WELLNESS OF COLLEGE STUDENTS DURING A GLOBAL PANDEMIC AND
THEIR RETURN TO CAMPUS
Matthew Arnold, Megan Twiddy, Logan Bemis, Shawn Casebolt, Bryan LaChance,
Victor Romano, Kimberly Smith, FACSM. Catawba College, Salisbury, NC.
BACKGROUND: As defined by the National Wellness Institute (NWI), wellness is
an active process through which individuals recognize and engage in conscious,
self-directed steps that allow them to reach their fullest potential. The NWI
recognizes six dimensions of wellness including physical, social, spiritual,
emotional, occupational, and intellectual. These six dimensions are
interconnected and essential for holistic health and wellness. The purpose of this
study was to examine the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown upon students at
Catawba College, which led to remote learning, and the subsequent return to
campus on the six dimensions of wellness in college students. METHODS: The
Testwell, a validated online survey, was completed by a random sample of 81
Catawba College students during the fall 2020 semester. A series of validated
questions related to each of the six dimensions of wellness was examined for two
different time periods; the Remote Learning (RL) period which was caused by the
COVID-19 lockdown (March 11- August 14, 2020) and the Return to Campus
(RC) period (August 14 - October 18, 2020). RESULTS: There was a significant
increase in intellectual wellness between the RL (4.3 ± 0.9) and RC (4.5 ± 0.7)
periods (p < 0.01). There were no significant changes in the remaining
dimensions of wellness: Physical, social, spiritual, emotional, or occupational as
students returned to campus (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Based upon the results
of this study, intellectual wellness increased during the time period in which
students returned to campus. No other wellness dimensions had a significant
impact, positive or negative, on wellness by students returning to campus. It is
important to understand the potential changes in college students’ wellness, as it
may warrant additional research, resources, and programs to support their
evolving health and wellness needs. Future research should consider utilizing
various assessments at differing time periods to further investigate the wellness
of college students due to COVID-19.
ASSESSMENT OF MUSCLE MASS IN TRANSCATHETER AORTIC VALVE
REPLACEMENT PATIENTS OVER ~ MONTHS POST-PROCEDURE.
Christopher M. Schattinger
1
, Gregory Rodriguez
2
, Teresa C. Gonzalez
1
, Emily K.
Hill
1
, Morgan Pleasants
1
, Cristina Huber
1
, Thomas E. Noel
3
, Wayne B. Batchelor
4
,
Lynn B. Panton, FACSM
1
.
1
Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL.
2
Florida State
University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL.
3
Tallahassee Memorial Hospital,
Tallahassee, FL.
4
INOVA-Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, VA.
BACKGROUND: Aortic stenosis (AS) is estimated to effect 5-6% of individuals
≥75 years. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is a procedure that
has been developed for high risk, frail individuals to receive treatment for AS.
However, <50% of patients receiving TAVR survive ≥5 years post-procedure.
Lower muscle mass may be one reason for the heightened post-procedural
mortality risk and reduction of quality of life (QoL). PURPOSE: The purpose of
this study was to assess changes in muscle mass for 6 months immediately post-
procedure in 20 TAVR patients. Dietary protein intake was also assessed due to
its positive correlation with muscle mass. METHODS: Nineteen (11 women (W)
and 8 men (M)) TAVR patients (73.6±8.5 years) received CT-scans assessed
from a single cross-sectional image at the level of third lumbar vertebrae. The
cross-sectional area of the muscle at this level was then indexed to the square of
each patient’s height to produce a skeletal muscle index (SMI (cm
2
/m
2
)).
Physical activity (PA) and dietary habits were assessed using pedometers and
three-day food logs, respectively. CT-scans were conducted pre and ~6 months
post-procedure while PA and dietary habits were assessed at ~2 weeks and ~6
months post procedure. RESULTS: No significant changes were found in SMI
(47.5±0.9 vs 46.5±10.1 cm
2
/m
2
), protein intake (0.74±0.24 vs 0.73±0.38
g/kg/day), and PA (2,594±2,357 vs 2,749±2,179 steps/d) from baseline to 6
months. However, a 45% (3 M, 6 W) occurrence of sarcopenia (SMI: M<55
cm
2
/m
2
; W<39 cm
2
/m
2
), rose to 50% after 6 months (4 M, 6 W). In addition,
average protein intakes reported from the 3-day food logs were below the
recommended dietary allowance (0.8 g/kg/day) while levels of PA were well
below sedentary levels (<5,000 step/d) over the 6-month follow-up.
CONCLUSIONS: Muscle mass, PA and dietary habits do not improve after TAVR
procedures. Therefore, interventions are needed to address nutrition and
exercise to improve muscle mass in TAVR patients.
COMPARISON OF THE ‘SEATTLE’ AND ‘INTERNATIONAL’ CRITERIA
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM INTERPRETATION IN DIVISION II FEMALE
COLLEGE ATHLETES
Ludmila Cosio Lima, FACSM, Lauren Adlof, Amy Crawley, Jeffrey Simpson,
Youngil Lee. University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL.
PURPOSE: A 12-lead exercise stress test is a screening tool used to detect
abnormalities that may predispose collegiate athletes to sudden cardiac death.
Experts in the field have developed new standardized criteria to better interpret
electrocardiogram (ECG) in athletes but most of the research has been focused
on males. Therefore, it is important to continue to include females in future
research to better define the unique ECG characteristics in this population. The
purpose of this study was to compare the Seattle criteria to the most recently
created International criteria in regards to ECG abnormalities in Division II
female collegiate athletes. METHODS: Thirty six females (age 20.2 +1.4 yrs;
height 1.70 +0.7 m; mass 69.5 + 8.9 kg) completed cardiovascular screening
with a resting 12-lead ECG analysis which was read and interpreted, according to
each criteria, by an expert in the field of exercise science. ECGs were classified
as ‘normal’ and ‘abnormal’ according to the parameters of each criteria and any
abnormal condition was noted. Chi-square analysis was used to assess
differences between the two criteria. RESULTS: The total number of ECGs
identified as abnormal decreased from 12 (33.3%) using the Seattle Criteria to 2
(5.6%) using the International Criteria (p < 0.05). The most common ECG
abnormality identified using the International Criteria was T wave inversion 7
(19.4%). The newer definition of pathological Q waves reduced the number of
ECGs identified as abnormal from 4 (Seattle) to 1 (International), a 75%
reduction (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrated that
following the International Criteria for ECG interpretation significantly reduced
the total abnormal and false-positive ECG rates in female collegiate athletes
compared to the Seattle Criteria without compromising sensitivity. It is important
to continue to conduct ECG research on female athletes in order to further define
valid and reliable criteria for this under represented population.
EFFECTS OF CHEWING GUM WITH AND WITHOUT CAFFEINE ON SLEEP
QUANITITY AND QUALITY IN COLLEGE STUDENTS
Hannah Ferrari, Rebecca Rogers, Thomas Kopec, Christopher Ballmann. Samford
University, Birmingham, AL.
BACKGROUND: Caffeine has been well-established to decrease sleep quality
and quantity in a variety of populations. The act of chewing gum increases brain
activity specifically in premotor and prefrontal cortexes. We have recently shown
that chewing gum improves visual and total reaction times independent of
whether it contains caffeine. Thus, the act of chewing appears to mediate
reaction time suggesting increased neural stimulation. However, it is currently
unclear whether chewing gum alone or in combination with caffeine influences
sleep differently. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the
effects of chewing caffeinated and non-caffeinated placebo gum on sleep quality
and quantity. METHODS: College aged females (ages 18-24) were recruited to
participate. In a crossover counterbalanced design, participants completed three
sleep monitoring sessions with the following conditions: 1) Baseline (BL;no gum),
2) Non-caffeinated placebo (PL), 3) Caffeinated gum (CAFF). On each day of
monitoring, an accelerometer was worn on the non-dominant wrist recording at
60 second epochs to detect sleep patterns. During the gum conditions,
participants chewed either CAFF (300 mg) or PL gum 3 hours prior to bed for a
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS
60
total chew time of 30 minutes. Additionally, participants were asked to refrain
from viewing electronic screens or blue light 30 minutes prior to bed. All sessions
were conducted on weekdays and separated by at least 48 hours. Sleep latency,
awakenings, total counts, efficiency, and total sleep time were analyzed.
RESULTS: There were no differences between any conditions for sleep latency,
awakenings, or total sleep time (p> 0.05). Total counts were significantly higher
during the PL (p= 0.017) and CAFF (p= 0.020) conditions compared to BL.
Furthermore, sleep efficiency was significantly lower for both PL (p= 0.046) and
CAFF (p= 0.004) compared top BL. No differences between PL and CAFF were
noted for any outcomes (p> 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These results show that
chewing PL and CAFF gum prior to sleep decreases quality but not quantity of
sleep. Taken together, outcomes suggest that the act of chewing prior to
bedtime may negatively affect sleep quality while caffeine does not appear to
potentiate negative effects further.
SURFACE EMG COMPARISON OF ISOMETRIC POSTERIOR CHAIN
EXERCISE IN TORQUE-MATCHED CONDITIONS
Hogan Jon, Alexander Lambert, Nicholas McGarr, Blake Justice, John Fox.
Methodist University Doctor of Physical Therapy Program, Fayetteville, NC.
BACKGROUND: Low Back Pain (LBP) is the second most common cause of
disability in the U. S., with approximately 80% of adults experiencing low back
pain at some point in their lives. In order to best treat LBP, exercises should
selectively target the impaired muscle groups. Exercises eliciting higher EMG
signal strength of a muscle will ultimately lead to superior muscular adaptations
over time. The Reverse Hyperextension (RH) exercise allows an individual to
strengthen their posterior chain while simultaneously providing extrinsic
stabilization of the abdomen and spinal column. Alternatively, the Glute-Ham
Raise (GHR) allows strengthening with the extremities stationary on a supported
surface, and the torso hinging in an open chain position through flexion and
extension. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of the RH and
the GHR on EMG activity when the two exercises are matched for hip torque and
hip angle. METHODS: Maximal trunk extension effort was collected performing
Bering-Sorensen test on standard high plinth with counter stabilization placed
mid gastrocnemius. Downward force was applied to the trunk at the level of
spine of scapula for duration of 5 second for a series of 3 trials. Isometric RH and
GHR were performed at hip angles of 120, 140, 160, and 180 degrees of
extension with hip angles measured manually using an inclinometer. Torques
about the hip for the RH and the GHR at each desired posture were matched
using anthropometric tables and equations for static equilibrium. Data analysis
compared surface EMG amplitude of the iliocostalis, longissimus, and multifidus
at the 4 hip angles. A two-way within-subjects ANOVA was performed to
compare exercise and angles. RESULTS: The RH elicited a significant increase in
EMG signal for the longissimus at all angles, when compared to the GHR (p <
0.05) and greater activation of the illiocostalis at 120 and 180 degrees (p <
0.05). There was not a significant difference in multifidus activation between the
two exercises. The most significant difference in muscle activation occurred at
180 degrees for all muscle groups. CONCLUSIONS: The RH can serve as an
effective exercise to target the paraspinals and rehabilitate individuals suffering
from low back pain. An increase in EMG activity correlates to an increase in force
production and strength and, typically, a decrease in pain.
THE EFFECTS OF MANUAL THERAPY ON STROKE PATIENTS WITH UPPER
EXTREMITY IMPAIRMENT
Madeline Elder, Kayla Baker, Mark Schafer. Western Kentucky University,
Bowling Green, KY.
INTRODUCTION: Stroke rehabilitation professionals often rely on evidence-based
practices to improve functional outcomes for stroke patients. Manual therapy
(MT) has long held a place in rehabilitation, and although growing evidence
supports the use of MT in healthy individuals, MT has not been widely studied in
stroke rehabilitation practices; therefore, the purpose of this study was to
determine the effects of MT in stroke patients with decreased upper-body
mobility and function. METHODS: Patients who experienced a stroke within the
last two weeks (n=7; 57% male) were randomly assigned to: 1) traditional
stroke rehabilitation (TSR); or 2) TSR with MT (TSR+MT). Participants completed
8-10 treatments over two weeks. The Fugl-Meyer Upper-Extremity Scale (FM)
and QuickDASH Questionnaire (QD) were given pre- and post-treatment. Paired-
samples t-tests and independent-samples t-tests were used to examine
differences in FM and QD. RESULTS: There were significant differences between
QDpre and QDpost (t(6)=2.690, p=.036), and FMpre and FMpost (t(6)=-4.437,
p=0.004). There were no significant differences between TSR and TSR+MT for:
QDpre (t(5)=-0.945, p=0.388), QDpost (t(5)=-0.184, p=0.861), FMpre (t(5)=-
0.597, p=0.577), or FMpost (t(5)=-0.733, p=0.497). CONCLUSIONS:
Improvements were seen between pre- and post-assessments in both groups,
suggesting that emphasizing MT alone in post-stroke rehabilitation cannot be
considered the primary factor for improvements in physical and motor
functioning.
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY DURING PREGNANCY: GUIDELINES VERSUS
ADHERENCE
Ami Eho, FACSM
1
, Katherine H. Ingram, FACSM
1
, Juliana Meireles, FACSM
1
,
Janeen Amason, FACSM
1
, Nicole Carlson, FACSM
2
, Raine Morris, FACSM
1
.
1
Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA.
2
Emory University, Atlanta, GA.
BACKGROUND: The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
(ACOG) recommends at least 20 minutes per day of moderate-intensity exercise.
Benefits include fewer complications during delivery and faster postpartum
recovery. The purpose of this study was to determine if people are receiving and
utilizing this advice from their care providers.METHODS: Persons who had given
birth within the past two years were invited via social media to answer a survey
pertaining to exercise patterns and provider recommendations during pregnancy.
Participants were asked whether their providers discussed exercise with them,
whether they were given specific exercise information, and whether they
exercised during pregnancy. In addition, participants provided information about
their exercise frequency and intensity during pregnancy. Descriptive analyses
and Chi-squared tests were performed.RESULTS: Study sample included 239
participants (aged 33±4.63 years, 74.5% white,). Just over half (n=136, 56.9%)
reported receiving exercise advice during pregnancy by their providers, but only
58 (24.3%) received specific exercise information. Only 33 (13.8%) received
exercise advice that was consistent with ACOG guidelines. Respondents who
received exercise advice from their care providers were more likely to exercise
during pregnancy than those who did not (159 (67.1%) versus 37 (15.6%); p <
0.001).CONCLUSIONS: While over 50% of participants in this study reported
receiving advice to exercise during pregnancy from their care providers, most of
the time this advice was not consistent with ACOG guidelines. Health care
providers should share specific exercise prescriptions including dose and duration
as an important part of prenatal care.
THE VALIDITY OF THE "JUMP HEIGHT" MOBILE APPLICATION WHEN
MEASURING ASPECTS OF A COUNTERMOVEMENT JUMP AND A DROP
JUMP
Ashlyn Moody, Abbie Jones, Thomas Kopec. Samford University, Birmingham, AL.
BACKGROUND: This study investigated two smartphone apps to measure jump
height, comparing one free app to one that cost $10 and evaluating their outputs
to a contact jump mat as a standard. Additionally, a second purpose of this study
was to evaluate how well these devices could track two different jumping
techniques, countermovement jumps (CMJ) and drop jumps (DJ). We
hypothesized that the free app (JH) would not be as accurate as the paid app
(MJ2) when compared to the jump mat, and the MJ2 would track DJ performance
better than JH when compared to with the jump mat.METHODS: Twenty
participants were recruited (20.1 ± 0.8) and completed the study. In one visit
participants were instructed on how to perform both CMJ and DJ and were given
1 practice attempt for each. Then, participants were measured, and their outputs
averaged across 3 attempts for both CMJ and DJ. They were instructed to land
on the contact jump mat with each jump. Both smartphone apps were assessed
simultaneously, as the JH app required that participants hold the smartphone to
their chest with both hands, and the MJ2 app required a separate clinician to sit
anterior to the landing zone while keeping the participants’ feet in the field of
view on a separate smartphone and using the propriety software to distinguish
frames of when feet pushed off the ground and then when they made contact on
the landing. These outputs were compared to the jump height reported by the
contact mat, where the contact mat was used as the standard.RESULTS: A
repeated measures ANOVA revealed there were significant differences among the
three tools when assessing CMJ (p > 0.001, ηp
2
= 0.908), and Bonferroni post-
hoc analysis revealed significance between the MJ2 app and JH app (p > 0.001,
CI: -10.089, -7.782), MJ2 app and contact mat (p > 0.001, CI: -13.501, -
9.897), and between the JH app and the contact mat (p = 0.004, CI: -4.672, -
0.855). Additionally, a separate repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant
difference among the three devices when assessing DJ (p > 0.001, ηp
2
=
0.818), and Bonferroni post-hoc analysis revealed significance between the MJ2
app and JH app (p > 0.001, CI: -10.173, -7.064), MJ2 app and contact mat (p
> 0.001, CI: -13.530, -8.823), but not between the JH app and the contact
mat (p = 0.102, CI: -0.382, 5.498). Participants’ jump heights was consistently
lower as assessed with MJ2 than with JH and contact mat, especially when
evaluating the DJ.CONCLUSIONS: The results from this study demonstrate that a
free software for assessing jump height reported outputs closer to a jump
contact mat better than a paid smartphone application.
A NOVEL METHOD OF MEASURING FATIGUE OF THE
STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID MUSCLE USING ELECTRICAL STIMULATION
AND ACCELEROMETER
Carol Beatty, Kevin McCully, FACSM. University of Georgia, Athens, GA.
BACKGROUND: Concussion risk in athletes has been linked to the strength of
the muscles in the neck. We wish to explore if fatigue of neck muscles during
exercise would lead to greater risk of concussion. To explore this, we need to
develop a reliable but effective method to measure the strength of the neck
muscles before and after exercise. This study will evaluate the use of
accelerometry and twitch electrical stimulation to measure fatigue of the dorsal
neck muscles. METHODS: Measurements will be made on the
sternocleidomastoid muscles (SCM) of healthy control subjects. During the first
testing session, an endurance test will be conducted (decline in twitch
acceleration after 5 minutes of 5 Hz stimulation). Twitch contractions will be
produced by placing 2 x 1 cm electrodes on the SCM and stimulating with a
submaximal current that is sufficient to yield a strong contraction (constant for
all test conditions). In the second session, measurements of twitch acceleration
with the same stimulation current will be made before, immediately following,
and 5 minutes after exercise bout. The exercise will consist of isometric holding
of the head for 2.5 minutes while extended beyond the end of the bench support.
Pilot studies have suggested this results in strong sensations of fatigue. Muscle
acceleration will be collected with a tri-axial accelerometer taped to the subject’s
neck. The endurance index and twitch contraction strength will be analyzed using
a MatLab routine and Excel. Declines in twitch velocity immediately after exercise
will be used as evidence of fatigue. Recovery of twitch acceleration will be used
as evidence of recovery from fatigue. ANTICIPATED RESULTS: It is
hypothesized that this testing method will show evidence of neck fatigue
following exercise and of recovery following a rest period and therefore evidence
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS
61
that the test is feasible to effectively testing fatigue of the neck muscles. We also
hypothesize that people with lower endurance index values will show greater
fatigue. Future studies could use this protocol to evaluate fatigue after sporting
events, as well as the effectiveness of neck specific endurance training with the
goal of reducing concussion risk.
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY PATTERNS AMONG ADULTS WITH ARTHRITIS AND
DIABETES WHO RECEIVE SELF-MANAGEMENT EDUCATION
Alana M. Hall
1
, Tammie M. Johnson
2
, Daniela S. Charry
1
, Michael R. Richardson
1
,
James R. Churilla
1
.
1
University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL.
2
Florida
Agricultural and Mechanical University, Tallahassee, FL.
PURPOSE: To examine the physical activity (PA) patterns among adults with
arthritis and diabetes who receive self-management education. METHODS:
Sample (n=28,860) included adults (≥ 18 years of age), with arthritis and
diabetes who participated in the 2019 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance
System. Categories of PA were classified as highly active (HACT), moderately
active (MACT), low activity (LACT), and inactive (INACT). Multinomial logistic
regression analyses adjusted for age, gender, body mass index, race, smoking
status, and socioeconomic status were fitted to determine variables that were
significantly associated with the outcome (P < 0.05). RESULTS: Compared to a
referent group of inactive adults, adults with arthritis and diabetes who received
self-management education had significantly greater odds of being classified as
HACT (odds ratio [OR] 1.7), MACT (OR 2.3), and LACT (OR 1.6) (P < 0.05 for
all). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that adults with arthritis and diabetes
who receive self-management education engage in greater volumes of PA.
Typically, arthritis and diabetes self-management education programs promote
physical activity as a mechanism to manage these diseases. More research is
needed to determine if a cause-and-effect relationship exists.
BODY FAT DISTRIBUTION AND PHYSICAL FUNCTIONING IN CHRONIC
OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE PATIENTS
Christa Todoroff, Michael Berry, FACSM. Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem,
NC.
BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a slowly
progressive disease involving airway obstruction and persistent respiratory
symptoms. Patients with COPD are older and often much less active than their
healthy counterparts, which contributes to a vicious cycle of further sedentation
and worsening health outcomes. Obesity is a common comorbidity associated
with aging and COPD that may hinder regular physical activity. Current literature
has yielded unequivocal results examining the effect of obesity on physical
function in patients with COPD, a discrepancy that may be related to study
differences in defining and measuring obesity. The purpose of this study was to
examine the effect of obesity and specific body composition measures on
physical function in patients with COPD. METHODS: 170 patients with COPD (age
= 66 ± 10.1yrs; BMI = 27.7 ± 6.04; 80 females) were included for analyses.
Physical function was assessed by six-minute walk distance (6MWD), obesity was
determined based on body mass index (BMI) and body composition measures
were collected using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Associations between
6MWD, BMI, appendicular lean mass (ALM), and other measures of body
composition were assessed using Pearson Product-Moment Correlation
Coefficients. A hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis was used to
determine if ALM accounted for additional variance in 6MWD after controlling for
lung function (expressed as forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)) and
BMI. RESULTS: Of the measures of body composition examined, ALM had the
highest correlation (r = 0.327, p < 0.001) with 6MWD. FEV1 (β = 0.220, p =
0.004) and BMI (β = -0.262, p = 0.003) combined accounted for 4.2% of the
variance in 6MWD while ALM accounted for an additional 13.3% (β = 0.433, p <
0 .001) of the variance in 6MWD. CONCLUSIONS: After controlling for lung
function and BMI, ALM accounts for an additional 13% of the variance in 6MWD.
Rehabilitation programs may improve or better preserve physical function in
patients with COPD by including exercise regimens that specifically target
interventions that maintain or increase limb muscle mass.
EXERCISE PRESCRIPTION FOR A MIDDLE-AGED SEDENTARY WOMAN
WITH MULTIPLE COMORBIDITIES: A CASE REPORT
Caitlin A. D. Kayser, India Washington, Mark Erickson, PT, DScPT, MA, OCS,
Patricia Bauer, PhD, EP-C, CSCS. Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, FL.
This case report describes best practice recommendations and associated
outcomes for a 51-year-old female with several comorbidities. There is an
increased demand for exercise professionals to create evidence-based,
economically feasible exercise prescriptions for complex clients with multiple
comorbidities. The subject in this report presented with chronic kidney disease,
prediabetes, fibromyalgia, cold-induced asthma, epilepsy, and hypothyroidism.
Her past medical history included treatment and surgery for non-Hodgkin’s
lymphoma and several additional surgeries. Client goals include reduced pain,
increased strength and balance and increased health overall. Assessments
included standing and seated posture, gait, overhead squat, push up, ROM,
flexibility, manual muscle, single leg stance balance, and Y-balance analyses and
revealed LE strength and flexibility deficits, postural imbalances, reduced hip,
knee and ankle ROM, LE hypertonicity with myofascial trigger points, decreased
balance, and impaired body awareness. Based on her conditions and
impairments, an evidenced-based, individualized POC was prescribed with
progression instructions. The client’s exercise prescription consisted of
cardiovascular and strength training 3 days per week with incorporated balance
training and daily flexibility training. In addition to these instructions, the subject
was educated about her conditions and risk factors and was referred for
interventions beyond the exercise professional’s scope of practice. Telehealth
was used for the client to ask questions, receive feedback, and track her
progress. The subject was compliant with her 12-week independent program.
Significant improvements included 1) balance time increase by 71% and 12% on
the right and left sides respectively in the single limb balance assessment, 2)
increased weekly physical activity from 60 to 144 minutes, a 140% increase, 3)
increased flexibility, 4) increased hip, knee and ankle ROM with decreased end
range discomfort, 5) increased LE strength, and 6) improved overall body
awareness and motor control. This case report outlines a complex client’s POC
and favorable outcomes with an exercise approach. This case exemplifies the role
an exercise professional can play to effectively manage the health of, and
improve the quality of life for, clients with multiple medical comorbidities in a
manner consistent with the “Exercise is Medicine” initiative.
TISSUE OXYGENATION, ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX, AND SUBJECTIVE
MEASURES OF PERFORMANCE IN PERIPHERAL ARTERY DISEASE
PATIENTS
Matthew Martenson, Judy Muller-Delp, Jacob Caldwell, Lynn Panton, FACSM.
Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL.
BACKGROUND: Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) is a cardiovascular disease that
affects over 8 million Americans and is associated with endothelial dysfunction,
lower tissue oxygenation, and reduced walking performance. The correlation
between Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) derived tissue oxygenation, walking
performance and physical functioning is not well-established in these patients.
PURPOSE: To examine the relationship between tissue oxygenation, ankle-
brachial index (ABI) and subjective measures of physical function via the Walking
Impairment Questionnaire (WIQ) and the 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-
36). METHODS: Six patients with PAD (66.7 ± 8.3 years) completed a 5-minute
vascular occlusion test in the most affected leg. Calf muscle oxygenation (StO
2
)
was monitored via NIRS, and the reperfusion slope was generated as StO
2
versus
time. Each patient also completed the WIQ and SF-36, and scores were
calculated for all dimensions of each survey. Variables were analyzed with
Pearson Product Correlations. Significance was accepted at p<0.05. RESULTS:
Mean reperfusion slope and ABI for patients were 0.37 ± 0.26% and 0.62 ±
0.30, respectively. Reperfusion slope was significantly correlated with ABI (r =
0.956), WIQ speed (r = 0.982), SF 36 physical function (r = 0.962). ABI was
significantly correlated with WIQ distance (r = 0.851), WIQ speed (r = 0.940),
WIQ stair climbing (r = 0.926). CONCLUSIONS: The NIRS reperfusion slope and
ABI correlate with scores for physical function on the WIQ and SF 36. Given
these relationships, future research should focus on interventions to improve
reperfusion slope.
THE EFFECTS OF LONG-TERM PARTICIPATION IN FOUR DIFFERENT
SPORTS ON CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS AMONG CHINESE ADULTS
Peixuan Zheng
1
, Lei Zhang
2
, Feng Shi
2
, Kaiwen Man
1
, Elroy Aguiar
1
.
1
The
University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL.
2
Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou,
China.
Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) was responsible for an estimated
17.8 million deaths in 2017. Physical activity (PA) is known to confer benefits for
numerous CVD-related risk factors, including hypertension and obesity, which
often cluster together. However, it remains unclear whether the potential health
benefits are equivalent for adults who participate in different sports. The purpose
of this study is to compare the impacts of long-term participation (i.e., ≥ 9
years) in 4 popular sports, including 2 traditional Chinese Sports (Tai-chi,
Diabolo) and 2 modern sports (Aerobics, Track and Field [TF]) on CVD risk
factors (i.e., hypertension, obesity, and central adiposity) among Chinese adults.
Methods: Participants (n=252, 55.5±11.1 years of age) with complete
measures were included in this cross-sectional analysis. Participants were
qualified National Social Sports Instructors in China, and required to have
performed their chosen sport (Aerobics, Tai-chi, Diabolo, and TF) for at least 9
years. Measures included height, weight, resting blood pressure (BP), body
circumferences and body composition. Two-way ANOVA and multiple linear
regression models were used to compare the effects of the different sports on
CVD risk factors, including systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP, waist circumstance,
waist-hip ratio (WHR), weight, BMI and body fat percentage (Fat%), while
controlling for sex effects. In addition, Tukey's pair-wise post hoc tests were
used to compare effects across the different levels of sport and sex. Results:
Holding sex effect as a constant, the mean SBP for Aerobics and TF were
significantly lower compared to Tai-chi (-9.09 mmHg, p=0.025; and -13.88
mmHg, p=0.029, respectively), the mean WHR was significantly lower for
Diabolo versus Aerobics (-0.034, p=0.047), the mean Fat% for Aerobics was
significantly lower than Tai-chi (-2.53, p=0.018). No significant differences were
observed for the other risk factors. There were no significant interaction effects
for sex and type of sport. Conclusions: Comparison of CVD risk factors among
individuals with a history of long-term participation across 4 different sports
revealed several significant differences. Aerobics and TF were associated with
lower BP compared to Tai-Chi; while Aerobics was also associated with lower
Fat% when compared to Tai-Chi. Interestingly, Diabolo, a traditional Chinese
sport, demonstrated favorable values for central adiposity when compared to
Aerobics. Further research is needed exploring the health benefits of traditional
and modern sports in the Chinese population. Based on results in the present
study, there is potential for individually-tailored recommendations on sport
participation to address specific health benefits, while also considering cultural
factors, adherence and enjoyment.
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS
62
EVIDENCE-BASED CLASSIFICATION TO IDENTIFY DOMAINS OF
POWERCHAIR SOCCER
Stephanie Williams, Mae Fensterer, J.P. Barfield, FACSM. Emory & Henry College,
Marion, VA.
BACKGROUND: The International Paralympic Committee (IPC) requires all
Paralympic sports to develop an evidence-based classification system to: 1)
determine eligibility for Paralympic competition, and 2) classify athletes
appropriately for fairness. Powerchair football is currently a Paralympic Sport but
does not have an evidence-based classification system necessary for the
Paralympic Games. The purpose of this study was to complete the second step of
IPC’s procedure for developing an evidence-based classification system by
identifying the domains essential to the sport (i.e., determining the
“determinants”). METHODS: We used three methods to identify potential
domains or determinants for Powerchair Football. We first analyzed factors in the
current classification database to determine which factors distinguished between
players with high (PF2) and low (PF1) function (n = 172). We then surveyed 100
players, coaches, and classifiers on their recommendations for essential domains
to evaluate players. Finally, members of the research team (n = 3) and current
international classifiers (n = 3) examined game film using an activity analysis
developed by Thomas (2015). RESULTS: Five factors (head control, trunk
control, visual lag, sport skills, and secondary factors such as communication)
empirically distinguished between PF1 and PF2 in the current database. Survey
analysis supported these domains as participants recommended drive control,
finger control, hand/wrist control, vision, and attention to the game (safety) as
critical domains. Game analysis confirmed some domains (e.g., motor function,
vision) and yielded additional domains for consideration (cognition, perception).
CONCLUSION: Domains currently included in the international Powerchair
Football classification rulebook were supported by empirical evidence from
survey and database analyses. The activity analysis added important domains for
consideration to the process of evidence-based classification for this sport.
THE TRANSITION FROM IN-PERSON TO REMOTE JUDO DURING COVID-
19 IN ADOLESCENTS WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER
Ana Valentina Garcia, Jeanette Garcia. University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL.
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the daily routine of the
majority of the U.S. population. For individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder
(ASD), this can be a considerable source of stress, as individuals with ASD tend
to prefer structure and routine. Physical activity, especially activities with a mind-
body interaction, such as martial arts, may help to manage stress in this
population. Unfortunately, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, in-person activities
such as physical activity are limited. The purpose of this study was to examine
the feasibility of a remote-based judo program for youth with ASD during the
COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: In March of 2020, nine high school adolescents
(mean age: 16.87 years; 89% male) with ASD had been participating in a 12-
week in-person judo program. The COVID-19 pandemic occurred during the 6th
week of the study, and the stay-at-home order was mandated, prohibiting the
continuation of the in-person sessions. After a 2-week development period, the
program transitioned to a Livestream format (Zoom) for the remaining six weeks
of the study. Participants completed surveys comparing their experience with the
in-person and remote sessions, and their classroom teacher had administered a
semi-structured interview following the end of the program. Results: Eight out
of the nine participants attended 92% of the remote classes, while seven of the
nine participants reported that the zoom sessions helped them learn. Also, the
classroom teacher revealed during the interview that the remote sessions were
preferred by the participants who struggled with social interactions and anxiety.
The teacher also reported that the remote judo sessions helped the students
cope during the pandemic by adding structure and familiarity to their schedule.
Conclusion: The remote judo program was both feasible and acceptable for
adolescents with ASD. Physical activity sessions delivered remotely should be
considered as an appropriate alternative for when in-person programs are not
available or as an alternative for those participants with higher levels of anxiety.
EFFECTS OF AROMATASE INHIBITORS AND ARTHRALGIA ON RANGE OF
MOTION IN POSTMENOPAUSAL BREAST CANCER PATIENTS
Margaret Moran, Christian Talbert, Edward Levine, Marissa Howard-McNatt,
Shannon L. Mihalko. Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC.
BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed among
women, with 1 in 8 being diagnosed in their lifetime. As a result of breast cancer
treatment, women have been shown to develop complications that negatively
impact physical activity participation, daily functioning and quality of life.
Specifically, range of motion is an important variable to study as pain and
restricted joint movement will interfere with daily tasks and activities. Although
the standard of care for postmenopausal breast cancer patients is the medication
aromatase inhibitors (AI) because of its association with improved survivorship
and decreased risk of recurrence and contralateral breast cancer, one known side
effect of AI use is arthralgia, characterized by joint pain and stiffness. The
purpose of this research project is to examine the impact of physical activity,
joint pain, joint stiffness and the use of aromatase inhibitors (AI) on range of
motion in postmenopausal breast cancer patients. METHODS: The Breast Cancer
Strength and Range of Motion Study at Wake Forest Cancer Survivorship Clinic is
an ongoing longitudinal follow-up study of physical activity, muscular strength
and range of motion in women with breast cancer. A subset of participants
(n=149) who are postmenopausal and taking aromatase inhibitors (AIs) has
been identified to assess the prevalence of joint pain and stiffness and the role
that physical activity plays in the management of these symptoms. This sample
of women (58 +/- 9.9 years) is above a healthy weight (BMI 31 +/- 15) and
were diagnosed with predominantly Stage 1 (46%) or Stage 2 (31%) breast
cancer. The participants self-reported their demographic information and their
hospital medical records are currently being used to obtain their date of
diagnosis, stage of cancer, and type of treatment. Physical activity is measured
during clinic visits using the self-report Godin Physical Activity Questionnaire and
the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) questionnaire is used to assess joint pain and
stiffness. Pearson correlations and independent t-tests will be used to examine
the associations among physical activity, arthralgia, range of motion, and the use
of aromatase inhibitors. ANTICIPATED RESULTS: If these factors are shown to
significantly moderate range of motion, this information can be used to develop
and implement treatment interventions to improve the patient’s daily functioning
and quality of life.
RELATIONSHIPS OF CHANGES IN BODY COMPOSITION WITH PHYSICAL
PERFORMANCE IN OBESE OLDER ADULTS WITH KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS
Peixi Jiang
1
, Gary D. Miller
1
, Shannon L. Mihalko
1
, Daniel P. Beavers
2
, Stephen P.
Messier, FACSM
1
.
1
Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC.
2
Wake Forest
Baptist Health, Winston Salem, NC.
Obesity is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Knee
osteoarthritis (OA) is a universal cause of disability and obesity is a prominent
risk factor for knee OA. The impact of long-term behavioral interventions that
alter body composition through dietary weight loss on physical performance in
older obese adults is not well investigated. Therefore, this study will examine the
relationships of changes in body composition with physical performance in
overweight and obese older adults with knee OA following an intervention of
dietary induced weight loss alone (D) or in combination with exercise (D+E). The
hypothesis is that individuals with less loss of fat free mass and more loss of fat
mass will show greater improvements in physical performance. The analysis will
use data from participants in the D and D+E intervention groups in the Intensive
Diet and Exercise in Arthritis (IDEA) trial. IDEA was an 18-month randomized
clinical trial that determined whether 10% weight loss in D or D+E groups would
improve mechanistic and clinical outcomes in 454 older (mean age=66土6 years)
overweight and obese adults (mean BMI 33.6土3.7 kg/m2) with knee OA
compared to E alone. The weight loss goal for the D intervention was at least
10% from baseline weight; the E intervention consisted of 3 days/week of
aerobic walking and strength training. Measures include whole body fat mass and
fat free mass using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), gait speed, 6-
minute walk distance, knee extensor and flexor strength, and self-reported
function using the Western Ontario McMasters Universities Osteoarthritis Index
(WOMAC). Pearson correlations will be used to examine the associations between
body composition and physical performance measures at baseline and in the
change of these measures from baseline to the 18-month follow-up data
collection time point. Whereas cross-sectional analysis demonstrates that more
body fat is correlated with poorer physical performance measures, this ongoing
analysis will provide evidence for these relationships from a randomized clinical
trial. The analysis targets a group of overweight and obese older adults with
compromised physical performance measures. Additional strengths of this
analysis include length of follow-up (18-months), the large sample size, the
comprehensive measures of physical performance, and use of DXA for body
composition.
OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY AS A MEANS TO COMBAT FOOD INSECURITY
IN OLDER ADULTS WITH FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMENTS
Lindsey Lewallen, Kristin Riggsbee. Maryville College, Maryville, TN.
BACKGROUND: Food insecurity is the limited or uncertain ability to access
enough food. About 1 in 14 adults ages 60 years or older are food insecure in the
U.S. Previous research reveals that food-insecure older adults face as high as a
66% increased risk for physical health problems and 233% higher rates of
mental health issues in comparison to food-secure older adults. A significant
cause of food insecurity in older adults is functional impairments, defined as the
complete or partial loss of function in a body part that make activities difficult.
Functional impairments can negatively influence food consumption by interfering
with food-related activities of daily living (ADLs) and independent activities of
daily living (IADLs), like self-feeding, grocery shopping, and preparing meals.
Forty percent of older adults in the U.S. live with a functional impairment,
however, this cause of food insecurity is frequently not addressed through older
adult nutrition programs. Occupational therapy (OT) improves participation and
performance in food-related ADLs and IADLs, yet its impact on food insecurity
has not been evaluated. The purpose of this study is to examine how OT
interventions that incorporate the practice of food-related activities, use of
adaptive equipment, and education on public resources impact perceived levels
of food insecurity and nutritional status in older adults with functional
impairments. METHODS: Occupational therapists (n=3) will recruit patients ages
60 years or older as participants (n=20) and will deliver individualized OT
interventions that include the practice of food-related activities, use of adaptive
equipment, and education on public resources. The intervention will be a
minimum of 10 hours, across the duration of multiple 1-hour sessions per week.
Pre- and post-survey outcome measures include a modified version of the
Hunger Vital Sign, the Seniors in the Community: Risk Evaluation for Eating and
Nutrition II (SCREENII), and the Occupational Performance Measure of Food
Activities (OPMF). A sub-sample of self-selecting participants will conduct an in-
depth phone interview to further elucidate results. ANTICIPATED RESULTS: It is
expected that participants will have improved performance and satisfaction in
food-related activities and report enhanced nutritional status and a reduction of
food insecurity. Funding: Maryville College Naylor Fund for Faculty and Student
Research
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS
63
EFFECT OF WORK-TO-REST CYCLES ON CARDIOVASCULAR DRIFT AND
MAXIMAL OXYGEN UPTAKE DURING HEAT STRESS
Anne M. Mulholland, Hillary A. Yoder, Elizabeth Brooke Titshaw, Jonathan E.
Wingo, FACSM. University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL.
BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular (CV) strain, indexed as CV drift—a progressive
increase in heart rate (HR) and decrease in stroke volume (SV) during prolonged
exercise—is exacerbated by environmental heat stress and has been shown to be
accompanied by a decrease in work capacity (V̇O
2max
). In order to attenuate CV
strain, work:rest ratios have been recommended by the National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Whether these guidelines sufficiently
mitigate CV drift and preserve V̇O
2max
is unknown. The purpose of this study was
to test the hypothesis that during moderate work (201-300 kcal/h) in hot
conditions [indoor wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT
in
)=29 °C] utilizing the
recommended 45:15 min work:rest ratio, CV drift accumulates over time, and
the magnitude of accumulated CV drift is proportional to decrements in V̇O
2max
.
METHODS: Eight subjects [5 women; (mean±SD) age=25±5 y; body
mass=74.8±11.6 kg; V̇O
2max
=42.9±5.6 mL/kg/min] completed 3 sessions on
different days. The first visit involved measurement of V̇O
2max
and familiarization
with study procedures in temperate conditions (WBGT
in
=18.1±1.2 °C). The
following 2 counter-balanced experimental trials were conducted in hot
conditions (WBGT
in
=29.0±0.6 °C). Moderate work was achieved by 2.5 min of
arm curls (4.5 kg at 20/min) and 20 min of walking (V̇O
2
=1.0-1.1 L/min) on a
treadmill, repeated once for a total of 45 min of work, and followed by 15 min of
seated rest. HR and SV were measured at 15 and 45 min of each work bout to
evaluate CV drift. The 120-min trial consisted of 2 work:rest cycles followed by
measurement of V̇O
2max
; the 15-min trial replicated the first 15 min of the 120-
min visit, followed by measurement of V̇O
2max
, and was necessary to measure
V̇O
2max
before CV drift occurred. RESULTS: CV drift accumulated between 15 and
105 min: HR increased 16.7% (18±9 bpm, P=0.004) and SV decreased 16.9%
(−12.3±5.9 mL, P=0.003), but V̇O
2max
was not different after 2 work:rest cycles
(P=0.14). Core body temperature increased 0.5±0.2 °C (P=0.006) over 2 h.
Participants drank 0.44±0.30 L of water ad libitum, which did not fully replace
sweat losses (−1.2±0.1 kg, P=0.001). CONCLUSION: CV drift occurred during
two 45:15 min work:rest cycles but V̇O
2max
was unaffected. Although work
capacity is preserved after 2 hours, CV and thermal strain persist. This study was
funded by the Deep South Center for Occupational Health and Safety, a NIOSH
Education and Research Center.
ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY LEVELS IN YOUTH WITH OBESITY IN THE MID-SOUTH
Katherine W. N. Purdham
1
, J. Jackson Taylor
1
, Collette E. Connor
2
, Dana
Kimberly
3
,
,4
, E. Thomaseo Burton
5
,
,4
, Joan C. Han
5
,
,4
, Webb A. Smith
5,4
.
1
University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Memphis,
TN.
2
School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN.
3
Le Bonheur
Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN.
4
Pediatric Obesity Program, Department of
Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center,
Memphis, TN.
5
Children's Research Foundation, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital,
Memphis, TN.
Background: The future risks and complications of obesity pose a high burden on
both the healthcare system and the patient. The recommended first line
treatment for the prevention of pediatric obesity and care for overweight and
obese pediatric patients is lifestyle intervention including nutrition, physical
activity and sedentary behaviors to encourage energy balance. Many social and
environmental factors influence these lifestyle factors; however, little is known
about these factors. Purpose: To examine the effects of built environment (BE)
on physical activity levels (PA) through collection of self-reported activity levels
and known environmental measures in the patients of the Healthy Lifestyle Clinic
(HLC) at Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital. Methods: We examined the associations
between BE and self-reported PA in 708 youth (BMI z-score 2.54±0.44,
12.3±3.6 years, 62% female, 69% African American, 47.5±6.5% body fat) in
the HLC. Public government sources were used to evaluate BE in HLC family’s
communities. Results: Caregiver survey assessments of child’s PA showed 26.7%
complete 60 minutes of PA ≥5 days/week, 42.8% complete 60 minutes of PA ≤4
and ≥2 days/week and 30.5% complete 60 minutes of PA <2 days/week. Median
household income in these communities was $43,801±21,494 (range $17,000-
$129,382). Percent vacant housing was 14.2±6.8% (national=7%; Memphis
metro average (MSA) =12%). Walkability (18.14±12.5; MSA=4.0), bike lanes
(0.96± 0.93mi/mi2; MSA=0.14), greenways (0.2± 0.2mi/mi2; MSA=0.03), and
presence of sidewalks (41.9±15.5 %; MSA=33%) were collected. PA levels were
not associated with vacant housing rates (p=0.61), housing density (p=0.74),
number of transit stops (p=0.31), walkability (p=0.77), bike lanes (p=0.44),
greenways (p=0.91), bicycle friendliness (p=0.70), distance to community
center (p=0.99), distance to park (p=0.91) and sidewalks (p=0.77) in our cohort
of youth with obesity. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that in our largely urban
cohort the BE (exercise space) may not be the limiting factor in PA that HLC
patients complete. More work is needed to evaluate the quality and functionality
of the BE.
AFFECTIVE DIMENSIONS OF DYSPNEA AT MAXIMUM EXERCISE IN
COVID-POSITIVE AND HEALTHY ADULTS
Valesha M. Province, Marc A. Augenreich, Nina L. Stute, Abigail S.L. Stickford,
Steve M. Ratchford, Jonathon L. Stickford. Appalachian State University, Boone,
NC.
BACKGROUND: SARS-CoV-2 is a novel disease with severe physiological
impairments of acute vascular, cardiac, autonomic, and respiratory function.
However, one of the most common COVID-19 symptoms is shortness of breath,
reinforcing the pivotal role of the respiratory system in this disease. PURPOSE:
The purpose of this study was to examine emotional responses to exertional
dyspnea (i.e., shortness of breath during exercise) in otherwise healthy, young
adults who have tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. METHODS: Otherwise healthy,
young adults (COV: 5M/7F, 20 ± 1y, 24.2 ± 3.4 kgᐧm-2, 35.4 ± 5.74 ml·kg-
1·min-1) who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 three weeks prior to the test date
completed an incremental exercise test to voluntary exhaustion on a cycle
ergometer. Subjective ratings of perceived breathlessness (RPB) and
unpleasantness of breathlessness (RPU) were collected at rest and during each
minute of exercise. Following exercise, subjects rated unpleasantness and
accompanying negative feelings (depression, anxiety, frustration, anger, and
fear) associated with their dyspnea during exercise using a visual analog scale
(VAS). Results were compared to sex, age, and BMI matched controls (CON:
5M/7F, 20 ± 2y, 22.8 ± 3.1 kgᐧm-2, 34.9 ± 6.17 ml·kg-1·min-1). RESULTS:
COV displayed lower RPB ratings at peak V̇O2 compared with CON (COV: 5.5 ±
2.5 CON: 7.5 ± 1.9, p = 0.04). VAS ratings of anger (COV: 0.05 ± 0.117; CON:
2.06 ± 1.97, p ≤ 0.001), but not depression, anxiety, unpleasantness,
frustration or fear, were lower in COV compared with CON. CONCLUSION:
Individuals who have recently contracted SARS-CoV-2 had lower perceptual
ratings of breathlessness during exercise compared with healthy control subjects,
indicating a reduction in the sensory dimension of dyspnea. The affective
dimension appears to be maintained, with only the emotions related to anger
being lower. Further examination is warranted to determine any long-term
effects of SARS-CoV-2 on exertional dyspnea and other physiological
consequences.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF AXIAL SKELETON FRACTURES IN CHEERLEADING
AND GYMNASTICS FROM 2010-2019
Melissa C. Kay
1
, Avinash Chandran
2
.
1
University of Southern Mississippi,
Hattiesburg, MS.
2
Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention,
Indianapolis, IN.
BACKGROUND: Cheerleading and gymnastics are globally popular competitive
sports. Within the United States (US), these sports often receive less on-site
medical coverage, particularly at the youth level. Cheerleaders and gymnasts are
at risk of fractures, and axial skeleton fractures are among the most severe
injuries that participants can sustain. The purpose of this study was to describe
the characteristics of axial skeleton fractures suffered during cheerleading and
gymnastics participation presenting to US emergency departments (ED).
METHODS: Researchers used the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System
database to review cases of axial skeleton fractures in youth (age=5-17 years)
cheerleaders and gymnasts presenting to US EDs. Independent variables
included body region and mechanism of injury. Differential prevalence of axial
skeleton fractures and hospital outcomes were examined using Injury Proportion
Ratios (IPR) and accompanying 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: A total of
208 injuries among youth cheerleaders (n=127) and gymnasts (n=81) were seen
in US EDs during 2010-2019. This equated to national estimates of 4757 injuries
in cheerleaders and 1692 injuries in gymnasts. The majority of these injuries
were facial fractures (71.4%) and torso fractures (22.5%) and were attributed to
player contact (49.8%) or surface contact (25.1%). Most injuries were treated
and released from the hospital (87.1%). Neck (IPR=1.79; 95%CI=1.37-2.21)
and player contact (IPR=11.66; 95%CI=8.91-14.40) injuries were more
prevalent among reported cheerleading than gymnastics injuries. A comparable
proportion of cheerleading and gymnastics injuries were treated and released
from the ED (IPR=1.09; 95%CI=0.83-1.35). CONCLUSIONS: While axial
skeleton fractures within cheerleading and gymnastics are rare, they can have
severe outcomes. Given the higher prevalence of neck and player contact injuries
within cheerleading, further attention may be directed towards better
understanding and preventing such injuries in cheerleading. On-site medical
providers can facilitate triaging and alleviate the physical, emotional, and
financial burden posed by such injuries.
CHANGES IN FIRST-YEAR COLLEGE STUDENTS’ OBJECTIVELY MEASURED
DIETARY AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY BEHAVIORS.
YongJu Hwang, Yangyang Deng, Taewoo Kim, Sara Campbell, Sami Yli-Piipari.
University of Georgia, Athens, GA.
BACKGROUND: Entering college is a significant phase in young adults’ lives.
While adapting to the changes in their lives, freshman students have shown to
struggle in maintaining their health behaviors, e.g. physical activity (PA) and
diet. Although “Freshman 15”, i.e. excessive weight gain of 15 or more pounds,
is a myth, research has shown that freshman students are vulnerable for
negative health behaviors, e.g. declining levels of regular, moderate-to-vigorous
PA (MVPA) and unhealthy eating habits, e.g. consuming too much sugar.
Considering the negative influence of these unhealthy patterns on student and
public health, the aim of this study was to examine the changes in first-year
college students’ dietary and PA behaviors during the first semester. METHODS:
Participants were recruited using the University registrar’s listserv database. A
sample of 30 participants (age 18.30±1.12y) was followed during their first
semester, and their dietary (ASA24-US) and PA (wrist-worn ActiGraph
accelerometers) behaviors were assessed for one week at the beginning and end
of the semester. RESULTS: Final sample overrepresented female (university
distribution; 57%/sample distribution; 70%), and African-American (8%/17%)
students, while there was an underrepresentation in Caucasian students
(55%/43%) and an appropriate distribution of Asian (10%/9%) students.
Twenty-six of the 30 participants (~87%) had a university provided meal plan.
In total, 17 participants returned a full data set on their 7-day dietary and PA
behaviors, and hence were included in the final analyses. The study findings
demonstrated that participants’ eating behaviors improved across the semester
as they consumed less sugar (t[16] = -3.54, p = .005; M
pre
= 95.29g/d, M
post
=
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS
64
72.12g/d) and added sugars (t[16] = -2.60, p = .026; M
pre
= 14.12g/d, M
post
=
9.11g/d). In addition, the study showed that participants’ PA patterns changed
as there was a decline in light-intensity PA (t[16] = -3.46, p = .003; M
pre
=
1,126min/d, M
post
= 1,005min/d) and increase in daily MVPA (t[16] = 2.52, p =
.023; M
pre
= 216min/d, M
post
= 228min/d). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed
freshman students’ dietary and PA behaviors to be relatively healthy and the
semester-long changes to be largely positive. Based on the findings of this study,
the efforts to reduce students’ consumption of sugar and sugary drinks and to
increase vigorous PA are well warranted.
THE EFFECT OF WALKING A COMPANION VERSUS UNFAMILIAR DOG ON
MOOD, HEART RATE, AND EXERCISE ENJOYMENT
Anna Covington, Rebecca Rogers, Thomas Kopec, Christopher Ballmann.
Samford University, Birmingham, AL.
BACKGROUND: The human-canine interaction and relationship has been shown
to have positive health benefits. Previous research has shown that spending time
with therapy dogs can improve mood and increase parasympathetic nervous
system activity. However, evidence has also suggested that interaction with an
individual’s companion dog may potentiate favorable physiological responses. It
is currently unclear whether exercising with a familiar/companion or unfamiliar
dog influences affective or physiological responses to exercise. The purpose of
this study was to investigate whether walking with an individuals’ own
companion dog in comparison to an unfamiliar dog elicits a more favorable
response to exercise. METHODS: Healthy males and females over the age of 18
participated in this field study. Each participant completed two trials in a
crossover counterbalanced study design: 1) Walking with familiar/companion dog
(FD) and 2) Walking with an unfamiliar dog (UD). Participants were instructed to
walk a 1.5 mile time trial with the corresponding dog condition. The individuals
own dog was used for the FD trial while a standardized unfamiliar dog was used
for all the UD trials. Heart rate was monitored throughout the exercise bout.
Participants completed an abbreviated POMS questionnaire pre- and post-
exercise. A visual analog scale for exercise enjoyment was administered post-
exercise. RESULTS: A significantly larger improvement in mood was observed
during the UD versus FD trials (p= 0.028). Furthermore, mean heart rate
(p=0.045) and exercise enjoyment (p= 0.025) were significantly higher during
the UD versus FD trial. There were no significant differences in walking speed
between trials (p=0.058). CONCLUSIONS: Findings indicate that walking a UD
may improve mood and exercise enjoyment with accompanying increases in
exercise intensity compared to a FD. These results may have important
implications in therapy programs utilizing dogs as walking a UD may result in
greater affective benefit.
INFLUENCE OF WEATHER ON DIRT AND GRAVEL TRAIL USE IN AN
URBAN WILDERNESS TRAIL SYSTEM
Douglas A. Gregory
1
,
,2
, Eugene C. Fitzhugh
1
.
1
University of Tennessee, Knoxville,
TN.
2
Tennessee Wesleyan University, Athens, TN.
BACKGROUND: Utilization of public urban wilderness areas for mountain biking,
trail running, and hiking may provide significant opportunities for increasing
physical activity and overall wellness. Understanding how weather relates to use
of different trail types (dirt trails vs. gravel trails) can provide information on how
people use trails in varying weather conditions. The purpose of this study was to
investigate the relationship between varying weather conditions with use of dirt
and gravel trails in an urban wilderness trail system. METHODS: Data were
collected using eight infrared counting stations located across mixed-use trails
throughout the Knoxville Urban Wilderness in Knoxville, TN. Total daily user
counts and weather measures were collected for fifty-five consecutive days in
September and October. Weather variables included average temperature,
humidity, and wind speed, and whether or not it rained. Correlations and
multiple regression were used to examine relationships. RESULTS: There was a
moderate relationship between precipitation and dirt trail use (-0.451, p<0.001),
but a weak relationship between precipitation and gravel trail use (-0.338,
p=0.012). When controlling for other weather variables in multiple regression,
precipitation significantly decreased total user counts on all trails (p=0.043), with
average humidity near significance (p=0.051). However, when examining these
relationships by specific trail type, usage of dirt trails significantly decreased with
precipitation and increasing humidity, p=0.015 and 0.030 respectively. Use of
gravel trails only decreased with increasing average temperature (p=0.034) and
not precipitation (p=0.521). CONCLUSIONS: Dirt trail use is more significantly
impacted by precipitation when compared to gravel trails. This makes sense for
the area studied as dirt trails, although multi-use, are more heavily used by
mountain bikers than runners and hikers. Runners and hikers may avoid dirt
trails due to the potential of standing water and muddy conditions. Gravel trails,
which in the area studied are more utilized by runners and hikers, did not see a
significant decrease in usage with precipitation events. This type of trail surface
may enable runners and walkers to use them when it is or has been raining.
EVALUATING THE AWARENESS OF AND PARTICIPATION IN EXERCISE IS
MEDICINE ON CAMPUS (EIM-OC)
Jeremy A. Steeves, Sarah McFann, Traci Haydu, Jennifer F. Oody. Maryville
College, Maryville, TN.
Exercise is Medicine-On Campus (EIM-OC) involves promoting physical activity
on college campuses and is ideally integrated into the student health clinic to
assess student PA and provide exercise prescriptions. The campus-wide
awareness of this Health Science and Outdoor Studies (HSOS) Division based
campaign was unknown. Purpose: To evaluate awareness, engagement, and
determinants of participation in EIM-OC at a small liberal arts college (1148
students). Methods: Maryville College students were recruited to complete an
anonymous, online survey asking about their knowledge of and participation in
EIM-OC and PA. Descriptive statistics were presented, and aware vs. non-aware
of EIM-OC and HSOS majors vs. other majors were compared. Results: Of the
114 participants, 85.1% reported they were aware of EIM-OC, 67.5%
participated in &ge1 EIM-OC event, 33.3% used the student health center on
campus, and 10.5% were asked the PA vital sign questions during their health
center visit. Awareness of EIM-OC significantly increased participation in EIM-OC
events compared to those not-aware of EIM-OC (72.2% vs. 41.2%, p=0.01). The
majority of students (62.3%) reported a major other than HSOS, and 37.7%
identified as HSOS majors. More HSOS majors were aware of EIM-OC (97.7% vs.
77.5%, p<0.01), participated in EIM-OC events (83.7% vs. 57.5%, p<0.01),
and valued the benefits of PA (stress management, fun, and academic
productivity (all p<0.05)) compared to non-HSOS majors. Overall, students
reported an average of 226.4 ± 270.2 minutes of PA per week, with no
differences between those who were aware or non-aware of EIM-OC or in HSOS
or other majors. The daily campus e-mail communication was the most common
way students learned about EIM-OC events, but students said they would prefer
to learn about events through flyers in dorm buildings. The main reason that
students participated in EIM-OC events was class credit (43.9%), fun (36.8%),
because their friends participated (28.9%), self-interest (28.1%), fitness
(21.9%), and the social aspect of the events (8.8%). Conclusion: Student
awareness of EIM-OC had a positive influence on EIM-OC participation; however,
it was not related to increased PA. Increasing awareness of EIM-OC beyond
HSOS through increased education and promotion in dorms may encourage
students across campus to engage in EIM-OC events and appreciate the benefits
of a physically active lifestyle. Funding: Maryville College Senior Study Grant
Fund.
CHANGES IN UNIVERSITY EMPLOYEES' PHYSICAL ACTIVITY DURING
THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
M. Ryan Mason, Jake H. Hudgins, Marilyn S. Campbell, Martha J. Biddle, Melinda
J. Ickes, Lance M. Bollinger. University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.
BACKGROUND: COVID-19 disrupted virtually all aspects of American life during
calendar year 2020. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of the
COVID-19 pandemic response on objectively measured physical activity (PA) of
university employees. METHODS: Objectively measured PA data (walking
distance, steps∙d
-1
, and Moderate-Vigorous PA (MVPA) time) were collected from
commercial grade triaxial accelerometers from Jan-May in calendar years 2019
and 2020. Data were high pass filtered at 1000 steps∙d
-1
and 20% of their
monthly average to eliminate outlier data due to improper function or insufficient
wearing of PA monitoring devices. Subjects with less than three data points per
week were excluded from data analysis. Data were compared by a two-way
repeated ANOVA (N=625) with α = 0.05. RESULTS: Walking distance was
significantly lesser in April 2020 compared to Feb 2020 (6.32 ± 0.16 vs. 6.56 ±
0.12 km∙d
-1
, p < 0.001). Walking distance was lesser during the months of April
(8.9%, p < 0.001) and May 2020 (5.9%, p < 0.001) compared to similar time
periods from calendar year 2019. Daily steps were significantly (4-5%, p <
0.001) lower in April 2020 compared to the months of Jan-March 2020. Daily
steps during the month of May 2020 were significantly greater than April 2020
(5%, p < 0.001), but not significantly different from Jan-March 2020. Daily steps
were significantly lesser in the months of April 2020 (8759 ± 158 vs. 9815 ± 133
steps∙d
-1
, p < 0.001) and May 2020 (9205 ± 159 vs. 9867 ± 132 steps∙d
-1
, p <
0.001) compared to the same time period of 2019. MVPA time was greater in the
months of March-May 2020 compared to Jan and Feb of 2020 (5.0-17.0%, p <
0.001). Time spent in MVPA was similar between calendar years 2019 and 2020
for the months of March, April, and May. CONCLUSION: These data indicate a
decrease in walking distance and daily steps, but not time spent in MVPA during
the initial stage of the COVID-19 pandemic response. These findings suggest an
increased time spent in sedentary behavior, but not reduced time spent in
exercise, during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the
previous calendar year. FUNDING: National Center for Research Resources and
the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health UL1TR001998 (LMB).
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN COMMUNITY CRIME AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
LEVELS IN CHILDREN WITH OBESITY IN THE MID-SOUTH
John Jackson Martin Taylor. UTHSC - COM, Memphis, TN.
Obesity is a serious health concern affecting nearly all communities. Studies have
shown significant health disparity with lower socioeconomic areas impacted
most. This study examined associations of self-reported physical activity levels
(PA) with community crime and poverty levels in 708 children (BMI z-score
2.54±0.44, 12.3±3.6 years, 62% female, 69% African American, 47.5±6.5%
body fat) in the Healthy Lifestyles Clinic (HLC) at Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital.
Caregiver survey assessments of PA showed 26.7% complete 60 minutes of PA
≥5 days/week, 42.8% complete 60 minutes of PA ≤4 and ≥2 days/week and
30.5% complete 60 minutes of PA <2 days/week. Public government and FBI
sources were used to evaluate crime (total, property, and violent) and poverty
levels in HLC families’ communities. Median household income in these
communities was $43,801±21,494 (range $17,000-$129,382). Violent crime
index (0-100) was 68.9±27.2 (national average (US) =22.7; Memphis metro
average (MSA) =57.6). Property crime index (0-100) was 69.8±23.4 (US=35.4;
MSA=59.4). Most HLC patients live in communities with high crime (nearly
double US average for property (57.9%) and violent (57.8%) while fewer
patients live in areas with lower than the US average property (13.1%) and
violent (23.3%) crime. Population below poverty was 24.1±13.3% (US=12.3;
MSA=19.0). PA levels were not associated with total crime index (p=0.32),
violent crime index (p=0.82), property crime index (p=0.92), or percent
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS
65
population below poverty line (p=0.32) in our cohort of children with obesity.
Our findings suggest that in our largely urban cohort, crime and poverty are
significant concerns but may not be the key limiting factors in patient physical
activity completion.
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN A UNIVERSITY COMMUNITY BEFORE AND AFTER
A COVID-19 SHUT DOWN
Brynn Hudgins. James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA.
BACKGROUND: Achieving recommended levels of physical activity (PA) is
important for achieving and maintaining health. Recent guidelines state that any
amount of PA has positive effects. With the COVID-19 pandemic resulting in the
transition to remote teaching and learning, as well as changes to the daily work
routine of university staff, overall PA levels were likely impacted. The purpose of
this study was to assess whether a significant change in PA occurred before and
after one university transitioned to remote learning. METHODS: Subjects were
recruited from the James Madison University (JMU) community who owned and
wore a commercial physical activity (PA) monitoring device for 30 days prior to
the JMU spring break in March 2020, as well as 30 days after. During the JMU
spring break, the campus went from in-person instruction to 100% online
instruction. Subjects completed an anonymous online survey and input uploaded
step data from their online account. Paired sample t-tests were utilized to
examine differences before and after JMU spring break. RESULTS: Twenty-eight
subjects (age = 42.6 ± 11.8, BMI = 28.9 ± 7.1, 20 female, 8 male) completed
the survey. Sample included 4 students, 23 staff and faculty, and 1 family
member of a JMU student. The 7-day step average for the week before spring
break (8200.2 ± 3243.4) was higher than the 7-day step average for the week
after spring break (6864.5 ± 3619.7, P = 0.006). There was a trend for a higher
30-day mean step average before spring break (8085.4 ± 2965.6) vs. after
(7474.9 ± 3888.2, P = 0.08). Weekday step averages were higher before spring
break (8093.5 ± 2854.5) vs. after (7195.3 ± 3695.2, P = 0.03). Weekend step
average did not differ between time points (8153.3 ± 3850.4 vs. 8214.9 ±
4823.3, for before and after break, respectively, P = 0.86). CONCLUSIONS:
Results found that physical activity levels were altered after stay-at-home orders
took effect. Overall PA declined the week after spring break, with weekday steps
being impacted most negatively for the month following. This change is likely a
reflection of the significant amount of everyday transport PA that is needed to
navigate daily life on a university campus (walking to class, to work, walking
associated with job duties, etc.) that was removed due to stay-at-home orders.
Weekend PA did not differ, as daily routines were likely more stable.
DESCRIBING MODES OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AMONG HIGH AND LOW
SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS ADOLESCENTS
Caroline C. Sims, Jason Fanning. Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC.
Background: Physical activity is essential in creating both positive physical and
mental health with especially strong effects on stress. This is true across the
lifespan, but achieving sufficient levels of physical activity is especially important
in adolescence where high levels of stress can have lifelong effects. This may be
compounded in low socioeconomic areas, which have unique sources of stress,
and so activity promotion endeavors are especially important in these
environments. Due to differences in resources (e.g., access to costly gym
facilities, paved and safe roads), the amount and type of common forms of
physical activity may differ in these communities. By understanding the
relationship between physical activity and anxiety, and whether activity levels
are drawn from different modes of activity among high and low SES individuals,
health practitioners can better tailor public health messaging around physical
activity.Purpose: Our primary purpose is to describe types and levels of physical
activity in children of low versus high income families. This is vital in crafting
relatable and meaningful public health messaging around physical activity and
for planning future lifestyle interventions for stress management.Methods: This
study is a secondary analysis of the NHANES 2012 data set. The NHANES survey
asks an extensive array of questions related to the activity levels of individuals
aged 3-15 years of age. Questions were asked in one sitting either at home or at
a mobile center and children under the age of 12 had proxy respondents (usually
a parent or guardian). Participants note the weekly duration in which they
engaged in a variety of lifestyle and exercise behaviors (e.g., yard work,
basketball).Expected results: Through this study, we expect to find that generally
levels of physical activity are lower than stated recommended levels (60 minutes
daily) and that the predominate mode of physical activity will differ between high
and low socioeconomic status children. Thus, this would mean it would be vital
that health programming adapts to serve those of all socioeconomic statuses in
order to increase overall wellbeing.
CONSUMER WEARABLE DEVICE OWNERSHIP AND COMPONENTS OF THE
24-HOUR ACTIVITY CYCLE IN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Benjamin Donald Boudreaux, Ginny M. Frederick, Ellen M. Evans, FACSM, Patrick
J. O'Connor, FACSM, Michael D. Schmidt. University of Georgia, Athens, GA.
BACKGROUND: Consumer wearable devices (CWD) such as activity trackers
(e.g., Fitbit) or smartwatches (e.g., Apple Watch) can track different behaviors
within the 24-hour activity cycle (24-HAC) which is conventionally demarcated
into 1) sleep, 2) sedentary behavior (SED), 3) light (LPA) and 4) moderate-
vigorous physical activity (MVPA) behaviors. College students as a cohort have
altered 24-HAC patterns, though in part due to variable sleep habits, and
increased SED due to academic pursuits. Moreover, this cohort is one of the first
generations to mature with CWD. Although theoretically plausible, the influence
of CWD ownership (CWD+; CWD-) on components of the 24-HAC in this cohort is
unknown. This study examined the relationship between CWD and components of
the 24-HAC, sleep, SED LPA and MVPA, in university students. METHODS:
University students (n=647, 20.3±1.6yrs, 80% female, 49% CWD+) completed
an online survey to assess demographics and CWD status, sleep duration via the
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, SED via the International Physical Activity
Questionnaire (SED), and PA via the Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire.
Multiple linear regression examined the association of CWD with sleep, SED, and
PA of the 24-HAC adjusted for sex, race, ethnicity, BMI, all known to influence
outcomes of interest. RESULTS: CWD did not impact sleep duration (CWD+ =
488.4±65.3 vs CWD- = 480.8±79.2 min/day, p=0.26). However, students with
CWD+ status had lower SED (CWD+= 390.0±156.7 vs. CWD- = 421.1±160.8
min/day, p=0.04), lower LPA (CWD+= 37.7±65.5 vs CWD- =
48.7±93.7min/day, p<0.01) and greater MVPA (CWD+ = 46.4±61.2 vs. CWD- =
42.5±59.3 min/day, p<0.01) compared to CWD-. After adjusting for other
components of the 24-HAC, results remained significant for LPA (p<0.01) and
MVPA (p<0.01), but SED became no longer significant (p=0.62). Total sleep
duration remained non-significant (p=0.27). CONCLUSIONS: Owning a CWD is
positively associated with MVPA, but is not associated with total sleep duration in
university students. Future studies in this population should incorporate objective
measures to address the limitations of self-report and explore changes in the 24-
HAC components after initiating use of a CWD.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SEX, RACE, ETHNICITY, AND COMPONENTS
OF THE 24-HOUR ACTIVITY CYCLE IN COLLEGE STUDENTS
Laura Faye Hildreth, Benjamin D. Boudreaux, Ginny M. Frederick, Ellen M. Evans,
FACSM, Michael D. Schmidt, FACSM. University of Georgia, Athens, GA.
BACKGROUND: Components of the 24-hour activity cycle (24-HAC) consisting
of sleep, sedentary behavior (SED), light physical activity (LPA), and moderate-
to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) are all important for health and these
behaviors may be established during the transition from adolescence to
adulthood. Because college students have dynamic 24-HAC patterns due to
academic pursuits, the relationship between sex, race, ethnicity, and components
of the 24-HAC in college students is unclear; thus, this study aimed to examine
these relationships. METHODS: College students (n=647, 20.3±1.6yrs, 80%
female) completed an online survey to assess demographics, sleep duration via
the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, SED via the International Physical Activity
Questionnaire (SED), and physical activity (PA) via the Godin Leisure-Time
Exercise Questionnaire. Multiple linear regression was used to examine the
association of sex, race, and ethnicity with each component of the 24-HAC in a
mutually adjusted model. RESULTS: Females (F) reported similar sleep duration
[F= 484±73 vs M= 484±70min/day, (p=0.99)] and SED time [F=402±156 vs M
409±163min/day, (p=0.25)] as males (M). Females reported lower PA (leisure-
time activity score) compared to males (M) [F= 42±26 vs M: 49±27, (p<0.01)].
Non-Hispanic White (NH-W; n=441) students reported a longer sleep duration
compared to Non-Hispanic Black (NH-B; n=43) and Asian (AS; n=83) students
[NH-W= 492±67, NH-B= 455±95 (p<0.01), AS= 463±73 (p<0.01)]. SED time
(min/day) did not differ between NH-W and NH-B and HS students but did differ
in AS students [NH-W= 388±151, NH-B: 424±124, AS= 448±165 (p=0.04),
HS= 432±199]. NH-W students reported higher PA compared to NH-B and AS
students [NH-W= 48±25, NH-B= 26±23 (p<0.01), AS= 34±23 (p<0.01). Total
sleep duration, SED time, and PA did not differ between NH-W and Hispanic (HS;
n=45) students [sleep: NH-W= 492±67 vs HS= 484±76; SED: NH-W= 388±151
vs HS= 432±199; PA: NH-W= 48±25 vs HS= 42±34]. Conclusions: Our data
suggest that sex, race, and ethnicity are related to sleep, sedentary behavior,
and physical activity behaviors in college students. Future studies should
incorporate objective measures of the 24-HAC behaviors. Intervention strategies
may need to vary with respect to 24-HAC behaviors and key demographic
variables to be effective.
SESSION IV: REVIEW/SYMPOSIA Friday, Feb. 19, 1:00–2:00 pm EST
TARGETING SEDENTARY BEHAVIOR AS A FEASIBLE HEALTH STRATEGY
DURING COVID-19
Josh P. Causey
1
, Emily Draper
1
, Gabriel Zieff
1
, Lauren Bates
1
, Zachary Y. Kerr
1
,
Justin B. Moore
2
, Erik D. Hanson
1
, Claudio Battaglini
1
, Lee Stoner, FACSM
1
.
1
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
2
Wake Forest
University, Winston-Salem, NC.
Due to social restrictions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, increased barriers
to physical activity have led to a rise in sedentary behavior, which is associated
with negative physical and mental health. While traditional strategies to increase
exercise and physical activity are still recommended, these may be less feasible
in the wake of the pandemic. For example, the already difficult task of promoting
traditional exercise and physical activity habits at multiple levels (e.g. individual,
environment, and policy) has been further exacerbated during the pandemic.
Strategies to reduce sedentary behavior, however, provide a low risk, practical
target through which the adverse health effects associated with COVID-19 social
restrictions can be minimized. Further, while conventional exercise and physical
activity interventions may be limited by the necessary acquisition of certain
resources, targeting sedentary behavior provides a mechanism to reduce health
risks that is less hindered by factors related to health disparities such as
socioeconomic status and race. Thus, strategies to reduce sedentary behavior
are a feasible target that provide an equitable mechanism to mitigate negative
health outcomes during COVID-19.
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS
66
SESSION IV: POSTER/FREE COMMUNICATION Friday, Feb. 19, 1:00–2:00 pm EST
MENTAL HEALTH SELF-EFFICACY IN COLLEGE ATHLETIC TRAINERS: AN
EXPLORATORY STUDY
Martha Dettl-Rivera. Winthrop University, Rock Hill, SC.
BACKGROUND: National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) certified athletic
trainers play a crucial role in recognizing and referring college student-athletes in
the event of a mental health issue or crisis but lack formal training. The purpose
of this study was to explore the influence of the USA Mental Health First Aid
(MHFA-USA) course of NCAA certified athletic trainers’ self-efficacy in student-
athlete mental health referrals. METHODS: NCAA certified athletic trainers
enrolled in MFA-USA courses were recruited via electronic mail to participate in
the study. Participants (n=8) completed pre-course, post-course, and one month
follow-up surveys measuring confidence levels with mental health referrals. One
survey, Mental Health Efficacy Questionnaire (MHEQ), was adopted from an eight
question validated online mental health tool to specifically measure self-efficacy
scores and scored on a Likert scale of 10. The MHFA-USA Course Effectiveness
(MCE) form evaluated different aspects of the course related to the Theory of
Planned Behavior but only four self-efficacy questions were evaluated and scored
on a Likert scale of 5. To determine changes in self-efficacy scores, repeated
measures ANOVA was used to compare pre-, post- and follow-up scores from the
MHEQ and the questions evaluating self-efficacy within the MCE form. RESULTS:
The MHEQ displayed improvement of self-efficacy from pre-course to post-
course. The scores increased from 7.28 ± 1.02 (M ± SD) (moderately confident)
to 8.98 ± 1.06 (very confident). Additionally, confidence levels remained higher
at one month follow-up, 8.94 ± .99, compared to pre-course. The MCE form also
revealed improvements to confidence levels from pre-course, 3.13 ± .79 to post-
course, 4.38 ± .35, as well as one month follow-up, 4.44 ± .42.
CONCLUSIONS: There has not been current research on formal mental health
training programs of NCAA certified athletic trainers. This exploratory study
demonstrated there were significant improvements of self-efficacy scores in
mental health referrals in NCAA college athletic trainers. These improved
confidence levels established the potential for applicability and practicality of the
MHFA-USA course in a college athletics setting. Grant: UNC-Greensboro
Dissertation Grant Award - $250
EXAMINATION OF FEELING STATES AFTER AN ACUTE BOUT OF FOAM
ROLLING AND HIGH INTENSITY EXERCISE
Lauren M. Biscardi, Debra A. Stroiney. George Mason University, Manassas, VA.
BACKGROUND: Psychological benefits of massage include acute improvement in
positive affect, relaxation, perceived soreness, fatigue, and reductions in anxiety.
Foam rolling also acutely reduces perceptions of soreness and fatigue. Physical
activity increases positive and decreases negative affect. It is unknown whether
foam rolling may have the same effects on mood as massage and/or exercise.
The purpose of this study was to examine changes in affect following an acute
bout of foam rolling and subsequent high intensity exercise. We hypothesize that
positive affect and tranquility will increase, fatigue and negative affect will
decrease. METHODS: 14 trained runners (32.9±12.4 yr; 171.1±7.0 cm;
67.8±6.7 kg; 17.8±8.1 %BF; 51.5±9.8 mL/kg/min V̇O
2peak
) were recruited.
Baseline testing included measures of body fat percentage, V̇O
2peak
and a
familiarization run. In the experimental session, participants completed foam
rolling prior to a 4-minute high-intensity treadmill run. Foam rolling was applied
bilaterally to the quadriceps, hamstrings, calves and gluteal muscles for 90
seconds per muscle group. The Physical Activity Affect Scale (PAAS) measured
affect before foam rolling, after foam rolling and after exercise. The PAAS has 4
subscales: positive affect, negative affect, fatigue and tranquility. A repeated
measures ANOVA was used to assess PAAS changes over time. A Pearson’s
correlation was run to determine a relationship between baseline scores and the
amount of affective change. Alpha was set at .05. RESULTS: Post hoc power
analysis was .84. Tranquility significantly decreased from baseline (7.71±1.5) to
post-running (5.64±2.6) and from post-foam rolling (7.57±2.4) to post-running
(p<.05). No other statistically significant differences were found. Significant
negative correlations were found between baseline value and affective change for
both positive affect and fatigue after foam rolling (r=-.70, r=-.62) and after
exercise (r=-.79, r=-.72). Subjects worked at an intensity of 83.5±.09 %V̇O
2peak.
CONCLUSIONS: Decreases in tranquility and no changes in positive affect after
high-intensity exercise are consistent with literature assessing mood post-
exercise. Foam rolling does not seem to elicit the same responses on affect as
massage and physical activity. Affective changes in response to physical activity
have been tied to baseline values, our results support these findings for positive
affect and fatigue.
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, SEDENTARY BEHAVIOR, SMARTPHONE USE, AND
SLEEP PATTERNS OF YOUNG ADULTS DURING COVID-19 QUARANTINE
Tara Kaitlyn Whiddon
1
, Borja Sañudo
2
, Antonio J Sánchez-Oliver
2
, Curtis Fennell
1
.
1
University of Montevallo, Montevallo, AL.
2
Universidad de Sevilla, Seville.
Background: The effect of home quarantine on health-related variables has not
been assessed during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study assessed the effects of
COVID-19 home quarantine on physical activity, sedentary behavior, smartphone
use, and sleep patterns in college-aged adults. Methods: Data was collected in a
sample of 20 young adults (mean age ± SD: 22.6 ± 3.4 years; 55% males) over
seven days pre-COVID-19 quarantine and seven days during COVID-19
quarantine. Objective and subjective physical activity (accelerometer and the
International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), respectively), the number of
hours sitting (IPAQ), objectively-measured smartphone use (smartphone screen
time applications), and objective and subjective sleep (accelerometer and the
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, respectively) were assessed. Results: Results
revealed significantly greater walking time and mean steps (p < 0.001, d =
1.223 to 1.605), and moderate and vigorous physical activity (p < 0.05, d =
0.568 to 0.616), in the pre- compared with the during COVID-19 quarantine
phase. Additionally, smartphone use (p = 0.009, d = 0.654), sitting time (p =
0.002, d = 1.120), and total sleep (p < 0.004, d = 0.666) were significantly
greater in the during compared with the pre-COVID-19 quarantine phase.
Conclusion: This is the first study to use objective measures of physical activity
and smartphone behavior to assess health-related activities performed during
COVID-19 quarantine. In conclusion, this study revealed that during the COVID-
19 quarantine time, health-related behaviors changed, as participants spent less
time engaging in physical activity and more time sitting, using the smartphone,
and sleeping. Increased time spent inside led individuals to make unhealthy
decisions in regards to health-related variables. These findings are of importance
to governing bodies to make informed decisions, including lifestyle modifications
and to encourage health-promoting activities during times of quarantine.
COPING METHODS UTILIZED BY COLLEGIATE ATHLETES SUFFERING
FROM SEASON-ENDING INJURY
Lucas Jacob Wagoner. Lee University, Cleveland, TN.
BACKGROUND: There is a vast amount of research on the varied physiological
responses of athletes to injuries, but few studies have looked at the diverse
psychological responses athletes face following season ending injuries. Many
theoretical models attempt to explain how a person may cope following trauma,
however currently it is unclear which of the varied coping mechanisms are
utilized most frequently by athletes following season ending injury. This study
examined how Division II athletes cope with season ending injuries. We
anticipate athletes will utilize a variety of methods to cope with season ending
injury. METHODS: This study measured 14 different coping mechanisms an
athlete may use by implementing the Brief COPE Inventory to eligible athletes.
The Brief Cope Inventory has been determined to be a reliable and valid method
to quantify individuals’ coping methods following traumatic events. The Brief
Cope Inventory asks individuals to respond to prompts such as “I take additional
action to try to get rid of the problem.” Participant’s then rate how they respond
to each prompt on a 4-point Likert scale as follows: "I usually don't do this at
all," "I usually do this a little bit," " I usually do this a medium amount," and "I
usually do this a lot". Athletic trainers of the NCAA Division II, Gulf South
Conference were emailed to explain the purpose of the study and asked to
provide the inventory link to any athlete suffering a season ending injury in the
past five years. 34 participants (m=15, f=19) completed the study. The results
were analyzed by first raking the category mean scores from highest to lowest
and then each category was compared for significant differences using a
Repeated Measures ANOVA (p < 0.5). RESULTS: Results indicated athletes
suffering from season-ending injuries choose primarily positive methods of
coping significantly more than negative coping methods with the top three coping
mechanisms being acceptance, planning, and active coping. CONCLUSIONS: The
results yielded from this study may to be used by many medical professionals to
better understand athletes' choices of coping mechanisms and direct those
coping negatively to more positive ways of coping for an enhanced psychological
recovery from an injury. GRANT FUNDING: McNair Scholar
EXPLORING FACTORS UNDERLYING PERFORMANCE SATISFACTION OF
AN ACUTE RECREATIONAL EXERCISE SESSION
Cory T. Beaumont, Paula-Marie M. Ferrara, Kelley Strohacker, FACSM. University
of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN.
BACKGROUND: Emotional responses to exercise can be predictive of future
exercise behavior and, in studies with athlete populations, is associated with
performance satisfaction (PS). However, PS pertaining to recreational exercise in
non-athlete populations is understudied. PURPOSE: Explore determinants of PS
of acute recreational exercise. METHODS: Upon leaving the designated exercise
area of a university recreation center, respondents were asked to complete a
survey regarding the bout of exercise just completed. PS was rated via 100mm
Visual Analog Scale (0=completely dissatisfied, 100=completely satisfied).
Respondents were asked to provide a written explanation for the basis of PS
scores. Common themes and subthemes were constructed using content analysis
of written responses. RESULTS: PS scores from respondents (23y±10,
BMI=24.8kg/m
2
, 31.8% female) were non-normally distributed (Median=82;
Interquartile Range=21) and are provided after a representative quote for each
subtheme. ‘Performance,’ the most prominent theme observed (52.5% of
responses), was comprised of intention congruence (“I did what I came to do,”
PS 84), prior performance comparison (“pushed myself and upped my weight,”
PS 84), and execution (“able to do all of my lifts as quickly as possible,” PS 69).
The ‘Process’ theme (28.8% of responses) was comprised of equipment
availability (“lots of free benches to use for free weights,” PS 83), time (“workout
was rushed in order to make it to class on time,” PS 60), and plan (“I did not
have an adequate workout plan,” PS 50). Finally, the ‘Readiness’ theme (19.9%
of responses) consisted of health status (“I’m not feeling well today,” PS 28),
conditioning (“Have not worked out in two weeks,” PS 33) and energy (“lack of
energy in the mornings,” PS 72). CONCLUSION: Developing further
understanding of PS and its determinants in recreational exercise may provide
insight to the overall stress experience, including emotional responses. Future
research may benefit from quantitatively investigating the relationship between
the factors identified and performance satisfaction.
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS
67
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, WEIGHT STATUS
STRESS, AND DEPRESSION IN HBCU STUDENTS
Jordan Taylor
1
,
,2
, Erica Taylor, FACSM
3
, Angela Shorter
4
, Kiayona Grimes
5
.
1
University of Memphis, Memphis, TN.
2
University of Tennessee Health Science
Center, Memphis, TN.
3
Columbus State, Columbus, GA.
4
Delaware State, Dover,
DE.
5
Values into Action, Clementon, NJ.
Background: Black college students report higher levels of stress and
depression than students of other races. This disparity can be due to several
factors including systematic racism, imposter syndrome, financial stress, or
disproportionate effects of cardiovascular-related disease. Poor mental health can
increase the risk of negative health outcomes like obesity and high blood
pressure. Physical activity (PA) can reduce negative feelings and improve mental
health. The American College of Health Association conducts a bi-yearly health
behavior survey. From 2015-2029 only 9 historically black colleges or
universities (HBCU) were included, and no more than 10% of any sample were
Black. Therefore, it is important to assess the relationships health behaviors have
with stress and depression. PURPOSE: This study examined the relationships
between PA, weight status, stress, and depression. METHODS: Participants
(N=110) were students at an HBCU who completed a Polar TriFit assessment at
the university’s wellness center. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated from
height and weight obtained in the assessment, and participants self-reported PA.
Participants completed inventories to assess stress and depression symptoms.
RESULTS: Participants (mean age 20.9±3.9 yrs) were mostly women (66%) and
predominantly Black (77.5%). Average BMI was 26.9±6.6 kg∙m
-2
, and 47.8 %
were classified as overweight or obese. Most participants reported regular PA
(26.2%) or regular heavy PA (35.5%), and 38.3% reported no regular PA. There
was a small, significant correlation between BMI and depression scores (r=.23,
p=.02), and there were no group differences for BMI classification (p=.09). BMI
was not associated with stress. Those reporting regular heavy PA had the lowest
depression scores. Depression scores were lower for regular heavy PA (p=.006)
and for regular PA (p=.039) compared to no PA. Regular heavy PA (p=.03) and
regular PA (p=.039) participants had significantly lower stress scores than those
reporting no PA. Conclusion: Physical activity was associated with lower
depression and stress scores regardless of intensity. Therefore, it is important to
promote PA to improve mental health in Black college students through
intervention. PA will not eliminate chronic stress, but it might help students cope
with stress and improve mental health. Research should continue to assess PA
and mental health in students enrolled at HBCUs.
PERCEIVED STRESS, RESILIENCY, AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN COLLEGE
STUDENTS DURING COVID-19 REMOTE LEARNING
Karissa L. Peyer, Elizabeth D. Hathaway, Kevin Doyle. University of Tennessee at
Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN.
BACKGROUND: In early 2020, the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic prompted a quick pivot
to online learning for most university students in the United States. Along with
social distancing and lockdown measures, these changes likely negatively
impacted mental health of students. Given the relationship between stress,
resiliency and physical activity (PA), the goals of this study were to evaluate the
relationship among these variables and any differences between males and
females. METHODS: Students (n = 360) at a southeastern U.S. university
completed an online survey in Summer 2020. Perceived Stress (PSS), Resiliency
(BRS), Life Events (LEI), and an adapted International Physical Activity
Questionnaire (IPAQ) that added questions about resistance training were
recorded. Independent T-tests analyzed differences in PSS, BRS, LEI, and PA
between males and females and Pearson Correlations assessed relationships
among these variables. Two-way ANOVAs examined the effect of gender and PA
frequency on PSS and BRS, including separate models for each activity type
(vigorous, moderate, walking, and resistance training) using High and Low
frequency groups created with median splits in the sample. RESULTS: Females
had lower BRS (3.2 ± 0.8 vs 3.6 ± 0.8), higher PSS (22.6 ± 6.7 vs. 17.1 ± 8.4)
and higher LEI scores (248.2 ± 112.2 vs 186.5 ± 120.1) than males (all p <
0.001). Males generally reported higher levels of PA. PSS/BRS scores were more
strongly correlated with PA in males than in females. Significant gender x PA
frequency interactions were found for PSS with vigorous activity (p = 0.03) and
for BRS with moderate activity (p = 0.04). There was a significant main effect of
frequency for PSS with resistance training (p < 0.001) and for BRS with walking
(p = 0.02) and resistance training (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Gender
differences and associations with PA suggest that interventions may be
particularly needed for females and those with low PA levels. These programs
should create small and accessible PA opportunities focused on support and
motivation.
SUCCESSFUL PHYSICAL ACTIVITY MAINTAINERS: STRATEGIES AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF YOUNG, PROFESSIONAL AFRICAN AMERICAN
WOMEN
Chloe S. Jones, Cristina S. Barroso, Eugene Fitzhugh, Lindsey A. Miossi, Lyndsey
M. Hornbuckle, FACSM. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN.
BACKGROUND: African American (AA) women have a higher prevalence of
obesity and physical inactivity compared to their gender/racial counterparts.
Young AA women gain the most weight between ages 20-30 years, yet are
underrepresented in current literature surrounding leisure-time physical activity
(LTPA) promotion. The purpose of this study was to explore the characteristics of
young, professional, and active AA women and identify their strategies to LTPA
maintenance. METHODS: AA women ages 20-34 years who met national
guidelines for aerobic or muscle-strengthening LTPA for at least six months were
recruited. A multimethod approach was used primarily focusing on qualitative
methods with the addition of supplemental quantitative methods. Participants
completed the following surveys: Processes of Change Questionnaire, Self-
efficacy to Regulate Exercise, an adapted Commitment to Physical Activity Scale,
and an adapted International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Next, participants
engaged in a semi-structured interview about their experience with LTPA and
their challenges and strategies to maintain LTPA. RESULTS: Ten women (26.1 ±
1.7 years of age; 2578.0±1228.5 MET-minutes/week of aerobic LTPA; 4.0±1.9
days/week of muscle-strengthening LTPA) completed the study. Four themes
emerged from the interviews: Early Life Contributors to LTPA Participation,
Characteristics of Current LTPA, Initiating LTPA Participation, and Maintaining
LTPA Participation. Participants reported weight-lifting as their preferred type of
LTPA, disclosed multiple planning and preparation methods to overcome
challenges to LTPA, and utilized social media for social support and guidance to
successfully initiate and maintain LTPA. Participants used several strategies to
assist their LTPA maintenance: committing oneself (4.7±0.4 of 5), substituting
alternatives (4.7±0.4 of 5), increasing knowledge (4.5±0.4 of 5), and
comprehending benefits (4.5±0.7 of 5). Also, participants had high self-efficacy
for LTPA (1414.5±64.4 of 1800) and high levels of commitment to LTPA
(49.6±2.9 of 55). CONCLUSIONS: This study enhances the limited research in
active, young AA women and identifies coping strategies that could potentially
help inactive, young AA women overcome challenges to LTPA participation. This
may improve long-term LTPA adherence, which could ultimately contribute to
reduced obesity and obesity-related health disparities in this population.
ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN OBJECTIVELY-MEASURED SMARTPHONES,
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, SEDENTARY BEHAVIOR, MOOD, AND SLEEP IN
YOUNG ADULTS
Claudia Chisolm
1
, Moisés Grimaldi-Puyana
2
, José María Fernández-Batanero
2
,
Borja Sañudo
2
, Curtis Fennell
1
.
1
University of Montevallo, Montevallo, AL.
2
University of Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN OBJECTIVELY-MEASURED SMARTPHONES PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY, SEDENTARY BEHAVIOR, MOOD, AND SLEEP QUALITY IN YOUNG
ADULTS Background: Previous studies have examined the relationships between
subjective smartphone use (i.e., surveys), physical activity, and sedentary
behavior. This study assessed the associations of objectively-measured
smartphone use with physical activity, sedentary behavior, mood, and sleep
patterns among young adults by collecting real-time data of the smartphone
screen-state. Methods: This sample consisted of 306 college-aged students
(mean age ± SD: 20.7 ± 1.4 years; 60% males). Over seven days of time, the
following variables were measured in the participants: objectively-measured
smartphone use (Your Hour and Screen Time applications), objective and
subjective physical activity (GoogleFit and Apple Health applications, and the
International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), respectively), the number of
hours sitting (IPAQ), mood (The Profile of Mood State (POMS)), and sleep (The
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)). Results: Multiple regressions analyses
demonstrated that the number of hours sitting per day, physical activity, and the
POMS Global Score significantly predicted objectively- measured smartphone use
(adj.R2 = 0.15). Further, participants with low levels of physical activity were
more likely to increase the use of smartphones (OR = 2.981). Moreover, mood
state (β = 0.185; 95% CI = 0.05, 0.32) and sleep quality (β = 0.076; 95% CI =
−0.06, 0.21) predicted smartphone use, with those reporting poor quality of
sleep (PSQI index > 5) being more likely to use the smartphone (OR = 2.679).
Conclusion: In conclusion, there is an association between objectively-measured
smartphone use and physical activity, sedentary behavior, mood, and sleep
patterns. Those participants with low levels of physical activity, high levels of
sedentary behavior, poor mood state, and poor sleep quality were more likely to
spend more time using their smartphones. The results of this study should be
taken into consideration by governing bodies in order to reduce smartphone
usage, as it may contribute to a decrease in healthy lifestyles in young adults.
ACUTE EFFECTS OF SUBJECTIVELY- VS OBJECTIVELY-REGULATED HIGH-
INTENSITY INTERVAL EXERCISE ON COGNITION
Madison E. Smith, Ashlinn Garner, Randall Booker, Madelyn G. Smith, Elizabeth
A. Hubbard. Berry College, Mount Berry, GA.
BACKGROUND: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) may be an effective
therapy for slowing the rate of cognitive decline over time. Subjectively-
regulated (SUB) HIIT, which uses ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) on a 10-
point scale to determine exercise intensity, may be a more practical method for
prescribing HIIT to an aging population. However, there is very little evidence
comparing the acute effects of objectively-regulated (OBJ) HIIT, which is
programmed using heart rate, versus SUB HIIT on cognition.
METHODS: Thirteen participants (mean age = 36 ± 13 yrs) underwent baseline
testing followed by randomly-assigned, single sessions of OBJ or SUB HIIT
exercise sessions. All HIIT sessions included a 5-minute warm up, 20 minutes of
alternating high and low intervals, and a 5-minute cool down. The OBJ session
included 10 cycles of 1-minute intervals at the speed and/or incline associated
with 80-90% heart rate max followed by 1-minute recovery intervals at the
speed and/or incline associated with 30-40% heart rate max. The SUB session
included 10 cycles of 1-minute intervals at the speed and/or incline chosen by
the participant corresponding to a RPE of 8 or 9 on the Borg CR-10 scale followed
by a 1-minute recovery at an RPE value of 3 or 4. Cognitive outcomes were
collected before (PRE), immediately following (PT0), and after a 30-minute rest
period (P30). Executive functioning was measured by the NIH Toolbox Flanker
Inhibitory Control and Attention Test. Processing speed was measured by the
Oral Symbol Digit Test (OSDT). Auditory immediate recall was measured using
the Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT). Data analysis was completed via SPSS
using a repeated-measures, 2-Factor ANOVA with Time (PRE, PT0, P30) and
Condition (OBJ, SUB) as factors. RESULTS: There were no significant interaction
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS
68
or main effects of condition for any of the cognitive outcomes (p>0.05). For
executive functioning, there was a significant main effect of time (F (1,2) =
3.595, p=0.042, ES=0.217), wherein scores at P30 were significantly higher
than PRE values (57.75±2.792). A significant main effect of time was also
evident for processing speed (F (1,2) = 40.499, p<.001, ES=0.757), where
OSDT scores significantly increased at each timepoint (PRE = 123.036±3.917,
PT0 = 133.071±3.823, P30 = 135.893±3.558). The main effect of time was
significant for auditory immediate recall (F (1,2) = 16.752, p<.001, ES=0.563).
AVLT scores significantly increased at each time point (PRE = 38.393±1.411, PT0
= 41.036±1.168, P30 = 42.643±1.180). CONCLUSIONS: High-intensity interval
exercise, regardless of regulatory condition, significantly increases acute
executive functioning, immediate recall, and processing speed in adults. Future
research should focus on identifying the additive effects of HIIT exercise over
time on cognition and aging-related cognitive-decline.
EFFECTS OF INTERRUPTED ROUTINE DUE TO COVID-19 ON CIRCADIAN
CHRONOTYPE AND LEISURE TIME PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
Justine M. Renziehausen, David H. Fukuda. University of Central Florida, Orlando,
FL.
BACKGROUND: Circadian rhythm has been shown to be individualized, where
some prefer to perform tasks earlier in the day, while others prefer to complete
them later. Factors potentially influencing these circadian chronotypes, include
sleep, routine, and physical activity. Recently, safety precautions were
implemented due to COVID-19, causing changes to daily routines, which likely
impacted some of these factors. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to
examine the relationship between participation in physical activity, level of
exercise engagement, and chronotype scores prior to and following COVID-19
related restrictions. METHODS: 128 active males (n=62) and females (n=66)
between the ages of 18-55 years old (24.7±7.1 years) completed an online
survey consisting of a demographics questionnaire, the Morningness-Eveningness
Questionnaire (MEQ), and the Godin Leisure Time Physical Activity Scale (LTPA).
Participants were asked to consider questions before and after COVID-19. The
MEQ scores were totaled and individuals were categorized into morning (MT),
intermediate (IT) and evening (ET) chronotypes. Three-way [pre-COVID
chronotype (MT, IT, ET) x pre-COVID exercise engagement (recreational,
organized) x time (pre-COVID, post-COVID)] repeated measures ANOVAs were
conducted to evaluate MEQ scores and LTPA. RESULTS: A significant main effect
of time was found for both MEQ (p=0.018) and LTPA (p=0.002) indicating
changes in response to COVID-19 of -2.053 units (95% confidence interval= -
0.361 to -3.744 units; d = -0.212) and -8.533 units (95% confidence interval= -
3.328 to -13.378 units; d = -0.287), respectively. A significant time x
chronotype interaction was shown for MEQ (p<0.001) with MT individuals
indicating changes in response to COVID-19 of -8.557 units (95% confidence
interval= -4.392 to -12.722 units; p<0.001), IT individuals indicating changes of
-2.315 units (95% confidence interval= -.675 to -5.306 units; p=.044) and ET
individuals indicating changes of +4.714 units (95% confidence interval= 10.423
to -0.995 units; p=0.044;), respectively. CONCLUSION: MEQ scores changed in
response to COVID-19, with MT experiencing the greatest change, followed by
ET, with an overall shift toward IT scores for both groups. LTPA was also
decreased in response to COVID-19. Specific routine changes influencing the
change in MEQ and LTPA scores should be identified in subsequent
investigations.
THE EFFECT OF EXERCISE INTENSITY LEVEL AND SEX ON SUBJECTIVE
TIMING DURING CYCLING
Andrew R. Moore, Madeline Olson. Augusta University, Augusta, GA.
BACKGROUND: The passage of time is often measured subjectively and can
seem to pass slower or faster in certain situations. Tasks that are engaging or
physiologically arousing alter subjective time. These characteristics are typical of
aerobic exercise and can vary substantially with work rate (intensity). The impact
of different intensity levels on subjective time during aerobic exercise remains
largely unexplored. The primary purpose of this study was to determine the
effect of intensity level on subjective time during aerobic exercise. METHODS:
Apparently healthy volunteers (12 men, 8 women; age = 26.15 ± 3.84 years)
completed a VO
2peak
test on a Velotron Racermate cycle ergometer while heart
rate was measured continuously. Maximal heart rate (HR
max
) was estimated for
each subject using the equation HR
max
= 200-age, and was used to categorize
moderate and vigorous exercise intensity levels. During each 3-min stage from
baseline until exhaustion, subjects completed a time production task in which
they produced a series of time intervals (2, 3, 5, 7, and 10 s) in a randomized
order using a timing mechanism to which they were blinded. The ratio of
produced (or subjective) time to actual time was calculated for four different
intensity levels: 0 W (baseline), 40 W (light intensity), moderate intensity (64-
76% HR
max
), and vigorous intensity (77-95% HR
max
). A 4 x 2 mixed ANOVA was
used to evaluate the effects of exercise intensity (within-subjects factor; four
levels) and sex (between-subjects factor; two levels) on time production ratio.
RESULTS: There was no significant interaction effect between intensity and sex
(p = 0.466, η
2
= .039) or main effect of sex (p = .777, η
2
= .005) on time
production ratio. There was a significant main effect of intensity (p = .031, η
2
=
.188), with an increase in time production ratio as intensity level increased from
light (1.031 ± 0.178) to moderate (1.105 ± 0.215) to vigorous (1.156 ± 0.247).
CONCLUSIONS: As exercise intensity level increased from light to vigorous, the
time production ratio also increased, independent of sex. Time appeared to pass
at a slower rate during exercise as intensity increased. This effect on subjective
time was possibly caused by the attentional interference (distraction effect) of
exercise at higher intensities.
ACUTE AFFECTIVE AND LYMPHEDEMA RESPONSES TO RESISTANCE
EXERCISE AT VARIOUS INTENSITIES IN BREAST CANCER SURVIVORS
Kyra R. VanDoren, Rodrigo Salazar, Eric E. Hall, Takudzwa A. Madzima. Elon
University, Elon, NC.
BACKGROUND: Exercise intensity is a determining factor for providing a stimulus
sufficient enough to illicit positive physiological outcomes in healthy adults and
perhaps breast cancer survivors (BCS). Until recently higher intensities have not
been prescribed to BCS because in the past clinical practice has advised BCS to
avoid lifting heavy objects with the arm on the same side of the body affected by
breast cancer. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of
an acute bout of resistance exercise (RE) at a moderate (MOD), high (HI) or self-
selected (SS) intensity on affect (feelings of pleasure and displeasure) and arm
volumes (an indicator of lymphedema) BCS. METHODS: Following familiarization
sessions, 8 female BCS (age: 56±5 years) were randomly assigned to exercise at
1) MOD - 60% of 1-RM for 3 sets of 12 repetitions, 2) HI - 85% of 1-RM for 5
sets of 5 repetitions, or 3) a SS weight for 3 sets of 12 repetitions in a
counterbalanced fashion. Affect was measured using the feeling scale (FS; -5 to
+5) and felt arousal scale (FAS; 1-6). Arm circumferences were measured to
calculate the percent difference in arms between the surgically involved and
uninvolved arms that had lymph nodes removed. All variables were measured at
baseline, immediately after RE, 30-minutes post, and 60-minutes post RE.
ANOVAs were used for analyses. Significance was set at p<0.05. RESULTS:
There were no condition x time interactions for any of the variables. Across
intensities, feelings of pleasure were significantly lower between shoulder press
and all other exercises in the session (p=0.013). Although not statistically
significant, feelings of pleasure were higher 30 minutes after MOD (4.00±0.26)
and HI (4.00± 0.26) when compared to SS (3.00±0.86) and remained elevated
at 60 minutes. The percent difference in arm volumes was similar between MOD
(7.34±1.09%), HI (7.69±1.56%) and SS (7.81±1.44; p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS:
Our preliminary findings suggest that an acute bout of RE at 60-85% of 1-RM
elicits similar affective responses in BCS and does not exacerbate indicators of
lymphedema. Interestingly, more negative affect was experienced during the last
exercise (shoulder press) of each condition indicating that regardless of RE
intensity, BCS experienced muscular fatigue, which necessary for eliciting
muscular adaptations.
THE EFFECT OF EXERCISE-RELATED FATIGUE ON SUBJECTIVE TIMING
Madeline Olson, Andrew R. Moore. Augusta University, Augusta, GA.
Background In the absence of timing devices, time must be judged
subjectively. Subjective time can be modified by arousal level and attentional
focus, among other factors. The effect of fatiguing exercise on subjective time
remains unexplored. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine if
subjective time at a given workload was different as a result of completing
fatiguing exercise. Methods Apparently healthy volunteers (13 men, 8 women;
age= 26.48±4.03 years) completed a VO
2peak
test to volitional exhaustion on a
Velotron Racermate cycle ergometer. The exercise test was preceded by a
baseline data collection period at 0 W (no cycling) and a 3-min warm-up stage of
70 W. Following termination of the exhausting exercise, subjects completed a 3-
min cool-down stage of 70 W and a 0 W data collection period, in that order.
During these four stages, subjects completed a time production task in which
they produced a series of time intervals (2, 3, 5, 7, and 10 s) in a randomized
order using a timing mechanism to which they were blinded. The ratio of
produced (or subjective) time to actual time was calculated for the 0 W and 70 W
stages before and after the exercise test. Paired-samples t-tests were used to
compare the pre- and post-workout exercise values for the 0 W stages and the
pre- and post-exercise values for the 70 W stages. Cohen's d was computed for
each comparison as a measure of effect size. Results The time production ratio
was significantly higher after fatiguing exercise (1.15±0.25) than before
(1.05±0.17) for the 0 W condition (p=.02; d=.35). There was no significant
difference in the time production ratios before (1.06±0.20) or after (1.11±0.23)
fatiguing exercise for the 70 W condition (p=.16; d=.15). Conclusion Subjective
time at rest seemed to pass more slowly following exhausting exercise when
compared to before exercise (baseline). The finding that subjective time is
elongated as a result of completing exhausting physical activity may have
implications for people seeking to decrease anxiety through aerobic exercise.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BODY IMAGE AND MENTAL HEALTH IN
UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
Emily E. Tufford, Eric E. Hall, Caroline J. Ketcham. Elon University, Elon, NC.
BACKGROUND: Body image is not a new issue, but it has become increasingly
prevalent over the past decade due to the rise of social media, especially in
college students. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship
between physical activity, body image, and mental health in undergraduate
students, with the goal of determining the relationship between body image and
mental health. METHODS: The participants in this study included 111
undergraduate students ranging from first-year to fourth-year students. Each
participant was asked to complete an online survey to measure their body
images and mental health. The Multidimensional Body-Self Relations
Questionnaire (MBSRQ), a 69-item scale consisting of 10 subscales, was used to
measure body image. Mental health was measured in terms of depression,
anxiety, and wellbeing using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), the
General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), and the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental
Wellbeing Scale (WEMWBS), respectively. RESULTS: Based on the current data,
there was a moderately strong positive correlation between the Body Areas
Satisfaction Scale (BASS) and wellbeing (r = 0.609, p < 0.001), and a
moderately strong negative correlation between the BASS and depression (r = -
0.602, p < 0.001). A negative correlation was also seen between the BASS and
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS
69
anxiety (r = -0.481, p < 0.001). This study also found a moderate positive
correlation between the Appearance Evaluation Scale and wellbeing (r = 0.532, p
< 0.001). There was a negative correlation between the Appearance Evaluation
Scale and both depression and anxiety (r = -0.462, p < 0.001; r = -0.345, p <
0.001; respectively). Lastly, similar results were seen for the Health Evaluation
Scale. There was a positive correlation between the Health Evaluation Scale and
wellbeing (r = 0.427, p < 0.001) and a negative correlation between the Health
Evaluation Scale and both depression and anxiety (r = -0.463, p < 0.001; r = -
0.497, p < 0.001; respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study
suggested that, in undergraduate students, there is a positive relationship
between body image and mental health. Further data analysis must be
completed to determine whether physical activity is related to body image and
mental health.
AFFECTIVE RESPONSES BEFORE AND AFTER TWO COMPETITIVE
MATCHES IN NCAA DIVISION I MEN’S SOCCER ATHLETES
Madeleine F. August, Eric E. Hall, FACSM, Svetlana Nepocatych, Takudzwa A.
Madzima. Elon University, Elon, NC.
BACKGROUND: Most modalities (e.g., aerobic and resistance) of exercise have
found affective responses (pleasure-displeasure) to become more positive
following activity. However, few studies have examined responses following a
competitive match. Additionally, little is known about how physiological markers,
such as testosterone and cortisol, might be correlated to these affective
responses surrounding back to back competitive events. PURPOSE: To evaluate
changes in measures of affect before (PreGame) and after (PostGame) two back
to back competitive games separated by 72 hours, and the relationship between
affect, testosterone and cortisol in Division 1 men’s soccer athletes. METHODS:
19 soccer athletes (age: 18±1years; body fat: 11.0±3.1%). PreGame and
PostGame affect measures and salivary samples were collected an hour before
the start of the fourth and fifth game of the season and within 15 minutes after
the game’s completion. The feeling scale (FS; -5 to +5) was used to assess
affective valence, and felt arousal scale (FAS; 1-6) to measure perceived
activation. Salivary samples were analyzed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay (ELISA) to measure testosterone and cortisol. Analysis of variances
(ANOVAs) and pearson’s correlations were used with significance accepted at
p<0.05. RESULTS: A significant effect for time (p < .001) and game (p = .017)
was observed for FS and FAS. Univariate analyses found that the effect for time
was due to FS becoming more negative (-6.84 ± .449; p < .001) and an increase
in FAS (1.00 ± .270; p = .002) from PreGame to PostGame. The game effect
was due to FS being more negative for the second game ( -.816 ± .287; p =
.005). Testosterone and cortisol did not seem to be related to the affective
measures in this study. CONCLUSIONS: The findings that affect was more
negative following competition is unusual considering affect usually improves
following exercise. This decrease in affect is likely due to the outcome of the
competition - losing the game and could also explain affect being more negative
for the second game which was an additional loss. Previous research has found
testosterone to influence mood when subjects win competition, which could
explain why the relationships did not hold up in this study. Future research
should continue to examine how physiological markers and winning influence
subsequent affective responses.
DIVISION III ATHLETES’ ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE, TIME
COMMITMENT, AND STRESS IN-SEASON VERSUS OUT OF SEASON
Emilie Boone, Jeremy Steeves. Maryville College, Maryville, TN.
BACKGROUND: Collegiate student-athletes have significant time demands and
stressors to manage. The time demands and stress on a student-athlete can
change depending on whether they are in season or not. While some data
support student-athletes having higher GPA’s out of season than in season, other
studies have shown no differences in GPA based on the sporting season. This
study examined the impact being in-season vs. out of season on Division III
Maryville College student-athletes GPA, credit hours per semester, time per week
devoted to academics and athletics, and perceived stress, energy, and academic
pressure. METHODS: Maryville College Student-athletes from a variety of sports
(n=84) responded to an online survey where they self-reported semester grade
point average, semester class credits attempted, perceived stress levels, and
time devoted to sport and school, as well as which semester, fall or spring, was
considered “in-season”. Paired samples t-test, and Wilcoxon Sign Rank test were
used to assess differences between in-season and out of season GPAs, credits
earned, and time spent in both athletics and on academics outside of the
classroom within each participant. RESULTS: Participants (42 male and 42
female) GPA was not significantly different between in season and out of season
(3.25 ± 0.59 vs. 3.23 ± 0.60, p=0.79), however, participants took fewer credit
hours (14.97 ± 1.24 vs. 15.60 ± 1.31, p<0.01), spent more time on athletics
(23.40 ± 9.54 vs. 13.50 ± 8.59, p< 0.01), and less time on academics (13.10
± 8.63 vs. 14.90 ± 9.53, p< 0.01) when in season compared to the offseason.
Athletes were more stressed (p< 0.01), had lower energy levels (p<0.01), and
higher academic pressure (p< 0.01) in season compared to out of season.
CONCLUSIONS: Despite the rise in time commitment, stress, academic
pressure, and lower energy in season; it appears that many Maryville College
athletes reduce their academic schedule and are able to maintain an equivalent
level of academic achievement in season compared to out of season.
THE NOCEBO EFFECT ON REACTION TIME PERFORMANCE
Kailee Marasco, Krista Masters, Thomas Kopec. Samford University, Birmingham,
AL.
BACKGROUND: The nocebo effect is a psychological phenomenon where people
react negatively to a neutral stimulus based on expectations they formed from
prior experiences. Previous literature has determined that people who are
conditioned to a certain stimulus will physically react the same way regardless if
the stimulus is present or not. The effect a nocebo can have on reaction times
has yet to be established, however. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to
examine the effects of a nocebo on reaction time performance in conditioned and
unconditioned groups. METHODS: Sixteen participants (20.9 ± 1.1 years)
completed the study. Participants were classified as “Conditioned” (n = 14) if
they reported previously using lavender and believed it has a sedative effect, or
“Unconditioned” (n = 2) if they were familiar with lavender oil but did not believe
it has any physiological effects. In a single visit, participants completed a
familiarization trial, then a baseline, were then exposed to a nocebo, and finally
were reassessed after “treatment”. Participants interacted with a Dynavision
board, which is a large computer-controlled board with multiple circles of lights.
Participants were tasked with looking straight ahead and using either hand to
touch the light switch as they lit up. Faster reaction times related to touching the
lights quickly, and more appropriate touches also increased their scores.
Participants had one unscored familiarization trial, and 3-minutes later were then
assessed for their baseline performance. Next, participants were given a capsule
manufactured by the PIs (MM and KM) with 300 microliters of olive oil but were
told it was lavender oil, and after 15-minutes of rest were assessed a final time
on the Dynavision board. Scores and reaction times were recorded and analyzed
for statistical significance. RESULTS: Paired sample t-tests did not reveal any
statistically significant differences between UC and C groups for scores (p =
0.068) or reaction times (p = 0.085), though the Cohen’s D effect sizes were
large (scores: d = 0.964, reaction times: d = -0.872); indicating there was some
psychological effect from ingesting the nocebo pill despite being non-significant.
CONCLUSIONS: The study was novel for evaluating the nocebo effect for
cognitive reaction time and peripheral vision performance. Although the
differences between UC and C groups was not statistically significant, the large
effect size indicates that there was a notable change in the values. This study
serves as novel application of the nocebo effect on peripheral vision performance
and reaction time. Those who have used lavender oil as a relaxant may create a
physiological sedative effect even if one does not otherwise exist.
VIRTUALLY ENGAGING SOCIALLY WITH PHYSICAL ACTIVITY: THE VESPA
REMOTE GROUP-MEDIATED ACTIVITY INTERVENTION
Kyle Kershner, Jason Fanning. Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC.
Background: Physical inactivity and loneliness have been identified as major
risk factors for poor health outcomes. Many older adults have limited access, low
levels of motivation, or insufficient resources to utilize commercial gymnasiums
to maintain both their physical and mental health, especially during the COVID-
19 pandemic. Recently, virtual reality (VR) has significantly improved in overall
quality and increased in popularity. VR headsets now offer 3-dimensional, 360-
degree capabilities as well as the ability for the use of the body as a controller.
Because the user must physically interact with their environment, VR offers great
potential for group-mediated moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (PA)
promotion. Virtual environments include options for both active games and group
meeting rooms. The purpose of this study is to determine the feasibility and
acceptability of the VR system for older adults in the context of an activity
promotion intervention, and to explore the effect of a VR-delivered remote
activity intervention on overall PA and social connection compared to a video
conference cohort. Methods: We will recruit 30 low-active middle-aged to older
adults ≥ 45 years of age for a 4-week home-based, group-mediated PA
intervention delivered via either VR or video conference (VC). Participants will
use their meeting modality for both group and 1-on-1 coaching instruction
designed to enhance activity uptake through group dynamics and social cognitive
principles. Those who are randomized to the VR group will be recommended to
engage in real-world PA as well as use the available active games within the VR
system. Each participant will receive a Garmin activity monitor and an activity
diary for self-monitoring and goal setting purposes. Following the intervention,
feasibility will be assessed via descriptive statistics on the number of participants
reporting high levels of nausea, total sessions attended, adherence to behavioral
prescription, and number of VR accesses outside of scheduled meeting times.
Acceptability will be assessed by Likert and open response feedback pertaining to
aspects of the technology used and program design. Differences in physical
activity and social connection between the VR and VC groups will be evaluated by
ANCOVA. Anticipated Results: It is hypothesized that the VR group will have
greater amounts of physical activity and social connection than the VC group.
COMPARISON OF ONLINE VERSUS FACE-TO-FACE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
INTERVENTIONS ON UNDERGRADUATES’ AUTONOMY AND PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY LEVELS
Isaac White, Bhibha M. Das. East Carolina University, Greenville, NC.
BACKGROUND: Approximately 33% of undergraduate students do not adhere to
the physical activity (PA) guidelines put forth by US Department of Health and
Human Services and do not experience the benefits associated with regular PA.
Because the college years are some of the most influential years of ones’ life,
promoting PA and its benefits during this period is a promising strategy to reduce
the risk of the future development of chronic diseases in this population. PA
interventions grounded in Self-Determination Theory (SDT) effectively improve
levels of PA by increasing autonomously motivated behaviors. Yet, it is unknown
how SDT may impact students’ PA autonomy via an online versus a face-to-face
(F2F) PA intervention. METHODS: The purpose of this study is to compare the
effectiveness of a F2F course-based PA intervention and its ability to increase
undergraduate students’ PA and autonomy levels to that of online course-based
PA intervention. It is hypothesized that a F2F course-based intervention will be
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS
70
more effective in increasing autonomy levels and PA in undergraduate students
compared to the online intervention. The intervention will occur over a 15 week
semester. Participants will complete demographics, IPAQ 7-day recall, Exercise
Self-Regulation Questionnaire, and the Relative Autonomy Index. The F2F
intervention will include an in-class lecture and activity. The online intervention
will include the same educational material as the F2F intervention but will not
incorporate any in-class lectures or activities. Statistical analyses will include
frequencies and ANOVA. ANTICIPATED RESULTS: It is expected that both the
online course-based PA intervention and the F2F course-based PA intervention
will be effective in the promotion of autonomy and PA. However, it is expected
that the F2F course based PA intervention will be more effective in increasing
autonomy and PA levels of undergraduates. The results of this study could
further the understanding of how online course-based PA interventions may
promote autonomously motivated behavior and regular PA.
THE EFFECTS OF A BUDDY WALKING PROGRAM ON PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
IN ADULTS WITH LOWER-BODY DISABILITIES
Isabella Peralta, Kayla Baker. Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY.
BACKGROUND: Lower body disabilities, such as in the hip or knee, have been
shown to impede individuals from participating in the minimum recommended
amounts of physical activity (PA). This may be due to decreased gait speed, pain
associated with exercise, lack of motivation, or decreased social interactions.
Additionally, individuals with physical disabilities may experience decreased
levels of PA due to the stigmatization of these individuals. To decrease this
stigmatization, a buddy-walking program between physically disabled and
physically abled individuals may improve the social interactions for both of these
populations. This socialization may also increase levels of self-confidence,
happiness, and self-worth in these individuals with physical disabilities. Finally,
the incorporation of a buddy-walking program may also increase levels of PA in
individuals with disabilities, as research has shown that utilizing group activities
for individuals with physical disabilities may improve overall PA. Much of the
research regarding this population, however, has been conducted in the youth
population; therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the effects of a
buddy-walking program on PA and mental wellness in adults with lower body
disabilities. METHODS: Twenty-five adults with lower body (hip or knee)
disabilities will be recruited for this study. Participants must be able to walk (not
wheelchair bound) to participate in this study. Pre- and post-measurements will
be taken, including: 1) step counts using ankle accelerometers, 2) a 3-minute
step test, 3) a timed up-and-go test, and 4) the Depression Anxiety Stress
Scales (DASS) questionnaire. The buddy-walking intervention will include two
buddy-walking sessions per week, for a total of one hour per session, for a total
of 10 weeks. Participants will wear ankle accelerometers during buddy-walking
sessions, and any improvements or changes in step count will be examined
between the first and last buddy-walking sessions. Data will be analyzed using
dependent samples t-tests to determine differences between pre- and post-
buddy walking program for PA, aerobic fitness, mobility, and depression, anxiety,
and stress. ANTICIPATED RESULTS: It is hypothesized that implementing a
buddy-walking program will increase PA, aerobic fitness, and mobility and
decrease levels of depression, anxiety, and stress in adults with lower body
disabilities.
AGE-RELATED REDUCTION IN POWER AND MYOFIBER MORPHOLOGY
AND COMPOSITION
Benjamin E. Dalton
1
, Trisha A. VanDusseldorp
1
, Kaveh Kiani
1
, Phuong L. Ha
2
,
Alex A. Olmos
3
, Alyssa R. Bailly
1
, Anton Bryantsev
1
, Garrett M. Hester
1
.
1
Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA.
2
University of British Columbia,
Kelowna, BC.
3
Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK.
BACKGROUND: Power is diminished more dramatically at higher contraction
velocities in older adults. It has been suggested that this may reflect age-related
changes in single myofiber morphology and/or composition. The purpose of this
study was to examine power, muscle activation, and single myofiber morphology
and composition between young (YM) and older (OM) males. METHODS: Power,
or torque multiplied by velocity, was recorded during isokinetic knee extensions
at 60 deg/sec and 180 deg/sec in healthy, untrained YM (n=15; 20.7±2.2 yrs)
and OM (n=15; 71.6±3.9 yrs). The relative increase in power from 60 deg/sec to
180 deg/sec was recorded for each participant. Electromyography amplitude of
the vastus lateralis was normalized to its peak from a maximal isometric
contraction to calculate muscle activation. Vastus lateralis tissue samples were
obtained from a sub-sample (YM=13; OM=11) via microbiopsy and
immunofluorescence was used to identify type I and IIa myofibers for
subsequent analysis of cross-sectional area (CSA). Independent samples t-tests
were used to compare groups and select correlations were assessed. RESULTS:
Relative increase in power was greater in YM (159% vs. 115%; p=0.005).
Muscle activation was similar between groups (p>0.05). The average number of
myofibers analyzed per participant was similar between groups
(YM=562.3±280.3, OM=576.6±201.4; p>0.05). Individual fiber type
compositions and CSA were similar between groups (p>0.05), but type IIa:type I
myofiber size ratio was lower in OM (-31.15%; p=0.002). Neither myofiber size
nor composition data correlated with the relative power increase (p>0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: OM had smaller type IIa myofibers relative to type I myofiber
size, which may reflect age-related motor unit remodeling. Nevertheless, neither
myofiber size nor composition were associated with the age-related
diminishment in relative power increase. These data indicate that factors other
than myofiber size or composition may be responsible for the impaired ability to
increase power at a higher velocity in OM, but the smaller sample is an important
consideration.
HYDROTHERAPY VS. LAND BASED EXERCISES ON DUAL TASK STATIC &
DYNAMIC BALANCE IN A GERIATRIC POPULATION
Alana Joy Turner, Harish Chander, Adam Knight, Sachini Kodithuwakku
Arachchige, Zhujun Pan, Chih-Chia Chen. Mississippi State University, Mississippi
State, MS.
BACKGROUND: According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(2016) fall death rates increased by 30% from 2007 to 2016 for the geriatric
population. Disruption of balance is one factor that can lead to falls for the
geriatric population especially while performing two activities simultaneously; in
other words, dual tasking, which involves the performance of one task (postural
control task) that demands the majority of the individual’s concentration while
also completing a second task (cognitive task). Finding effective therapies, like
hydrotherapy, to decrease the occurrence of falls and improve balance in the
geriatric population may increase quality of life. The purpose of this study was to
determine the effectiveness of a six-week hydrotherapy dual task program and
its effects on dual-tasking and balance in a geriatric population. METHODS:
Eleven elderly adults (8 females; 3 males; age: 77.36 ± 6.83 years old; height:
160.79 ± cm; mass: 69.90 ± 8.34kg) completed a Timed-Up & Go test and
static balance assessments on an AMTI force plate under the following conditions
during a single and dual task: Eyes Open (EO), Eyes Closed (EC), Eyes Open
Foam (EOF), Eyes Closed Foam (ECF), Eyes Open Dual Task (EODT), and Eyes
Open Foam Dual Task (EOFDT) with a Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT)
before (pre) and after (post), six weeks of dual-tasking balance training either in
a land-based (LB) or hydrotherapy (HYDRO) group. Average sway velocity,
SCWT response correctness, and TUG times were analyzed using a between
subject 2 x 2 [2 (Hydrotherapy x Land-Based Exercises) x 2 (Pre-test x Post-
test)] repeated measures ANOVA at p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: Significant group and
time main effect differences were found for dynamic balance. The HYDRO group
demonstrated decreases in TUG times under the single task condition. Both
groups reported decreases in TUG times while under a dual task with increases in
SCWT response correctness after 6 weeks of training. Significant time main
effect differences were discovered for both the HYDRO and LB groups. Both
groups reported increases in average sway velocity in the EODT condition with
increases of SCWT response correctness, resulting in decreases in balance
performance. CONCLUSIONS: Both HYDRO and LB exercises may show
improvements in dynamic balance while under a dual tasking condition.
However, dual tasking did hinder static balance performance when difficulty
increased with a cognitive task.
AGE RELATED DIFFERENCES IN ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE MAXIMAL
STRENGTH AT DIFFERENT VELOCITIES
Michael Cooper
1
, Phuong Ha
2
, Alex Olmos
3
, Ben Dalton
1
, Alyssa Bailly
1
, Trisha
VanDusseldorp
1
, Anton Bryantsev
1
, Garrett Hester
1
.
1
Kennesaw State University,
Kennesaw, GA.
2
University of British Columbia, Okanagan, BC.
3
Oklahoma State
University, Stillwater, OK.
BACKGROUND: Examining peak torque (PT) relative to muscle size provides
insight on qualitative factors (e.g., fiber type composition, muscle activation)
that are influential for maximal strength, yet data is scarcer for higher velocity
contractions. Contractile acceleration (ACC) has been proposed to be influenced
by similar physiological factors. The purpose of this study was to examine
absolute and relative PT, as well as ACC at different velocities in young and older
males. METHODS: Healthy, young (n=15, age=20.7±2.2 yrs) and older (n=15,
age=71.6±3.9 yrs) males performed maximal voluntary contractions at 0
deg/sec
(isometric), 60 deg/sec, and 180 deg/sec using a dynamometer.
Ultrasonography was used to obtain cross-sectional area (CSA) of the vastus
lateralis and rectus femoris. Peak torque (PT) was obtained at all velocities, and
acceleration (ACC) was recorded at 60 deg/sec and 180 deg/sec prior to the load
range phase. Relative PT for each velocity was calculated by dividing PT by CSA.
Independent samples t-tests were used for group comparisons, while Pearson
correlation coefficients were calculated for select variables. RESULTS: CSA was
lower in older males (19%, p=0.001). Absolute PT was decreased at all velocities
(27-38%, p<0.001), while relative PT (22%, p=0.003) and ACC (11%, p=0.004)
were decreased only at 180 deg/sec in older males. ACC was only correlated with
CSA in older males (r=0.59, p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The smaller CSA in older
males was less influential for PT at 180 deg/sec, thus indicating the importance
of other physiological factors for high-velocity strength. A higher contraction
velocity was needed to reveal age-related differences for ACC, which is likely due
to the greater duration of velocity development. Interestingly, ACC was
moderately associated with CSA, but not relative PT, which suggests ACC and
relative PT may not reflect similar physiological properties in older males.
BIRTH WEIGHT, EARLY GROWTH, AND GLUCOSE REGULATION IN YOUNG
ADULTS BORN PRETERM
Thrandia Dong
1
, Patricia Nixon, FACSM
1
, Lisa Washburn
2
.
1
Wake Forest
University, Winston-Salem, NC.
2
Wake Forest University School of Medicine,
Winston-Salem, NC.
BACKGROUND: In the US, approximately 10% of infants are born preterm (< 37
weeks gestation) and 1.5% are born with very low birth weight (VLBW; <1500
g). Both are associated with short-term as well as long-term consequences
including impaired blood glucose regulation that may persist into adulthood.
Additionally, evidence suggests that accelerated growth in infancy may increase
cardiometabolic risk. The purpose of this study is to examine the association
between birth weight and early growth with glucose regulation, insulin resistance
(IR), and risk for type 2 diabetes in young adults born prematurely with VLBW.
METHODS: In a cohort of young adults, ages 18-23 years, born with VLBW at a
single perinatal center, fasting blood glucose, insulin levels, and blood glucose 2
hours post-oral glucose load will be used to identify normal, prediabetes, and
diabetes (based on ADA criteria). Insulin resistance (IR), insulin sensitivity (%S),
and β-cell function (%β) will be calculated using the HOMA (2) model. Weight at
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS
71
birth and 1-year corrected age will be obtained from a research database.
Growth will be determined from the change in weight and weight z-scores from
birth to 1-year corrected age. Body mass index will be determined from
weight/height
2
. Pearson correlations and multiple regression analysis will be used
to examine univariate correlations and the independent associations between
birth weight and infant growth with markers of glucose regulation and insulin
resistance. ANTICIPATED RESULTS: It is anticipated that lower birth weight and
accelerated growth will be associated with more impaired glucose tolerance,
reduced insulin sensitivity, and a greater incidence of prediabetes and diabetes.
COMPLETING TWENTY-EIGHT UNDERGRADUATE-LED STUDIES WITH
ZERO REPORTED COVID-19 EVENTS: THRIVING DURING TIMES OF
SCIENTIFIC SURVIVAL
Christopher Ballmann, Courteney Benjamin, Thomas Kopec, Mallory Marshall,
Joeseph Pederson, John Petrella, FACSM, Tyler Williams, Rebecca Rogers.
Samford University, Birmingham, AL.
Completing research in exercise and sport science has proved difficult during the
COVID-19 pandemic. Given that SARS-CoV-2 is a respiratory virus that spreads
through droplets and aerosolized particles, special caution is warranted to
mitigate increased risk of spread during exercise, especially at high intensities. In
this regard, having prior research experience is undoubtably advantageous as
knowledge of study design, equipment, and proper data collection are essential
even outside of research during a global pandemic. Completing research as an
undergraduate (UG) is important for development of critical thinking ability,
working independently, and hands-on clinical skills. However, most UGs have
little to no research experience which presents a difficult question: is it possible
to conduct UG-led exercise research, where students have almost no previous
experience, safely during a pandemic involving a highly contagious respiratory
virus? In the Department of Kinesiology at Samford University, we have shown
that the answer is a resounding ‘yes’. A cornerstone of our curriculum is a multi-
semester research experience where all senior undergraduates develop their own
novel study and collect data ultimately culminating into an oral defense/scientific
manuscript. Thus, developing safe and scientifically sound approaches for UG
research were of the utmost priority. In Fall of 2020, we successfully completed
28 individual undergraduate-led exercise studies without a single report of
COVID-19 related events from laboratory testing. To achieve this, we split our
approach into three phases: 1) evidence-based planning, 2) safety and
equipment training, 3) implementation and data collection. The following tutorial
will discuss our phases and strategies by which we provided UGs with the best
research experience possible while also not compromising safety. Specifically,
issues of cleaning, personal protection equipment (PPE), equipment training, safe
and efficient workflow, faculty supervision, participant recruitment, and data
collection burnout will be discussed. The take home message: undergraduate-led
exercise and sport research can thrive during a time when other science is
merely trying to survive.
EMPOWERING FUTURE PROFESSIONALS WITH DESIGN THINKING IN A
CLINICAL EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY COURSE
Eric P. Plaisance, FACSM, Jennifer M. Ponder. University of Alabama at
Birmingham, Birmingham, AL.
BACKGROUND: Exercise prescription in clinical settings requires extensive
knowledge of the physiological basis of disease, evidence-based best practices,
and the ability to personalize recommendations. Clinical exercise physiology
courses provide requisite knowledge of commonly encountered chronic disease
conditions and exercise recommendations; however, they often inadvertently
exclude the instructional development of problem solving skills necessary to
formulate a personalized plan while working alongside a team. For example,
exercise prescription for each individual with type 2 diabetes presents a complex
and unique case that requires consideration of the type and timing of exercise
and diet, medications on-board, safety measures to reduce risk of hyper- or
hypoglycemia, exercise preference, among other considerations. Design Thinking
(DT) allows innovators to creatively solve problems while working as a team in a
step-by-step manner to fully appreciate the problem and ultimately test
solutions. The steps of DT include: 1) Empathize (observe, engage, and
immerse); 2) Define the problem (unpack and synthesize empathy findings into
compelling needs and insights); 3) Ideate (explore a wide variety of solutions);
4) Prototype (explore ideas); and 5) Test (refine solutions). METHODS: In our
clinical exercise physiology course at the University of Alabama at Birmingham,
students received instruction on DT and worked in teams to design an exercise
prescription for actual patients diagnosed with various disease conditions.
Surveys were conducted prior to and following the course to examine perceptions
about innovation, approaches to problem-solving and the value of group work.
Due to COVID-19, we transitioned from face-to-face to a combination of
synchronous and asynchronous virtual instruction using VoiceThread® and
Google Docs to engage students and to provide a medium for collaboration and
communication among groups. RESULTS: Qualitative feedback collected before
instruction on DT revealed that 97% of students stated that it was important to
avoid failure. At completion of the course, all students reported that DT helped
them develop skills that enhanced creativity, innovation, and problem solving.
CONCLUSIONS: Our experience suggests that DT is an effective strategy to teach
students how to think critically, collaborate with others, and provide personalized
solutions for exercise prescription.
DETERMINATION OF PREDICTIVE FACTORS OF BONE MINERAL DENSITY
IN FEMALE COLLEGIATE ATHLETES
Maisie Estelle Davis, Ronald L. Snarr. Georgia Southern University, Statesboro,
GA.
BACKGROUND: Within athletes, increased bone mineral density (BMD) values are
observed in response to greater levels of mechanical forces encountered via
sport participation. However, the type of forces involved vary due to the physical
demands of the sport itself. For instance, activities requiring a larger ground-
impact component (i.e., gravitational loading [GL]), provide a different stimulus
to osteogenesis than activities that stimulate bone growth through repeated
muscle action (ML). The purpose was to determine the influencing factors of BMD
in female athletes when accounting for the primary mechanism of loading (i.e.,
GL versus ML) within a sport. METHODS: Eighty-one female Division-I NCAA
collegiate athletes from various sports completed a series of anthropometric and
performance-based assessments, including height, weight, dual-energy x-ray
absorptiometry (DEXA), bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS),
countermovement jump (CMJ), and hand-grip dynamometry (HG). Athletes were
categorized by GL sports (GL= 46) (softball (n=16), basketball [n=15],volleyball
[n=9], soccer [n=13]) or as ML sports (ML=35) (cheerleading [n=28], swimming
[n=7]). DEXA was utilized to determine BMD, lean body mass (LBM) and fat
mass (FM); while BIS was performed to obtain intracellular fluid (ICF), and
extracellular fluid (ECF). Multiple regression modeling was used to calculate
standardized beta coefficients for each independent variable to determine the
predictive influence on BMD. RESULTS: Results indicated a small practical effect
between GL (1.23±0.07g/cm3) and ML (1.21±0.08g/cm3) BMD values (d=0.22).
For GL, weight (β=1.046) was the most influential factor on BMD, followed by
ECF (β=-0.512), FM (β=-0.503), HG (β=0.307), ICF (β=0.250), age(β=0.071),
LBM (β=0.070), CMJ (β=-0.066), and then height (β=0.063). Regarding ML, the
most influential factors were ICF (β=0.881), ECF (β=0.624), LBM (β=-0.509),
age (β=.362), weight (β=-0.244), height (β=-0.184), FM (β=-0.158), HG
(β=0.068), and CMJ (β=0.049). CONCLUSIONS: The small practical effect
between GL and ML indicates that both types of mechanical forces influenced
BMD to a similar extent. However, GL was influenced the greatest by weight
which could be attributed to increased forces exerted on the body from ground
reaction forces. ML sports lack a large impact component; therefore, weight was
considered less influential.
BIOLOGICAL SEX MEDIATES CANCER CACHEXIA ASSOCIATED MUSCLE
WEAKNESS
Jason T. Brantley. University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC.
BACKGROUND: Cancer cachexia is a complex metabolic and wasting disease
that results in death in up to one-third of cancer patients and affects up to 80%.
Currently, there are no clear diagnostic criteria, its effects are irreversible, and it
cannot be treated. Therefore, a great need exists to better understand this
disease. Furthermore, recent evidence states that cancer cachexia presents in a
sexually dimorphic manner. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to
determine whether cancer cachexia alters skeletal muscle function in a sexually
dimorphic manner and to determine underlying mechanisms responsible for
muscle wasting. METHODS: Male and female LC3 Tg+ mice underwent a 3-week
period of tumor bearing (1x10
6
LLC cells in flank). Grip strength was measured
and autophagic and inflammatory pathways were interrogated for their possible
role in cancer cachexia skeletal muscle wasting. RESULTS: Both male and
female tumor bearing mice exhibited a loss in grip strength compared to baseline
values. Interestingly, males exhibited a significantly greater loss in grip strength
compared females (-17% vs -13%, P < 0.05). Male mice also exhibited
significantly larger tumors compared to female mice (P < 0.01). Male and female
skeletal muscle exhibited a significant increase in both early phase
autophagosomes and late phase autolysosomes compared to non-tumor bearing
controls (P < 0.01). Interestingly, males showed significantly more late phase
autolysosomes compared to all other groups, indicating a clear role for
autophagy in cancer-mediated muscle wasting in male skeletal muscle. Since
inflammation is thought to exacerbate pathological muscle wasting, IL-1beta and
NF-kB (P-p65) were investigated. Both male and female gastrocnemius exhibited
increased IL-1beta and NF-kB compared to non-tumor bearing controls, though
only male gastrocnemius exhibited a significant increase in both IL-1beta and
NF-kB protein levels (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: These data indicate that cancer
cachexia does result in skeletal muscle weakness in a sexually dimprophic
manner and that possible underlying mechanisms may differ by biological sex.
Such data are critical in elucidating how cancer cachexia variably presents and
progresses by biological sex, and in the identification of therapeutic targets
aimed at muscle wasting in a sex specific manner.
MECHANISMS MEDIATING INCREASED ENDURANCE FOLLOWING HIGH-
AND LOW-LOAD TRAINING WITH AND WITHOUT BLOOD FLOW
RESTRICTION
Matthew A. Chatlaong
1
, J Grant Mouser
2
, Samuel L. Buckner
3
, Kevin T.
Mattocks
4
, Scott J. Dankel
5
, Jeremy P. Loenneke, FACSM
1
, Matthew B. Jessee
1
.
1
University of Mississippi, University, MS.
2
Troy University, Troy, AL.
3
University
of South Florida, Tampa, FL.
4
Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO.
5
Rowan
University, Glassboro, NJ.
Background: Resistance training with 70% one-repetition maximum (1RM),
15% 1RM alone, and 15% 1RM combined with blood flow restriction (BFR) using
40% arterial occlusion pressure (AOP) or 80% AOP all increase muscular
endurance post-training. Given the differences in relative loads and restriction
pressures, different mechanisms may be responsible for these increases.
Purpose: To determine if changes in maximal strength (Δ1RM) and vascular
conductance (ΔVC) mediate changes in muscle endurance (ΔEND) following
different resistance training modalities. Methods: This secondary analysis
comes from a study where 39 participants trained for 8 weeks with 2 of 4
conditions (randomized, 1 per leg): 70% 1RM without BFR (70/0), 15% 1RM
without BFR (15/0), 15% 1RM with BFR at 40% AOP (15/40) and 80% AOP
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS
72
(15/80). Participants performed 4 sets [separated by 90 s (70/0) and 30 s (15/0,
15/40, 15/80)] of knee extension exercise to momentary failure 2x/week. VC
(strain gauge plethysmography), 1RM, and END (repetitions to fatigue) were
tested pre- and post- training. A two-wave multiple-mediation model (adjusted
for baseline values of 1RM, VC, and END), was constructed to compare the direct
and indirect effects of Δ1RM and ΔVC on ΔEND. Effects were evaluated relative to
other conditions. Data presented as coefficient (95% CI). Results: The model
accounted for 35.2% (p<.001) of the variance in ΔEND. Direct effects on ΔEND
did not differ between conditions [15/0=13 (9,17); 15/40=15 (11,19);
15/80=15 (11,19); 70/0=13 (9,17) repetitions; all p≥.231]. Only 70/0 increased
Δ1RM [3.1 (1.6,4.6) kg]. The effect of Δ1RM on ΔEND was significant [0.5
(0.0,0.9) repetitions]. Additionally, there was evidence that Δ1RM mediated
ΔEND, for 70/0 compared to other conditions [vs. 15/0=1.4 (0.1,2.9);
15/40=1.4 (0.1,2.7); 15/80=1.1 (0.1,2.3) repetitions]. While 15/80 [8.30
(2.48,14.13) mL/min] and 70/0 [7.57 (1.74,13.40) mL/min] both increased ΔVC,
there was no effect of ΔVC on ΔEND [0.02 (-0.10,0.13) mL/min] nor was there
evidence of a mediating effect of ΔVC on ΔEND in any condition. Conclusions:
Differences in 1RM changes led to increased endurance in the 70/0 condition,
when compared to other conditions. However, differences in VC changes did not
mediate increased endurance in any condition, suggesting other mechanisms
may be responsible for increased endurance following low load training.
EFFECT OF MILD MUSCLE SORENESS ON RESTING MUSCLE METABOLISM
Matthew A. Lynch, Lauren K. Lindsey, Mckenley J. Corbitt, Kevin K. McCully,
FACSM. University of Georgia, Athens, GA.
BACKGROUND: Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) has been used to
noninvasively measure resting muscle metabolism as a measure of muscle
specific metabolic rate. NIRS monitors tissue oxygen consumption and supply by
measuring optical absorption changes in oxygenated and deoxygenated
hemoglobin/myoglobin. Eccentric exercise results in muscle soreness and an
inflammatory response due to microscopic tears in myofilaments. Previous
studies have reported elevated inorganic phosphate to phosphocreatine ratios 3
to 7 days after exercise using
31
P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Therefore,
eccentric exercise may result in sustained increases in muscle metabolism. The
purpose of this study is to determine if mild muscle soreness induced by
eccentric exercise maintains an increase in resting muscle metabolism as
measured by NIRS. METHODS: We plan to recruit 8 healthy participants for this
study. We will measure baseline resting metabolism in the gastrocnemius
muscles of each participant using NIRS. Resting metabolism will be measured as
the relative slope of the change in oxygenated hemoglobin/myoglobin during
short bouts of ischemia. Each participant will conduct one short bout of eccentric
contraction exercise consisting of 100 repeated calf raises with one leg. We will
measure resting metabolism before, immediately after the exercise, 1 day later,
and 2 days later in both the exercised and control legs. Data will be analyzed
using MatLab to determine resting metabolic rate. Analysis of variance will be
performed using Excel to test the significance of the differences in the data
before and after eccentric exercise. ANTICIPATED RESULTS: It is hypothesized
that 1 and 2 days after the eccentric exercise, there will be an increase in resting
muscle metabolism in the exercised leg. This would be significant as the inclusion
of mild muscle soreness in exercise routines leading to sustained elevation in
muscle metabolism may assist with weight loss programs and contribute to the
benefits of exercise.
SLOW MOTION VIDEO PHONE ANALYSIS OF MUSCLE TWITCH
CONTRACTION VELOCITY: THE EFFECT OF PIXEL QUANTITY
Nicholas M. Yanek, Chuan Zhang, Kevin K. McCully, FACSM. University of
Georgia, Athens, GA.
BACKGROUND: Previous studies have used twitch acceleration measured with an
accelerometer to measure muscle endurance. This method has been adapted
such that slow-motion video can be used to measure muscle acceleration. The
aim of this study is to determine the minimum number of video pixels to
accurately measure twitch acceleration. METHODS: Measurement will be made
on the rectus femoris muscle of healthy control subjects. Twitch contractions will
be produced by placing 2x4cm electrodes on the muscle and stimulating with a
submaximal current sufficient to produce strong, visible contractions. Video will
be collected with iPhone (Apple, Inc., Cupertino, CA) using slow motion video at
240 frames per second. ANALYSIS: The videos will be analyzed ranging from
their entirety, ~300,000 pixels, down to approximately 25 pixels. The videos will
be analyzed using a MATLAB routine. The routine will use consecutive image
correlations for the selected number of pixels, and plotting the rate of change of
the correlation as an indication of contraction speed. Faster contraction
acceleration will produce lower correlations. ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Pixels
numbers as low as 200 will produce the same result as larger pixel sizes
(200,000). Determining the number of pixels necessary to obtain adequate
results will also us to determine the feasibility of measuring muscle endurance in
small muscles. This includes muscles of the forehead and those associated with
eye-blinking, as they will require a small number of pixels with slow motion video
phone analysis.
VALIDITY OF ULTRASOUND MEASUREMENTS USING HUMAN CADAVERS
Erin Major, Alexa Reilly, Ted Eaves, Michael Berry, FACSM. Wake Forest
University, Winston-Salem, NC.
BACKGROUND: Body Imaging is a frequently used non-invasive technique in
modern medicine and the health sciences with the purpose of obtaining
information on internal body structures. Magnetic Resonance Imaging,
Computerized Tomography and Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry are the most
commonly used body imaging techniques. While these techniques have unique
advantages, their shared disadvantages include cost, lack of portability and/or
radiation exposure. Ultrasonography is an imaging technique that is less
expensive, portable and does not involve the use of ionizing radiation. There are
conflicting reports on the validity of ultrasound for determining body composition
measures, specifically muscle thickness. Therefore, the aim of this study is to
determine the validity of ultrasound to measure skeletal muscle thickness as
compared to direct measurements from human cadavers. METHODS: Three
human cadavers will serve as specimens. Ultrasound measurements will be
obtained by a single examiner at two sites using a SonoSite M Turbo ultrasound
prior to dissection. Imaging will be performed in B-mode with a 6-13 MHz linear-
array transducer. Skeletal muscle thickness of the rectus femoris and biceps
brachii muscles will be obtained bilaterally on all three cadavers. Rectus femoris
measurements will be made at two-thirds the length between the anterior
superior iliac spine and the base of the patella. Biceps brachii thickness will be
made at one-half the length between the anterolateral border of the acromion
and the antecubital fossa. Muscle thickness will be made using the device’s
internal measurement program. Thickness will be determined as the linear
distance between the superficial and internal layers of connective tissue at the
thickest part of the image. Following removal of the skin and subcutaneous fat, a
direct measurement of muscle thickness will be made by the same assessor at
the same anatomical locations using an Accusize digital thin gauge needle caliper
inserted through the muscle. Differences in muscle thickness between the two
techniques will be determined using repeated measures t-tests. Intraclass
correlation coefficients will be computed and Bland-Altman plots will be
constructed to visualize differences between the two techniques. ANTICIPATED
RESULTS: Based on previous studies, it is hypothesized that ultrasound will be
found to be a valid measure of skeletal muscle thickness.
RELIABILITY OF ULTRASOUND MEASUREMENTS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
THICKNESS IN CADAVERS
Alexandra K. Reilly, Erin Major, Michael Berry, FACSM, Ted Eaves. Wake Forest
University, Winston Salem, NC.
BACKGROUND: Muscle mass is an important measure of body composition and
can be measured through various techniques such as ultrasonography,
computerized tomography scans, and magnetic resonance imaging. Each of
these techniques has strengths and limitations, especially concerning
invasiveness, exposure to radiation, and cost for the patient. While studies have
been conducted examining the reliability of these imaging techniques, those
examining the reliability of ultrasound imaging for determining muscle thickness
have not been conclusive. Differences may be related to the hydration status of
the subjects and/or the amount of adipose tissue of the subject. To overcome
these limitations, this study will evaluate the intra- and inter-rater reliability of
ultrasound imaging measurements by measuring the muscle thickness of the
biceps brachii and rectus femoris muscles collected via ultrasound in human
cadavers both prior to and after removal of the skin and subcutaneous adipose
tissue. METHODS: Three cadavers, male and female, donated to the Wake Forest
Baptist Medical Center Anatomical Gifts program will serve as the subjects of this
study. The thickness of the biceps brachii and rectus femoris will be measured
bilaterally using the SonoSite M Turbo ultrasound. Imaging will be performed in
B-mode using a 6-13 MHz linear-array transducer. Skeletal muscle thickness of
the rectus femoris and biceps brachii muscles will be obtained before and after
removal of skin and subcutaneous adipose tissue. Rectus femoris measurements
will be made at two-thirds the length between the anterior superior iliac spine
and the base of the patella. Biceps brachii thickness will be measured at one-half
the length between the anterolateral border of the acromion and the antecubital
fossa. Muscle thicknesses will be determined independently by two different
assessors on three separate occasions. Differences in the mean of the muscle
thicknesses will be statistically analyzed using dependent and independent t-
tests. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) will be used to assess intra- and
inter-rater reliability, and Bland Altman plots will be used to visually inspect the
level of agreement. ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Based on previous studies that have
evaluated ultrasound as a measurement technique, we anticipate that
ultrasounds will be a reliable measure for assessing muscle thickness.
EFFECT OF RISEDRONATE ON BONE TURNOVER IN POST-SLEEVE
GASTRECTOMY PATIENTS
Rui Lyu, Kristen M. Beavers. Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC.
BACKGROUND: The prevalence of severe obesity (body mass index≥40 kg/m
2
) in
the United States has increased by 3.5% over the past decade, which is
accompanied by increasingly performed bariatric surgeries. Sleeve gastrectomy
(SG) is the most popular type of bariatric surgery, representing over 60% of all
surgical types performed in 2018. SG is highly effective at promoting excess
weight loss; however, current data suggest that SG is also associated with
significant bone loss and increased risk of fracture in middle-aged and older
adults. Bone turnover rate, which is the ratio of bone resorption to bone
formation rate, is commonly used to estimate bone loss. Clinically, the bone
resorption rate is determined by serum C-telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX)
biomarker level while the bone formation rate is determined by serum intact pro-
collagen I N-propeptide (P1NP) level. High CTX/P1NP ratio indicates increased
bone loss. Risedronate is a commonly prescribed medication to prevent bone loss
through lowering bone resorption rates in osteoporosis patients, however, its
efficacy in bone loss prevention in post-SG patients has not yet been tested. The
purpose of this analysis is to determine the effect of risedronate on bone
turnover in patients who had undergone SG.METHODS: 24 participants between
ages of 40-69 scheduled for SG were recruited for a 6-month RCT
(NCT03411902; with an optional 12-month follow up assessment visit)
examining the efficacy of once monthly 150 mg oral risedronate (n=11) versus
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS
73
placebo (n=13) on a variety of bone outcome measures. Fasted blood samples
were collected at baseline, 6, and 12 months (via venipuncture), and bone-
turnover biomarkers (CTX and P1NP) are slated to be analyzed via enzyme-
linked immunosorbent assays on all stored plasma samples during the fall of
2020. Absolute and percentage changes in biomarkers from baseline and bone
turnover rate (CTX/P1NP ratio) will be reported by group. Linear regression
models (adjusted for baseline values) will be used to determine statistical
significance (p<0.05). ANTICIPATED RESULTS: It is hypothesized that oral
risedronate will reduce bone turnover in post-SG patients compared to placebo.
FUNDING INFORMATION: National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences.
Grant Number: UL1TR001420; National Institute on Aging. Grant Numbers: K01
AG047921, K25 AG058804
EFFECTS OF VARYING FACEMASK REINFORCEMENT ON REACTION TIME
AND TARGET DETECTION IN NCAA FOOTBALL PLAYERS
Justin Moody
1
, Rachel Miller
1
,
,2
, Anna Covington
1
, Rebecca Rogers
1
, Christopher
Ballmann
1
.
1
Samford University, Birmingham, AL.
2
University of West Alabama,
Livingston, AL.
BACKGROUND: Football helmet facemasks have been shown to differentially
alter visual field. We have previously shown that peripheral vision reaction time
(PRT) and target detection are hindered while wearing football headgear.
However, whether different levels of facemask reinforcement alter ability to
respond to peripheral visual stimuli is unknown. PURPOSE: The purpose of this
study was to examine the effects of varying facemask reinforcement on PRT and
target detection in collegiate football players. METHODS: Division 1 NCAA
football players with normal/corrected to normal vision participated. In a
randomized manner, participants completed peripheral reaction time tests for the
following conditions: Baseline/no helmet (BL), Light reinforced (L), Medium
reinforced (M), Heavy reinforced (H), and Extra-heavy reinforced (XH) face
masks. For each condition, a 60 s PRT test was completed on a Dynavision D2
visuomotor board. Subjective perception of how levels of reinforcement would
affect field performance was assessed with a 7-point Likert scale questionnaire.
RESULTS: Regardless of reinforcement, all facemask conditions resulted in
significantly slower average PRT and lower target hits compared to BL (p<0.05).
No differences for PRT or target hits were observed between L, M, or H
conditions. PRT was significantly slower for the XH condition versus L (p=0.003),
M (p=0.001), H (p=0.004). Additionally, target hits were significantly lower for
the XH condition versus L (p=0.010), M (p=0.009), H (p=0.016). Subjectively,
participants believed that the H and XH facemasks would make their
performance worse on the field compare to L or M (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:
Wearing a helmet irrespective of facemask reinforcement worsens PRT and target
detection. However, only extra-heavy facemask reinforcement potentiates
impairments in the ability to detect and respond to peripheral stimuli. Since
unobstructed vision on the field is important for safety and performance, these
findings may have important implications on equipment regulations for safety in
collegiate football.
EFFECTS OF PEPPERMINT OIL ON COGNITIVE AND PHYSICAL ABILITY
DURING DUAL-TASKING CONDITIONS
Kathryn Kizziah, Alysson Smith, Rebecca Rogers, Thomas Kopec, Christopher
Ballmann. Samford University, Birmingham, AL.
BACKGROUND: Completing cognitive and physical tasks simultaneously, or dual
tasking (DT), requires division of resources primarily between the brain and
peripheral skeletal muscle. Previous evidence has largely shown that DT results
in diminished physical performance with preservation of cognitive ability.
Peppermint oil has been shown to stimulate brain activity specifically in areas
important for motor output and control. Whether peppermint oil can attenuate
physical performance loss during DT while still preserving cognitive ability has
yet to be elucidated. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the
effect of peppermint oil on physical and cognitive ability during DT rowing.
METHODS: College aged females (ages 18-24) were recruited to participate. In
a crossover counterbalanced design, participants were subjected to four
conditions: 1) Single task cognitive test (STC), 2) Single task rowing (STR) 3) DT
placebo (DT-PL), 4) DT peppermint oil (DT-PO). For single task rowing and DT
conditions, participants were asked to row as hard as possible on a rowing
ergometer for 3 minutes. For STC and DT conditions, participants completed a
Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) and a word-list memory test for 3
minutes. During DT conditions, 50 uL of peppermint oil or placebo (olive oil) were
placed on an adhesive strip and placed under the nose for the entire duration of
testing. Absolute differences (single task - dual task) in power output, stroke
rate, heart rate, and cognitive test scores were compared between DT-PL and
DT-PO. RESULTS: The were no significant differences between DT-PL and DT-PO
for word recall (p= 0.138) or PASAT (p= 0.181) scores. While there were no
differences for power output between conditions (p= 0.131), stroke rate
(p=0.015) and heart rate (p= 0.034) were significantly higher during DT-PO
versus DT-PL. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that peppermint oil does not
confer any cognitive benefit during DT. However, physical performance may be
preserved during DT with peppermint oil treatment which may have important
implications in DT activities necessitating peak physical performance.
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, FUNDAMENTAL MOTOR SKILL DEVELOPMENT, AND
SELF-REGULATION IN PRESCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN
Aaron P. Wood
1
, Vince G. Nocera
1
, Tyler J. Kybartas
2
, Dawn P. Coe, FACSM
1
.
1
University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN.
2
Illinois State University,
Normal, IL.
BACKGROUND: Physical activity (PA) and motor skill development (MSD) have
been shown to impact cognitive aspects of self-regulation (attention, working
memory, and inhibition) in youth. However, there is little evidence supporting
these relationships in preschool-aged children (3-5 years old). PURPOSE: To
determine if PA and MSD are associated with the cognitive aspects of self-
regulation in preschool-aged children. METHODS: Participants were 24
preschool-aged children (4.6+0.7y, 16 females) attending a university preschool.
On Day 1, an ActiGraph GT3X+ was placed on the hip of each participant and
worn for 7 consecutive days during waking hours to assess PA. Minutes per hour
spent in light, moderate, and vigorous PA were calculated using the Pate
cutpoints. Additionally, on Day 1, the Test of Gross Motor Development-2
nd
Edition was used to measure MSD. On subsequent days, cognitive aspects of
self-regulation (one assessment per day) were measured via the Head Knees
Toes Shoulders (all aspects) and the Early Years Toolbox [Card Sorting (attention
shifting), Mr. Ant (visual/spatial working memory), Not This (phonological
working memory), and Go-NoGo (inhibition)]. Tertile groups created from self-
regulation scores were analyzed using one-way ANOVAs to determine differences
in PA and MSD scores among groups for each test of self-regulation. RESULTS:
Average ActiGraph GT3X+ wear time was 9.9±2.7 hours/day for 6.4±1.5
days/week. Average time spent in light, moderate, and vigorous intensity PA
averaged 14.6 min/hour. MSD scores averaged at the 58
th
percentile.
Performance on the “Not This” task was significantly associated with locomotor,
object control, and total motor skill development scores (F(2,21)=4.203,
F(2,21)=4.558, F(2,21)=4.777, p<0.05, respectively). Performance on the “Mr.
Ant” task approached significance with both locomotor and total motor skill
development scores (F(2,21)=2.714, p=0.089, F(2,21)=2.806, p=0.083,
respectively). There were no differences in PA or MSD scores for any other self-
regulation assessment. CONCLUSION: It appears higher levels of MSD are
associated with higher working memory scores. This association may be due to
the fact that many gross motor skills require sequencing of activity (e.g.
galloping, throwing, etc.) which may tap into the child’s working memory to
execute those skills, thus relating the two variables.
A PRELIMINARY REPORT OF THE NONLOCAL REPEATED BOUT EFFECT OF
THE ELBOW FLEXOR MUSCLES
William Miller
1
, Xin Ye
2
, Sunggun Jeon
3
, Jun Seob Song
1
, Jonathan T. West
1
,
Robjert J. Benton
1
.
1
University of Mississippi, University, MS.
2
University of
Hartford, West Hartford, CT.
3
Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK.
BACKGROUND: Unaccustomed eccentric (ECC) exercise can induce muscle
damage. The magnitude of muscle damage can be attenuated if a previous
similar bout of ECC exercise is performed (i.e., repeated bout effect [RBE]). The
RBE has also been shown in the contralateral muscles after an ECC bout in the
ipsilateral muscles. Interestingly, the potential nonlocal RBE (e.g., upper- to
lower-limb muscles, or vice versa) has never been examined. PURPOSE: This
preliminary study examined whether performing an initial bout of ECC exercise
on the elbow flexor (EF) muscles could induce any RBE against muscle damage
from the 2nd bout of knee flexion (KF) ECC exercise. METHODS: Twenty-seven
participants were randomly assigned into an experimental (n = 15; [EXP]) or
control group (n = 12; [CON]). At the start of Week 1, all participants performed
a baseline bout of KF ECC exercise on the dominant or non-dominant leg. At the
start of Week 5 (post-4-week rest), only the EXP group returned and performed
EF ECC exercise on a random arm. At the start of Week 7, all participants
performed a 2nd bout of ECC exercise with the contralateral KF muscles. All ECC
exercise protocols consisted of 6 sets of 10 ECC contractions with a load
equivalent to 150% of concentric 1-RM for the KF or EF exercise. Range of
motion (ROM) at the knee joint, muscle soreness, and relative KF isometric
strength were taken before (Pre), after (Post), 1 (1D), 2 (2D), and 7 (7D) days
after each ECC exercise bout. Separate 3-way (bout [baseline, 2nd bout] ×
group [EXP, CON] × time [Pre, Post, 1D, 2D, 7D]) mixed factorial analyses of
variance (ANOVA) tests were used to examine changes in the dependent
variables. RESULTS: The ROM showed a main effect for time (p < .001). A
significant 3-way interaction (p = .013) for muscle soreness values was shown.
Pairwise comparisons trended toward significance for the 2nd compared to
baseline bouts (2nd vs. baseline = 32.7 ± 17.9 vs. 25.6 ± 12.0, p = .058,
Cohen’s d = .47) in the EXP group only. A significant 3-way interaction (p =
.033) was also shown for KF relative isometric strength, but follow-up tests
showed no significant interactions or main effects. CONCLUSIONS: The current
data does not suggest a nonlocal RBE in EF muscles.
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN FIFTH GRADERS’ SELF-CONFIDENCE IN
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND FITNESS ABILITIES
Tenesha M. McDuffie
1
, Mikaela A. Brooks
1
, Anna K. Leal
2
.
1
Bridgewater College,
Bridgewater, VA.
2
Centenary College of Louisiana, Shreveport, LA.
Data shows that boys, aged 12-17 years, spend more time in physical activity
(PA) than girls of the same age and that college women, aged 18-24 years, have
less self-confidence than men in their abilities to increase PA and improve
physical fitness. However, we previously reported that fourth grade girls had
more self-confidence than boys that they could increase weekly time spent in PA
and improve their physical fitness. Therefore, the purpose of our research was to
determine when these reductions in women’s self-confidence occur. In this
longitudinal study, subjects were 33 fifth grade students (16 boys and 17 girls),
of the same cohort as reported on previously, that attended a public elementary
school in northwestern Virginia. Students participated in the FitnessGram, a
nationwide assessment that tests flexibility, aerobic capacity, and muscular
strength and endurance of elementary school students. After participating in the
FitnessGram, students completed a 14-question proctored survey. The survey
asked about the students’ beliefs about PA, knowledge of PA, self-confidence,
and PA participation. FitnessGram data showed fifth grade girls were more
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS
74
flexible than boys, but there were no differences in aerobic capacity or muscular
strength and endurance between genders. Survey results showed girls rated the
benefits of PA on their health significantly higher than boys (p = 0.0457).
Despite this, fifth grade girls rated the effects of low PA as less harmful than they
had the previous year (p = 0.0459). Additionally, girls’ self-confidence
significantly decreased from fourth to fifth grade. Compared to their beliefs from
one year earlier, fifth grade girls were no longer as confident that they could
improve their weekly PA (p = 0.0062), physical fitness (p = 0.0083), or overall
health (p = 0.0070). Our data suggests that girls’ self-confidence in their abilities
to increase PA and improve fitness decreased during fifth grade. During this
same time period, girls rated the effects of low PA as less severe than they did
the previous year. It is unclear if these beliefs are related. More research is
needed to determine how these belief changes contribute to gender
discrepancies in time spent in PA. We propose physical education programs
throughout all grades teach the importance of healthy behaviors, including time
spent in PA, and work to build and maintain self-confidence in all students,
especially girls.
DOES AN EMPLOYEE MOVEMENT CHALLENGE ENHANCING PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY LEVELS AND ATTITUDES IN A COLLEGE WORKFORCE
Madison Faulkner, Robyn M. York. Montreat College, Montreat, NC.
BACKGROUND: The Exercise is Medicine on Campus team has created a series
of challenges for the employees of Montreat College to aid in boosting mental
and physical health. The first challenge will be a movement challenge, lasting 5
weeks, encompassing a 10-15 minute walk on at least 5 days per week and 5
minutes of stretching on at least 2-3 days per week throughout the challenge.
The purpose is to begin to build healthy habits for the employees and educate
them about the amount of physical activity they should be engaging in to
maintain physical health. METHODS: During the sign up period, a short survey
was administered to gauge physical activity levels and attitudes, and mental
health perceptions of the employees. The same short survey was given at the
end of the challenge to see if attitudes or habits had changed. During the
challenge, weekly check-ins were administered to determine levels of physical
activity and stretching habits. We will also follow up one month after the
challenge ends to see if the habits are still in place. In all cases, the surveys
were sent via Google Forms, and data will be downloaded and coded to ensure
anonymity prior to data analysis. ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We anticipate our
study to show that physical activity enhances mood levels for the employees on
campus. We think that if enjoyment of exercise is increased then the employees
will be more likely to continue these healthy habits in the future. One study
demonstrated that moderate physical activity throughout the day enhances
mood, especially while working in a sedentary office environment (Bergouignan,
2016). Further, increases in either workout duration or level of exertion has been
shown to correlate with an increased mood (Rocheleau, 2004); we anticipate
that the implementation of small habits will ultimately lead employees to
increase the duration, and possibly intensity, of activities throughout the work
day.
THE MOTIVATING FACTORS AND BARRIERS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
DURING PREGNANCY AND CHILDBIRTH
Cari Jayne Barrett. University of North Georgia, Dahlonega, GA.
BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that physical activity (PA) is vital in
women experiencing a healthy pregnancy, however, many women still question
the safety and benefits of maintaining a healthy lifestyle while pregnant.
Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the reasoning behind a
woman’s PA habits during pregnancy and the relationship between activity level
and childbirth outcome. METHODS: Twenty-four (n = 24) postpartum women
that met all necessary criteria participated in this study. Qualitative data was
collected using an online survey that gathered information on each woman’s PA
habits during pregnancy and their childbirth experience. The data was collected,
analyzed, and coded in three different ways and finalized into major themes.
RESULTS: Participants were assigned to the “sedentary” (SG) (n=11) or “active”
(AG) (n=13) group, based off the data they provided. The AG reported an
average of 43.8 minutes/day of PA at a moderate-high intensity during
pregnancy, which met the current CDC and ACSM PA requirements during
pregnancy. The AG also reported a shorter duration of labor and a higher
percentage of vaginal births, compared to the SG. The overall themes developed
from the data in regards to motivating factors or barriers of PA during pregnancy
were found to be: improves overall well-being, physical barriers, benefits to
baby, lack of knowledge, and daily life activities. Themes considered to be
motivating factors were overall well-being and benefits to the baby. Coded words
in these themes consisted of: happy, active, prevention, healthy, and benefits.
Themes considered to be barriers were physical barriers, lack of knowledge, and
daily life activities. Coded words in these themes consisted of: pain, sickness,
safety, unsure, and busy. CONCLUSIONS: Participants in both groups shared
common themes among their responses to the questionnaire, two were
considered motivating factors and three were considered barriers in regards to
participating in daily PA. Although participants from both the AG and SG shared
coded words about PA barriers, the AG group focused more on motivating factors
in maintaining their PA during pregnancy.
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PERCEPTUAL RESPONSES TO VARIOUS
DURATIONS OF BLOOD FLOW RESTRICTION
Nathen A. Andrews, Chase P. Harris, Jakob D. Lauver. Coastal Carolina
University, Conway, SC.
BACKGROUND: Traditionally heavy resistance training has been utilized to
increase skeletal muscle strength and size. However, several studies using low-
intensity resistance training combined with blood flow restriction (BFR) have
shown similar improvements in muscle size and strength. BFR may be an
effective exercise modality for individuals not well suited for traditional heavy
resistance training. However, various methodological approaches to BFR should
be evaluated. This includes the restriction duration (time the restriction is
applied), as various durations have been utilized with different outcomes.
Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the effects of different
durations of BFR on muscle activation and oxygenation, and discomfort during
low-intensity resistance exercise. METHODS: Healthy males will be asked to
complete five total laboratory sessions including one familiarization session and
four randomized BFR protocols; control (CON (no-BFR)), continuous BFR (C-
BFR), intermittent BFR during exercise (IE-BFR), and intermittent BFR during
rest (IR-BFR). Each experimental trial will consist of 75 repetitions of isokinetic
unilateral knee extensions (45 deg/s) at 30% maximum voluntary isometric
contraction (MVIC) and at 60% of limb occlusion pressure (LOP). The repetitions
will be divided between four sets as 30-15-15-15, with a one-minute rest period
between sets. During C-BFR restriction will be applied throughout all sets and
rest periods, IE-BFR restriction will be applied only during exercising sets, IR-BFR
restriction will be applied during rest periods only. Surface Electromyography
electrodes will be placed on the participant’s skin of the vastus medialis to assess
muscle activation. To measure muscle oxygenation, participants will be outfitted
with near-infrared spectroscopy on the vastus lateralis. Participants will also be
asked to rate their perceived exertion (RPE) using the Borg scale, as well as their
discomfort. Following exercise, each participant will complete an MVIC to
determine fatigue and a five-minute maximum desaturation. A two-way repeated
measures Analysis of Variance will be used to determine differences due to the
protocol and time. ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Despite the shorter duration of
restriction, we anticipate IR-BFR resulting in similar muscle activation and
deoxygenation as C-BFR with a lower RPE and discomfort due to the isokinetic
velocity of exercise.
THE IMPACT OF A DUAL GENERATION SWIM INTERVENTION TO REDUCE
UNINTENTIONAL DROWNINGS IN AFRICAN AMERICANS
Aniya .L Bettis, Nadarria Inge, Jermaine B. Mitchell. University of Montevallo,
Montevallo, AL.
Background: Rates of unintentional drownings in African Americans (AA) are
higher compared to their Caucasian counterparts. Despite the need to support
African American families as a whole, most swim programs typically focus either
on the parent or child separately. The purpose of this study was to investigate
impact of a community-based dual-generation swim program to improve water
safety and swimming ability of AA families. Methods: Seven single mothers (36
± 4 years), seven girls (9 ± 6 years) and four boys (12 ± 6 years) participated in
three out the eight scheduled swim sessions (sessions 4-8 were cancelled due to
COVID-19). Session one consisted of completion of assent and consent forms,
distribution of swim items and baseline swim assessments via the American Red
Cross Swim Assessment. Sessions two and three consisted of 30-40-minute swim
instruction. Baseline swim assessments and instruction were administered by the
University of Montevallo’s swim team. Additionally, post-intervention interviews
were conducted. Results: Baseline swim assessments revealed participants were
at the lowest levels for Preschool Aquatics (mothers and girls: 72%; boys: 75%)
and Learn-to-Swim (mothers and girls: 29%; boys: 25%) categories. Post-
intervention interviews stated that parents and youth believed the dual-
generation format was beneficial and may have improved their swimming ability
with more sessions. Conclusion: Dual-generation swimming programs may offer
AA parents and youth a safe, cost-effective way to reduce unintentional
drownings.
ATHLETIC TRAINING EDUCATION MOVING FORWARD. WHERE DOES THE
PROFESSION GO FROM HERE?
Dennis Cobler, Beth Funkhouser. Emory & Henry College, Emory, VA.
Like many clinical health professions, Athletic Training Education will soon only
be offered at the graduate level. While the decision to move in this direction was
made several years ago, the time is quickly approaching Colleges and
Universities must make a decision regarding the future status of their perspective
programs. These institutions are now re-evaluating the health of their Athletic
Training programs and investigating how they will move forward. While many
have already decided to make the transition to the graduate level, many others
have made the painful decision to withdrawal accreditation and eliminate
programs altogether. At the same time institutions have been struggling with
these decisions, prospective students have also had to do their own research. Is
Athletic Training still a viable option for those hoping to enter the healthcare
field? Does the return on investment justify the time and cost of these new
programs? How does Athletic Training plan or hope to compete with other
graduate options such as Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, or Physicians’
Assistant? This presentation will examine what current data suggests the outlook
of Athletic training is in the immediate future, as well as, in the years to come.
The presentations will also discuss how the transition has already effected
program numbers across the nation. Purpose: To discuss how the transition of
Athletic Training to the Graduate level has impacted the number of programs and
number of students entering the professional field. While the final impact of the
move has yet to be determined, it is already clear that many programs have not,
or will not, survive the transition, which may signal trouble for the overall
survival of the profession itself. Major Points of Discussion will be: 1. How has
the number of accredited programs changed since the decision to transition to a
graduate level was announced? 2. For existing programs, what percentage of
available cohort spots have remained unfilled? 3. How does Athletic Training
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS
75
survive when it now must compete with programs it has historically funneled
students into? 4. What is the return on investment for current Athletic Training
Programs when compared to other healthcare professions? Primarily Learning
Objective: 1. Participants should be able to describe how Athletic Training
Education has changed over the past 5 years and how the transition to a
Graduate Level has affected existing (or former) programs. This information
would be beneficial for those advising current students who are interested in a
career in healthcare, more specifically Athletic Training. Students should have a
clear understanding of what direction the profession is moving and what
challenges the profession must address in the very near future.
SESSION V: REVIEW/SYMPOSIA Friday, Feb. 19, 3:00–4:00 pm EST
MEASURING DIAPHRAGMATIC ENDURANCE AND ASSESSING
RESPIRATORY DYSFUNCTION
Kristin M. Mendez, Alexander W. Parsons, Kevin McCully, FACSM. University of
Georgia, Athens, GA.
Respiratory dysfunction affects numerous individuals across a wide range of
diseases. Assessment and treatment of respiratory dysfunction, while always
important, has gained additional attention with the recent COVID-19 pandemic.
This symposium aims to evaluate current diagnostic techniques and introduce a
novel method for measuring diaphragmatic endurance in relation to assessing
respiratory dysfunction. PORTION 1: To evaluate existing clinical techniques,
emphasizing the advantages and disadvantages of each. Existing clinical
assessments include radiography, fluoroscopy, ultrasound, and phrenic nerve
stimulation via electromyography or magnetic stimulation. Many listed involve
voluntary pulmonary function tests, use of invasive pressure probes and/or
balloons, or some combination of both. These tools provide respiratory
dysfunction diagnoses but either require uncomfortable, invasive methods or
strenuous, volitional efforts from patients, resulting in potentially inaccurate
results. PORTION 2: To describe and understand the new test. Our lab has
developed a novel diaphragmatic endurance test for respiratory dysfunction
measure. It is the first both non-invasive as well as non-volitionally based
technique. A tri-axial accelerometer is placed on the upper abdomen to record
diaphragmatic movement while the participant undergoes non-invasive, phrenic
nerve stimulation via pencil electrodes. An endurance index is calculated via
Microsoft Excel and MatLab once data is exported directly from the accelerometer
to a blue-toothed, cell phone application. This technology is inexpensive but
effective and the overall test takes minimal time to complete. With a total set-up
and testing time of 10-15 minutes, the actual endurance protocol finishes in five
minutes and 40 seconds. As piloted previously, this new technique proves
reliable and produces rapidly analyzable data all while causing little discomfort to
the participant. PORTION 3: A video demonstration of the technique. The
demonstration will include set up, test performance, and data analysis. Questions
about the presentation are welcome and will be answered in the format of the
meeting.
SESSION V: POSTER/FREE COMMUNICATION Friday, Feb. 19, 1:00–2:00 pm EST
BODY COMPOSITION OF NCAA DIVISION I FOOTBALL PLAYERS PRE AND
POST COVID-19 QUARANTINE
Amanda N. Gordon
1
, Malia N.M Blue
2
, Hannah E. Saylor
1
, Lacey M. Gould
1
, Katie
R. Hirsch
3
, Andrew T. Hoyle
1
, Abbie E. Smith-Ryan, FACSM
1
.
1
University of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
2
High Point University, High Point, NC.
3
University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR.
BACKGROUND: Strength and conditioning is an essential aspect of athlete
development. The COVID-19 pandemic forced collegiate athletes to train at
home, without access to strength and conditioning facilities. PURPOSE: To
examine body composition of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)
Division I (DI) football players pre- and post-COVID-19 quarantine. METHODS:
Body composition of 29 NCAA DI football players (Age=21.0±10 yrs,
Ht=186.7±5.6 cm, Wt=110.5 ±22.8 kg) were measured around the start of
Spring season (March) and prior to pre-season training (June) following a
minimum 2h fast and having refrained from recent exercise. Whole body dual-
energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to determine regional (arms, legs,
trunk) and total body fat mass (FM), lean mass (LM), and fat free mass (FFM).
Fat-Free Mass Index (FFMI) was calculated (FFMI= [LM+Bone Mineral Content
(BMC)]/Height
2
); participants were stratified by FFMI (Upper: >25 lbs/m
2
; n=16,
Lower: <25 lbs/m
2
, n=13). Paired samples t-tests were used to evaluate the
effect of pre vs. post-COVID on body composition. RESULTS: For the total
sample, trunk LM (Mean Difference ± Standard Error: -0.96± 0.21 kg, p<0.001),
and trunk FFM (-0.98± 0.21 kg, p<0.001) measures significantly increased from
pre- to post-COVID-19. Legs FM was significantly decreased (0.46±0.19 kg,
p=0.023) post-COVID-19. Players with a lower FFMI showed a significant
decrease in legs FM (0.47 ± 0.17 kg, p=0.016), trunk percent fat (1.15±0.42%,
p=0.017), and trunk FM (0.55± 0.19 kg, p=0.016). Players in the upper FFMI
showed a significant increase in total LM (-0.96±0.42 kg, p=0.038), total FFM (-
0.99± 0.43 kg, p=0.036), and a decrease in arm FFM (0.49 ± 0.22 kg,
p=0.045). CONCLUSIONS: The collective improvement in trunk LM and FFM, as
well as decreases in leg FM, suggest the limited access to weight room
equipment did not have a detrimental effect on body composition. Upper body
FFM was lost, only in the more muscular cohort (upper limit FFMI). Virtual
programming and nutritional support likely played an important role in body
composition during quarantine.
PREDICTING DIVISION I LACROSSE GAME PERFORMANCE THROUGH
MICROTECHNOLOGY
Libby L. Bynum
1
, Jenna Carter
1
, Charli Rosenberg
1
, Bradley J. Myers
1
, Jennifer A.
Bunn, FACSM
2
.
1
Campbell University, Buies Creek, NC.
2
Sam Houston State
University, Huntsville, TX.
BACKGROUND: Sport science has focused on managing training load in order to
influence game success, but little work has been done to evaluate the direct
influence of these load metrics on game performance. The purpose of this study
was to analyze relationships between external and internal load metrics with
game performances for Division I collegiate women’s lacrosse athletes.
METHODS: Data were collected using microtechnology during 26 games over a
two-year period with 18 athletes (attackers n = 5, midfielders n = 7, defenders n
=6). External load variables included: total distance, distance rate, high-intensity
distance (HID), speed, sprints, accelerations, decelerations, metabolic equivalent
distance (MED), and sprint speed zones. The internal load metric was training
impulse (TRIMP). Individual game stats were taken from publicly available data,
normalized into z-scores, and used to determine game success. Regression
analyses with load metrics for game success in each position were conducted.
RESULTS: For midfielders, distance rate, HID, TRIMP, MED, and sprints were the
most important load variables for ground balls (r
2
= .214), draw controls (r
2
=
.265), and total game success (r
2
= .300). For attackers, MED, HID, and TRIMP
were the most important load variables for shots (r
2
=.217), shots on goal
(r
2
=.187), and draw controls (r
2
=.203).
For defenders, deceleration and HID
were the most important load variables for draw controls (r
2
=.247).
CONCLUSIONS: These data provide specific indications of impactful load metrics
for each lacrosse position. Coaches may use this information to implement
specific training and drills to augment these loads for better positional
preparation for athletes in each lacrosse position. Coaches may also use these
data to train athletes and improve their level of fitness in a more specific manner
than ever before. Increased game preparation and training from knowledge
gained throughout this study will subsequently improve game performance for
women’s lacrosse athletes.
THE ACUTE EFFECT OF HEAVY SQUATS AND FOAM ROLLING ON
VERTICAL JUMP PERFORMANCE
TingYen Yeh, FACSM, Hailey Wimmenauer, FACSM, Hugh Lamont, FACSM, Chad
Smith, FACSM. Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC.
BACKGROUND: Previous research has reported mixed results regarding the acute
effects of foam rolling on mitigating fatigue-induced performance impairments.
Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the ability of foam rolling
to affect transient recovery from high intensity back squat exercise as measured
by repeated vertical jump (VJ) performance. METHODS: Following an initial
session to determine 1-RM in the back squat exercise, seventeen (mean + SD:
age; 21 + 1.7 yrs, height; 174.7 + 6.2 cm, body mass; 79.5 + 15.5 kg, 1-RM:
130.1 + 39.2 kg) university students completed four sessions (Control, Squats,
FR, and combo) in a randomized order. For each session, two VJs (baseline) were
performed after a standardized warm-up followed by either 13 mins rest (Control
and FR) or two sets of warm-up squats (1 x 6 at 60% 1-RM, 1 x 3 at 75% 1-RM)
followed by heavy squats (3 x 3 at 85% 1-RM) (Squats and Combo). Next, each
session performed two more VJs (J1) followed by either 4.5 mins rest (Control
and Squats) or 3 x 30 s of foam rolling for gluteals, hamstrings, and quadriceps
(FR and Combo). This was followed by 2 VJs (J2) performed immediately
afterwards, followed by 2 mins rest, 2 VJs (J3), 2 mins rest, and 2 VJs (J4) to
conclude each session. The VJ that produced the greatest height was used for
statistical analysis at each time point. Results were expressed as percent change
from baseline. One-way repeated-measures ANOVAs were conducted on each
measure (VJ height, impulse, reactive strength index (RSI), and eccentric rate of
force development (eRFD)) for J1, J2, J3, and J4. RESULTS: There was no
significant difference in the percent change in VJ height, RSI, or eRFD across all
sessions at any time point. Impulse at J2 for the combo session had a
significantly larger percent decrease (-5.4 + 3.0%) compared to Control (-3.1 +
2.9%) (p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: All sessions had a similar percent decrease
in VJ height suggesting that the jump protocol and/or squat protocol may have
impaired VJ performance. FR does not appear to acutely affect recovery from
heavy squat exercise as measured by VJ height, RSI, or eRFD. However, FR
performed immediately after heavy squats appear to induce a small transient
decrease in impulse produced during VJ.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WELLNESS SCORES AND INTERNAL AND
EXTERNAL TRAINING LOADS IN A DIVISION I WOMEN’S LACROSSE
TEAM
Alma K. Crouch
1
, Michael Jiroutek
1
, Ronald Snarr
2
, Jennifer Bunn, FACSM
3
.
1
Campbell University, Buies Creek, NC.
2
Georgia Southern University, Statesboro,
GA.
3
Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX.
Background: The study of athlete wellness encompasses not only training loads,
but may include subjective indicators of an individual’s readiness for training.
Most research regarding wellness and training loads have focused primarily on
professional male athletes, leaving female athletes largely under-represented.
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between pre-training
wellness scores and internal and external training load outputs during the
preparation phase of a Division-I women’s collegiate lacrosse team. Methods:
Athletes (n = 27) logged their daily wellness (i.e., ratings of sleep, energy,
stress, and muscle soreness), session ratings of perceived exertion (sRPE), and
training metrics during a 16-week preparation phase. Training metrics were
collected during each practice with global positioning system (GPS) units and
heart rate monitors. Metrics included total distance, high speed distance, sprints,
accelerations, decelerations, and Athlete Load (a proprietary metric with VX
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS
76
Sport). Repeated measures mixed linear models were constructed to evaluate
the relationships between wellness and training load measured objectively and
subjectively. Results: The largest effects observed indicated: improved sleep
was predictive of increased total distance (up to 310.5 m, 95% CI 36.7-584.3),
high-intensity distance (up to 72.7 m, 95% CI 17.2-128.3), and Athlete Load (up
to 6.8 AU, 95% CI 1.8-11.8). Less fatigue was predictive of increased total
distance (up to 323.6 m, 95% CI 52.2-594.9) and Athlete Load (up to 5.6 AU.
95% CI 0.6-10.5). For each one-unit increase in overall wellness score, total
distance (3.5 m, 95% CI 1.2-15.1) and Athlete Load (0.2 AU, 95% CI 0.0-0.3)
increased. Changes in fatigue scores elicited an average increase in Athlete Load
of 5.6 AU and TRIMP by ~41 AU, while an increase in muscle soreness resulted in
an average decrease in sRPE by ~52.3 AU. Conclusion: This is the first study to
indicate the utility of wellness scores and their impact on performance in
collegiate female athletes. Results indicated that pre-training wellness scores are
predictive of training output. Specifically, improvements in sleep and energy had
the greatest impact on distance, high speed distance, and overall athlete load.
Systematically monitoring athlete wellness may help coaches with decision-
making relevant to training and game play.
THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN BIOMARKERS OF RESILIENCE AND
READINESS WITH FITNESS CHANGES IN COLLEGE SOCCER PLAYERS
Travis Anderson, Nathaniel T. Berry, John R. Cone, Andrew Scheck, Laurie
Wideman, FACSM. University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC.
BACKGROUND: The free testosterone to cortisol ratio (fTC) and heart rate
variability (HRV) indices have been independently proposed as objective
biomarkers of physiological resilience and readiness, respectively. It is
hypothesized that individuals that enter a training period with high resilience and
readiness would have a greater positive response to the training. Therefore, the
purpose of this study was to investigate the association between fTC and HRV
with fitness changes in division I male college soccer players. METHODS: Two
division I teams were recruited to participate in this study. Participants
completed an orthostatic HRV challenge (supine, sitting, standing) and provided
blood samples prior to the 6-week Spring training period. The HRV indices of root
mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) and high frequency power
(autoregressive, normalized; HF) were calculated in all postural conditions. Blood
samples were assayed for free testosterone and cortisol using competitive
binding ELISAs. Participants completed the yo-yo intermittent recovery test
(YYIR) before and after the 6-week training period and the absolute increase in
distance (m) achieved during the YYIR represented the change in fitness
(YYIRΔ). Separate linear regression models tested the association of fTC and all
HRV indices and their interactions with YYIRΔ. All predictors were first centered
and scaled and alpha level was set at p<0.05 for all models. RESULTS:
Participants (n = 21, age = 19.5±1.0 years, height = 179.0±6.4 cm, weight =
76.9±9.4 kg, body fat = 12.6±4.3 %) from the two teams did not differ in YYIRΔ
(mean±SD = 438±212, p = 0.64). A significant association with YYIRΔ was
observed for the interaction between fTC and HF
sitting
(F(3,17) = 4.31, β = 4.92,p
= 0.02, R
2
= 0.33). No other indices or interactions were significantly associated
with YYIRΔ. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that HRV and fTC represent
potential objective pre-training biomarkers capable of identifying athletes that
will be most responsive to individualized fitness and conditioning programs.
Further research is necessary to confirm the utility of these specific objective
biomarkers in larger cohorts and across multiple training situations.
SALIVARY CORTISOL ANALYSIS IN COLLEGIATE FEMALE LACROSSE
ATHLETES
Jenna Leigh Carter
1
, Stephanie L. Mathews
1
, Bradley J. Myers
1
, Jennifer A. Bunn,
FACSM
2
.
1
Campbell University, Buies Creek, NC.
2
Sam Houston State University,
Huntsville, TX.
BACKGROUND: Cortisol is a glucocorticoid hormone that fluctuates with
sympathetic response to stress and is associated with neuromuscular
performance. Cortisol levels have been shown to correlate with several markers
of athlete readiness and recovery (e.g., countermovement jump and ratings of
perceived exertion), as well as fluctuate throughout a competitive season with
performance. Self-reported wellness scores and ratings of perceived exertion
(RPE) are subjective measurements that evaluate athlete stress levels in various
aspects of training. The purpose of this study was to 1) evaluate changes in
salivary cortisol in Division I female collegiate lacrosse athletes (n=26) and 2)
assess the relationship between cortisol and athlete wellness and training load.
METHODS: Saliva samples were collected biweekly on Monday mornings during
the first six weeks of the competitive season. Subjective athlete total wellness
scores and subscores (muscle soreness, sleep quality, fatigue, and stress) were
taken on the same days. Objective total weekly training load for distance, high-
intensity distance (HID), sprints, accelerations, and decelerations were tabulated
from the previous training week. RESULTS: There was an upward trend in
cortisol (wk 1: 0.637 ± 0.296µg/dL, wk 2: 0.611 ± 0.450 µg/dL, wk 3: 0.767 ±
0.495 µg/dL), but no difference in time points. Week two (2660.4 ± 770.3 m)
had lower HID than weeks 1 (3593 ± 917.4 M) and 3 (3238.7±1560.3 m) (p <
.001) and week three (29.54 ± 18.3) had the most sprints (p < .001). Cortisol
showed no relationship with muscle soreness or sleep (r = .080-.153) and low
correlations with total wellness, stress, and fatigue (r = .062-.159). There was
also no relationship between cortisol and total distance, HID, accelerations, and
decelerations (r = .017-.083) and a low relationship with sprints (r = .206).
CONCLUSIONS: Although cortisol did not correlate with wellness scores or
objective data, the upward trend over collection points suggested that as the
season progressed, the athletes had increasing levels of stress within the body.
This stress could be a result of stress induced from performance or game
settings. In order to combat higher stress levels, the coaches could implement
off the field practices to reduce stress including counseling services, rest and
recovery practices, or consistent stress management tracking. The 2020 season
in which this study was conducted was halted due to the COVID-19 pandemic. If
carried out to completeness, this trend could be analyzed more thoroughly across
the competitive season.
SPRINT ZONE ANALYSIS BY POSITION OF DIVISION I WOMEN'S
LACROSSE
Charli Rosenberg, Libby Bynum, Jenna Carter, Bradley Myers, Jennifer Bunn,
FACSM. Campbell University, Buies Creek, NC.
BACKGROUND: Two evaluations of game play for women’s lacrosse have been
published, one from collegiate play and one from international play. Neither
study evaluated the differences in sprint zones among the three field positions.
The purpose of this study was to compare sprint zones by position in Division I
women’s lacrosse during practice and games. METHODS: Players (n = 13) wore a
vest with microtechnology (global positioning unit and heart rate monitor) to
track movement and speed during games (n = 9) and practices (n = 41). Players
included 4 attackers, 4 midfielders, and 5 defenders. Sprint zones were
measured by the number of sprints conducted in zones 1 through 5 (Sprint1-
Sprint5) and the distance traveled in each zone (Dist1-Dist5). Zones were
determined by percentage of maximum sprint speed (1 < 60%, 2 = 60-69%, 3
= 70-79%, 4 = 80-89%, 5 ≥ 90%). A repeated measures ANOVA was conducted
to determine differences between positions for average speed, max speed, sprint
zones, and distance zones, and training and games were used as a covariate.
RESULTS: Analyses showed differences between training and games for average
speed (2.08-3.01 km/hr, p < 0.001), max speed (25.3-26.4km/hr, p=0.021),
Sprint1 (58-142 reps, p<0.001), Sprint2 (8-33 reps, p<0.001), Sprint3 (5-15
reps, p<0.001), Sprint4 (3-5 reps, p<0.001), Sprint5 (.7-1.7 reps, p=0.031),
Dist1 (662-2091 m, p<0.001), Dist2 (195-755 m, p<0.001), Dist3 (217-473m,
p=0.001), and Dist5 (27-101, p=0.003). All variables were higher in games than
training except Sprint5 and Dist5 where training was higher. For the interaction
between activity type and position there was a difference in Sprint4 (p = 0.032)
and Sprint2 (p = 0.046), with attackers logging higher values than the defenders
and attackers in both zones during games. CONCLUSIONS: There is a mismatch
in sprint demands between training and games, with a greater game demand for
efforts in zones 1-4 in games for all positions. These data indicate no need to
train differently by position, but coaches and support staff can utilize this
information to alter the structure of training to meet the demands of the game.
EFFECTS OF TRAINING CESSATION ON ISOMETRIC MAXIMAL STRENGTH
S. Kyle Travis
1
, Iñigo Mujika
2
,
,3
, Kevin A. Zwetsloot
4
, Jeremy A. Gentles
1
, Michael
H. Stone
1
, Caleb D. Bazyler
1
.
1
East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN.
2
University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Basque Country.
3
Universidad Finis
Terrae, Santiago, Chile.
4
Appalachian State University, Boone, NC.
BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of 3 days
(3D) versus 5 days (5D) of training cessation on isometric maximal strength in
strength athletes. METHODS Nineteen strength-trained athletes (23.8±4.1y;
90.8±20.7kg; 174.2±7.3cm) completed a powerlifting specific 4-week training
block followed by random assignment to 3D or 5D of training cessation.
Isometric squat and bench press peak force (IPF) and allometrically scaled peak
force (IPFa) were assessed on force platforms before (T1) and after 4-weeks of
training (T2), and at 3D or 5D of training cessation (T3). A 2x3 mixed ANOVA
with post-hoc comparisons and Hedge’s g effect sizes were used to assess
changes in isometric maximal strength. Alpha criterion was set to p<0.05.
RESULTS: The 2x3 mixed ANOVA revealed significant interactions for bench
press IPF (p=0.03) and IPFa (p=0.04). Post-hoc comparisons revealed a
significant increase in bench press IPF (p=0.01,g=0.45) and IPFa
(p=0.017,g=0.90) in 3D only following training (T1 to T2), whereas bench press
IPF (p<0.001,g=0.08) and IPFa (p<0.001,g=0.16) decreased in 5D only
following training cessation (T2 to T3). There were no significant changes in
isometric squat measures. CONCLUSIONS: Upper body isometric maximal
strength is better preserved with 3D of training cessation whereas lower body
isometric maximal strength is preserved similarly with 3D or 5D of training
cessation in strength athletes.
CHANGES IN PERFORMANCE AND SUBJECTIVE MEASURES ACROSS A
COLLEGIATE FIELD HOCKEY SEASON
Alexa J. Chandler
1
, Harry P. Cintineo
1
, David J. Sanders
2
, Marissa L. Bello
3
,
Bridget A. McFadden
1
, Shawn M. Arent, FACSM
1
.
1
University of South Carolina,
Columbia, SC.
2
Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL.
3
Mississippi State
University, Starkville, MS.
BACKGROUND: Athlete monitoring is a common method to manage athlete
workloads and overall stress in attempt to optimize performance. These
assessments include both objective and subjective measures indicative of athlete
readiness The purpose of this study was to assess changes in performance
alongside subjective measures throughout a collegiate field hockey season.
METHODS: Female athletes (n=20; BMI=23.9 ±3.3 kg/m
2
; %BF=24.7±5.3%)
completed countermovement vertical jump (CMJ) testing via digital contact mat,
the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) to assess sleep quality, and the
Multicomponent Training Distress Scale (MTDS) to evaluate training distress
every 7±1 d throughout the preseason (T1-T2) and season (T3-T13). MTDS was
analyzed as a total composite score and by each subscale: depressed moods
(DM), vigor, physical signs/symptoms (PSS), sleep disturbances (SDis),
perceived stress (PSt), and general fatigue (GF). Linear mixed effects models
were conducted with an α-level of 0.05 using R. RESULTS: There were significant
time main effects for CMJ, global PSQI, and total MTDS (P<0.001). Time main
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS
77
effects were seen for all MTDS subscales except for GF and SDis. CMJ increased
from baseline at T7 (P<0.001) but returned to baseline by T13 (P>0.05). PSQI
scores decreased from T1 to T2 (P=0.04) but returned to baseline by T8 and was
elevated for the remainder of the season (P<0.05). MTDS was significantly
higher than baseline at T11 (P=0.005) but returned to baseline by T12 (P>0.05).
DM increased above baseline at T11 (P=0.02) than and returned to baseline at
T12. Vigor was lower than baseline at T8 (P<0.001) and remained suppressed
through T12 (P=0.01) but returned to baseline by T13 (P>0.05). PSS increased
from T1 to T2 following preseason (P<0.001), remained above baseline through
T9 (P<0.05), and returned to baseline at T10 (P>0.05). There were no changes
in PSt from baseline at any timepoint (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Following
preseason, PSS increased immediately which coincided with improved PSQI
scores as well as CMJ performance over the first half of the season. However, as
the season progressed, increases were seen in total training distress which was
largely driven by negative changes in subscales including DM and vigor. This
culminated in subsequent downturns in CMJ by T13. These findings suggest that
multiple metrics should be used by coaches to monitor athlete fatigue, readiness,
and training distress as the MTDS changes appear to precede differential changes
in performance.
BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN ACADEMICS AND ATHLETICS:
DEVELOPING A MUTUALLY BEFENICIAL RESEARCH AND SERVICE
RELATIONSHIP
Greg A. Ryan, Drew S. DeJohn. Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA.
For many Exercise/Sport Science university researchers working with athletic
departments can be an incredibly beneficial, but equally difficult, opportunity.
Working with athletes provides researchers with access to student athletes for
applied sport performance and recovery research. However, oftentimes these
research ideas are met with skepticism from coaches or players. It is important
for researchers and athletic departments to work to establish a solid working
relationship that is mutually beneficial with the goal of conducting research and
helping the athlete/team be successful in their sport. The purpose of this
presentation is to discuss the beneficial nature of an academic and athletic
department partnership on the university campus and to provide insight on
potential areas of expertise that Exercise/Sport Science faculty and students can
provide athletic departments. The presenters will also discuss how data from
their established relationship has been processed, analyzed, and used to inform
decision making within various programs. Concepts will include: a) the
developmental process of establishing a relationship; b) the role that Sports
Science plays in overall player development and team success, and c) the
benefits and limitations of a partnership between academic and athletic
departments. The learning objectives are to: a) provide instruction to individuals
on how to establish a plan a partnership; and b) improve understanding of the
role that each side of the partnership plays in ensuring a healthy relationship.
The target audience for this tutorial will be Exercise/Sport Science faculty and
Strength and Conditioning professionals who may want to establish a mutually
beneficial partnership between academic and athletic departments at the
university level.
EFFECT OF WARM-UP ON THE PREVALENCE OF MEDIAL TIBIAL STRESS
SYNDROME IN HIGHSCHOOL CROSS-COUNTRY ATHLETES
Makayla Mack, Kayla Baker, Rachel Tinius. Western Kentucky University, Bowling
Green, KY.
BACKGROUND: Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome (MTSS) is among one of the most
frequently reported running-related musculoskeletal injuries. Individuals at
higher risk for MTSS include those with increased body weight, a history of
running injuries, higher navicular drop, and greater hip external rotation with the
hip in flexion. Minimal research has investigated the prevention of MTSS with
limited evidence supporting few preventative measures. Additionally, there is
currently no common standard for warm-up protocols in high school cross-
country programs; therefore, these protocols need to be identified and evaluated
to determine associations between warm-up and the prevalence of MTSS. The
purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of which method of
warming up could yield the most promising results for the prevention of MTSS in
high school cross country athletes and to use this information to further educate
coaches and athletes on the most efficacious protocols to implement in the
future. METHODS: Due to COVID-19, the approach to this study has been
modified to meet CDC guidelines. Participants will be recruited via
communication with high school cross country coaches and will include male and
female high school cross-country runners (14-18 years). Data will be collected
through an electronic Qualtrics Survey which will include 12 questions with an
estimated 3-minute response time. The questions will address potential risk
factors for MTSS, any warm-up protocols they currently engage in before
running, and any measures they may or may not take to prevent and/or treat
MTSS. Data will be analyzed using Pearson product-moment correlations to
investigate potential relationships between warmup and prevalence of MTSS.
ANTICIPATED RESULTS: It is hypothesized that strengthening-based exercises
for the muscles surrounding the shins will be the most efficacious preventative
measure based on the physiological origins of the syndrome described in the
introduction.
CHRONICITY OF SYMPTOMS IN TREATMENT OF LATERAL EPICONDYLITIS
WITH BLOOD FLOW RESTRICTION
Blake D. Justice. Methodist University, Fayetteville, NC.
BACKGROUND: Lateral Elbow Tendinopathy (LET) is commonly known as Tennis
Elbow, and is typically diagnosed by the presence of pain over the lateral
epicondyle of the humerus during loading of the wrist extensor muscles
1
.
Treatment goals for Lateral Epicondylitis characteristically include: 1) pain control
and/or elimination; 2) movement preservation; 3) improvement of grip strength
and grip endurance; 4) control or elimination of further histological or clinical
deterioration; and 5) return to normal function
2
. Blood Flow Restriction (BFR)
therapy, is an innovative, safe, and effective method of training for the
development of muscle strength and hypertrophy that utilizes a combination of
venous occlusion and maintenance of arterial flow to the working muscles while
applying low-load resistance
3,4
BFR therapy has been shown to improve
mechanical and morphological properties to a similar extent as conventional
high-load resistance training.
5
This is important for individuals with
myotendinous conditions, such as LET, who may not tolerate high-load resistance
training. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of BFR in the
rehabilitation of LET. METHODS: Four subjects (3 male, 1 female) between 18
and 65 years of age, diagnosed with LET by standard diagnosis methods
participated in the protocol. Subjects were assessed for Pain utilizing the Visual
Analog Scale (VAS), Grip Strength utilizing a handheld grip dynamometer, and
manual muscle tests of the Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis and Longus. The
intervention protocol included a therapeutic exercise plan utilizing 10%-30% of 1
rep max with BFR set at 40% of Arterial Occlusion Pressure, Passive Stretching,
and Mobilization With Movement (MWM). Participants completed the protocol two
times per week for 8 weeks. RESULTS: The subject with the most recent onset of
pain ~6 weeks, saw significant improvement in pain, grip strength and manual
muscle testing results at completion of the protocol (p<0.05). Subjects
experiencing pain for greater than 12 months showed no significant improvement
in pain, no increase or significant decrease in grip strength, and varied results
with manual muscle testing following the protocol. CONCLUSIONS: Results
indicated that chronicity of pain may be a factor in the rehabilitation of LET
utilizing BFR. A time interaction was noted in the participant with the most acute
LET, while those with chronic LET were not improved.
NCAA PERSONNEL’S PERCEPTIONS OF FORMER ATHLETES’ PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY AND KNOWLEDGE OF THE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY GUIDELINES
Paula-Marie Martinez Ferrara, Jessica Smith, Megan Hightower, Kelley
Strohacker, FACSM. The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN.
BACKGROUND: Researchers are calling for physical activity (PA) promotion in
former college varsity athletes (FCVAs) due to unfavorable, post-sport health and
PA changes. National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) athletics personnel
provide support and direct training, thus may be influential in developing current
college athletes’ perceptions of healthy PA behavior and useful in promoting PA
in this population post-sport. PURPOSE: Determine NCAA personnel’s perceptions
of FCVA PA behavior, promotion of PA in current athletes, and knowledge of the
Physical Activity Guidelines for Adults (PAGA). METHODS: NCAA head coaches,
athletic trainers, and strength and conditioning coaches from Divisions (D) I-III
completed an online survey. Survey items assessed level of agreement (1-7
Likert scales) with statements concerning FCVA’s PA behavior, if personnel
discussed post-sport PA with athletes (yes/no), and allowed respondents to enter
values (frequency, duration) corresponding with their knowledge of health-
promoting levels of PA. A MANOVA compared Likert scale responses and chi-
square and descriptive statistics assessed one-word responses across division,
position, and sex. RESULTS: Respondents (N=154, 69% men, 43±11years ,
86% Caucasian, 82% coaches) in 30 NCAA sports (DI 38%, DII 25%, DIII 37%)
agreed FCVAs maintain healthy moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) levels (89%),
remain more active than non-athlete alumni (86%), but may experience
transitional difficulties that negatively affect PA behavior (73%); no differences
were found in responses across division, position, or sex. A higher proportion of
female (70%) over male (53%) personnel discuss post-sport PA maintenance
with athletes (X
2
(1, N=141)=3.8, p=.06) prior to retirement. Similarly, DII
(67%) and DIII (63%) personnel also indicated discussing PA maintenance more
so than DI counterparts (46%; X
2
(2, N=146)=5.6, p=.06) prior to athletes
retiring. The majority of respondents were unaware of the aerobic (15% correct;
166±118 min/week; range 15-750 min of MVPA/week) and muscle strengthening
(10% correct; 3±1 bouts/week; range 0-6) PAGA. CONCLUSIONS: Personnel
showed a degree of variability in PAGA knowledge, and their similar perceptions
of FCVA’s PA behavior indicates misconceptions that contrast with current
research. Implementing education on the PAGA and buy in by this population
regarding FCVA inactivity should be considered in future directions.
ASSOCIATION OF UPPER EXTREMITY PAIN AND PREPARATORY
SOFTBALL PITCH KINEMATICS
McLain Skinner, Kevin Giordano, Kenzie Friesen, Kyle Wasserberger, Jessica
Downs, Gretchen Oliver. Auburn University, Auburn, AL.
BACKGROUND: Analysis of the windmill softball pitch typically begins at the top
of the backswing, neglecting movement before this phase. However, early phase
movement prior to the top of back swing may affect pain or injury and is often
easier seen and more easily coached. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to
determine the association of upper extremity (UE) pain with softball pitching
kinematics at the beginning of a pitch. METHODS: Thirty-nine NCAA Division I
female softball pitchers were recruited to participate. Participants were divided
into 2 groups: UE pain (n= 14, 19.5 ± 1.29 yrs, 172.80 ± 11.07 cm, 86.14 ±
12.72 kg) and pain-free (n = 25, 19.92 ± 1.32 yrs, 174.63 ± 5.21 cm, 75.75 ±
10.91 kg). An electromagnetic motion capture system tracked kinematic data
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS
78
during the riseball softball pitch. Data were cleaned and processed in MATLAB,
then analyzed using SPSS. Independent samples t-tests were used to determine
differences in trunk axial rotation, pelvic axial rotation, shoulder extension, and
push hip flexion between UE pain and pain-free groups at maximum shoulder
extension during the preparatory phase of the pitch. RESULTS: Levene’s test
indicated the assumption of equal variance was met for all independent
variables. Independent samples t-test revealed no significant differences in trunk
axial rotation (p = 0.691), pelvic axial rotation (p = 0.445), shoulder extension
(p = 0.575), and right hip flexion (p = 0.879). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this
study indicate no significant differences in preparatory phase pitch kinematics
during the softball windmill pitch between UE pain and pain-free groups. While
no mechanical differences were found between groups, it is still unknown
whether mechanics at the beginning of the softball pitch impact performance.
Further studies are needed to find a potential association between preparatory
phase mechanics and performance and whether associations exist in pitchers of
varied age and skill levels.
EXPLORING HOW NCAA PERSONNEL DISCUSS POST-SPORT PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY MAINTENANCE WITH COLLEGIATE ATHLETES: A QUALITATIVE
ANALYSIS
Jessica Smith, Paula-Marie M. Ferrara, Megan Hightower, Kelley Strohacker,
FACSM. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN.
BACKGROUND: Research suggests that collegiate athletes exhibit unhealthy
levels of physical activity (PA) post-retirement. Due to their influence on athletes’
training in college, collegiate athletics personnel are in a unique position to
influence athlete’s perceptions of healthy PA levels post-sport. However, at
present is unclear if and how personnel address PA maintenance with athletes
prior to their retirement. PURPOSE: Explore if and how National Collegiate
Athletic Association (NCAA) personnel discuss PA behavior maintenance with
current college athletes. METHODS: Head coaches, athletic trainers, and strength
and conditioning coaches from Divisions (D) I-III completed online surveys
where they indicated if they discuss PA maintenance with their athletes (yes/no),
elaborated on how and why they do/do not discuss post-sport PA maintenance
(open-ended), and provided basic demographic information. Frequency analyses
were used to describe yes/no responses and demographics. Content analyses
were used to construct common themes and subthemes across responses.
RESULTS: 129 respondents (66.7% men, 43±11 years, 84% Caucasian, 83%
coaches) from 30 NCAA-sanctioned sports (DI 36%, DII 26%, and DIII 38%)
completed the survey, including the open-ended question. 54.5% responded
“yes” to discussing PA maintenance with athletes, 40.3% responded “no”, and
5.2% were “unsure”. Three themes emerged: Perceptions for Maintaining Former
Athletes’ Health, where respondents acknowledged transitional challenges facing
athletes and gave opinions on how athletes should maintain a healthy lifestyle in
light of these challenges (“How important it is to be healthy for their lifetime”
R35); Perceptions of, and Practices for, Maintaining PA, where respondents
described their perceptions of former athletes’ PA behaviors and reasons for
promoting or not promoting PA maintenance (“Teaching/giving them tools about
why and how to train” R09); and Recognizing Transitional Difficulties, where
respondents discussed specific internal and external challenges athletes face in
transition (“Loss of the sport and the mental aspects of this transition” R47).
CONCLUSION: NCAA personnel recognized the importance of maintaining health
and PA in former athletes in light of transitional difficulties. Understanding their
diverse practices and non-practices for promoting PA will define if/how personnel
are utilized in future PA-promotional efforts for this population.
MASSAGE IT OUT. PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO MYOFASCIAL
RELEASE INTRA-EXERCISE
Daniel R. Greene, Jakob Nelson, Adrian Stone. Augusta University, Augusta, GA.
There has been a growing trend to use percussive therapy massage devices to
aid in muscle recovery. Specifically, these devices aim to reduce muscle
inflammation, soreness, tension, and help flush extracellular fluids similar to that
of a therapeutic massage. While emerging evidence highlights the benefits of
percussive therapy post exercise, there is a notable lack of research on
percussive therapy intra-exercise. PURPOSE. Examine the physiological
responses (i.e., sets/reps till functional failure) to myofascial release during
single arm bicep curls and single leg quadriceps extensions. METHODS:
Participants [N= 10, 3 females; age (M ± SD); 22.9 ± 3.3 yrs; BMI (M ± SD);
23.8 ± 10.3] completed an initial 10 repetition maximum (10-RM) test for biceps
curls and leg extension. Following, participants completed two testing sessions in
which single arm biceps curls and single leg, leg extensions were completed at
their individual 10-RM until functional-failure (i.e., < 7 reps completed).
Percussive therapy was randomly assigned and all participants received
myofascial release on all 4 body parts tested (i.e., right & left biceps/quads), and
completed a control (i.e., no myofascial release) on all 4 body parts tested.
RESULTS: Participants reported a significant condition effect, but no significant
effect for body part (i.e., biceps vs. quads) was found. Participants completed
significantly more sets [M
diff
± SE = 0.60 ± 0.15; P = .003; Cohen’s d = .59] and
repetitions [M
diff
± SE = 5.98 ± 1.34; P = .002; Cohen’s d = .65] during the
control condition relative to the active (i.e., myofascial release) condition.
CONCLUSION: It appears that percussive therapy may be best post workout
and not offer any significant benefits during exercise. Further, there is
preliminary evidence that percussive therapy during exercise may hinder physical
performance. The mechanisms for this phenomenon have not been explored
above but warrant further investigation especially with the growing trend of
utilizing personal massage devices during exercise and athletic events.
COMPARING SELF-REPORTED AND FUNCTIONAL OUTCOMES BETWEEN
OSSEOINTEGRATED AND SOCKET PROSTHESES
Jacob Lonowski. Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA.
Abstract
Background: Osseointegrated (OI) prostheses are becoming a more attractive
option for amputees, especially in matters of chronic skin issues, pain, and
discomfort with socket prosthetic use. Despite the mounting number of
publications that support OI prostheses, a meta-analysis has not yet been
conducted. Thus, this study aims to provide a meta-analysis of self-reported and
functional outcome comparisons between OI prostheses and traditional socket
prostheses in lower extremity amputees. We hypothesize that OI prosthesis will
result in improvements in self-reported and functional outcomes when compared
to socket prostheses. Methods: Six databases were used; Cochrane, Pubmed,
Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Web of Science. Search terms used; Amput* OR
Amputation AND Osseointegration AND Human. Initial search terms used;
Questionnaire for Persons with a Transfemoral Amputation (QTFA), Endo exo
prosthesis, Bone anchored, Osseointegration, the Osseointegrated Prostheses for
the Rehabilitation of Amputees (OPRA), and Press fit. The search was conducted
by two independent reviewers. A total of 1434 studies met the initial search
criteria, 277 studies remained after the removal of duplicates, 23 full text articles
were reviewed, and 12 studies were eligible for final inclusion. Two independent
reviewers assessed study quality and extracted data before combining the data
into one dataset. Analysis was performed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis.
Self-reported outcomes, QTFA & Short Form 36 (SF-36), are both measures of a
spectrum of mental and physical qualities. The selected functional outcomes for
comparison were the 6 Minute Walk Test (6MWT) and Timed Up and Go (TUG).
Results: Twelve studies compared outcomes of QTFA: Global Score, SF-36:
Physical Component Summary, 6MWT, & TUG between OI and socket prostheses.
Eleven studies evaluated the subjective outcomes and 9 studies evaluated the
functional outcomes. Overall, the analysis showed OI prostheses had significantly
higher self reported scores, QTFA (ES=2.981, P<0.001), and SF-36 (ES=2.068,
P<0.001), as well as significantly lower recorded times, TUG (ES=2.156,
P<0.001), and significantly higher walk distances, 6MWT (ES=2.576, P<0.001).
Conclusion: OI prostheses were found to produce significantly higher self-
reported metrics in both the QTFA and SF-36 as well as significant reductions in
TUG time and significant increases in 6MWT walk distances.
KETONE SUPPLEMENTATION TO IMPROVE FUNCTIONAL OUTCOMES IN
ADOLESCENTS POST SPORTS-RELATED CONCUSSION
Kelsey A. Rushing, Allyn Abadie, Gregor W. Jenkins, Kaitlyn G. Willis, Maggie C.
Steen, Ervin Watson III, Eric P. Plaisance, FACSM, Cody E. Morris. University of
Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL.
BACKGROUND: Sports-related concussions (SRC), a form of mild traumatic brain
injury, occur as a result of collision or physical contact during participation in
athletics, with the majority of these injuries occurring in adolescents. Following
SRC, glucose disposal and utilization is decreased in affected areas of the brain.
The disruption in metabolism may impose a toll on the molecular machinery that
supports cognitive and functional activities, leading to significant declines in
neurocognition, balance, and stability. Current treatment strategies (rest,
hydration, and over-the-counter medications) neglect to address metabolic
changes which could have long-term consequences. In contrast, emerging
evidence suggests that ketone metabolism is not impaired following SRC, leading
to the hypothesis that exogenous ketones could represent an effective strategy
to decrease cerebral inflammation and cognitive dysfunction. The purpose of this
study is to determine if ketone supplementation within 7-14 days of SRC will
attenuate associated perturbations in energy metabolism. METHODS: Thirty
high-school aged athletes (15 male and 15 female) aged 12-19 y who have
suffered a SRC within 7-14 days will be enrolled in a 4-week intervention, with
measures occurring at enrollment (baseline), 7, 14, and 30 days. As part of
standard of care, the Sports Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT5), Return-to-
Sport, and Return-to-School assessments will be conducted by a licensed
healthcare professional. The C3Logix Concussion Management System will be will
also be utilized by trained research personnel to evaluate cognitive function,
balance, reaction time, and stability. The double-blind procedure will involve
participants being randomly assigned to one of two groups, to either receive the
ketone supplement or a placebo control. A 2x4 (group x time) repeated-
measures ANOVA will be used to evaluate differences in the proposed outcomes.
ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Our central hypothesis is that ketone supplementation
within 7-14 days of SRC will attenuate the associated perturbations in energy
metabolism leading to improved cognitive, biochemical, and functional outcomes
compared to placebo. Sponsor: Faculty Development Grant Program funded by
the Faculty Senate of the University of Alabama at Birmingham.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONCUSSION HISTORY AND REACTION TIME
IN COLLEGIATE ATHLETES
Spencer Ann M. Mitchell, Lori A. Schmied, Chad Schrock, Jeremy A. Steeves.
Maryville College, Maryville, TN.
Background: Concussions, a common injury in collegiate contact sports, are a
subset of mild Traumatic Brain Injuries that affect the neurological, physiological,
and psychological functioning of athletes. Concussions often have effects lasting
beyond the cessation of noticeable symptoms, with reaction time (RT) being one
of them. RT has been reported as one of the most sensitive measures of a
concussion and compared to other computerized diagnostic tests, it can be
retested periodically at a low cost and little time commitment. For these reasons,
establishing simple and complex RT scores may be an indispensable tool for
clinical management of concussions. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS
79
effect of concussion history on both simple and complex RT in collegiate athletes.
Methods: Forty Maryville College student-athletes (20 with and 20 without
concussion histories) will be recruited to complete a survey consisting of
demographic information, an evaluation of concussion education, and concussion
history. Following the completion of the survey, an onsite socially distanced data
collection will occur. The computerized Stroop test, which has participants
respond as quickly as they can to a set of color words, will provide measures of
simple and complex RT. Simple RT is established by responding to the words
every time they are presented. Complex RT is averaged between two sets of
trials where participants respond when the word and text color are congruent
and then when the word and text color are incongruent. Analysis will include
descriptive statistics and after checking assumptions for normality, independent
t-tests to compare simple and complex RT between athletes with and without
concussion histories. Multiple regression analysis will evaluate the relationship
between number of concussions, and time since most recent concussion and the
outcome of reaction time. Anticipated Results: It is hypothesized that athletes
with a concussion history will have slower simple and complex RT and will be less
accurate in the complex RT trials than athletes with no concussion history. It is
also hypothesized that athletes with more total, and recent concussions will
demonstrate slower RTs and less accuracy than athletes who have fewer, and
longer timeframe since their last concussion. Funding: Maryville College Senior
Study Grant Fund
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MAXIMAL FAT OXIDATION AND VENTILATORY
THRESHOLD IN ENDURANCE TRAINED MALES
Hannah E. Saylor
1
, Casey E. Greenwalt
2
, Lacey M. Gould
1
, Amanda N. Gordon
1
,
Andrew T. Hoyle
1
, Abbie E. Smith-Ryan
1
.
1
The University of North Carolina,
Chapel Hill, NC.
2
Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL.
BACKGROUND: Training above ventilatory threshold (VT), and corresponding
heart rate, have resulted in improvements in aerobic capacity; the ability to
oxidize fatty acids is a limiting factor in endurance performance. Additionally,
little is known about the contribution of body composition on maximal fat
oxidation (Fat
max
). The purpose of this study was to characterize Fat
max
and its
relationship to VT in endurance trained young adult males. A secondary purpose
was to understand the impact of body composition on Fat
max
. METHODS: 25
trained males (Age: 22.2±2.4 yrs; Height:177.0±4.8 cm; Weight: 75.3±6.9 kg;
VO
2max
: 50.5±14.6 mL/kg/min) were assessed for body composition using dual-
energy X-ray absorptiometry to estimate lean mass (LM), fat mass (FM), and
percent body fat (%BF). All subjects performed an incremental graded exercise
test to volitional exhaustion. Fat
max
was determined as the exercise intensity
(%VO
2max
) at which the highest rate of fat oxidation was observed. VT was
determined automatically from the software as the point by which respiration
increased to compensate for CO
2
and lactate accumulation. Paired t-tests were
used to determine the differences between Fat
max
and VT
%VO2max
,
Fat
maxVO2
and
VT
VO2
, and HR at Fat
max
and VT. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze
the influence of body composition on Fat
max
. RESULTS: There were no significant
differences between Fat
max
and VT
%VO2
(Mean Difference ± Standard Error: -
0.2±0.1%; p=0.107) or Fat
maxVO2
and VT
VO2
(-3.4±3.1 L/min; p=0.288). Fat
maxHR
was significantly lower than VT
HR
(-11.7±3.1 bpm; p=0.001). LM, FM, %BF did
not significantly influence Fat
max
(F=0.888, R
2
=0.13, p=0.464). CONCLUSIONS:
The similar intensity observed between VT and Fat
max
suggests
training above VT
could be a useful strategy for maximizing fat oxidation during exercise, thereby
supporting glycogen sparing in addition to enhanced training volume and
exercise adaptations. Body composition does not appear to be an important
factor for Fat
max
in young males.
ACUTE EXERCISE LOWERS BLOOD GLUCOSE AND METABOLIC LOAD
POST-HIGH-FAT MEAL INDEPENDENT OF AGE
Stephanie P. Kurti
1
, Hannah Frick
1
, William S. Wisseman
1
, Steven K. Malin,
FACSM
3
,
,2
, David Edwards
4
, Sam R. Emerson
5
, Elizabeth S. Edwards, FACSM
1
.
1
James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA.
2
Rutgers University, New
Brunswick, NJ.
3
University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA.
4
University of Virginia,
Charlottesvile, VA.
5
Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK.
BACKGROUND: A single high-fat meal (HFM) that is “typical” in a Westernized
diet may result in adverse post-prandial outcomes that contribute to
cardiovascular and metabolic disease risk. Older adults are at an increased risk
for cardiometabolic diseases compared to younger adults. While acute exercise
may lower post-prandial triglycerides (TRG) and glucose (GLU) in young and
middle-aged adults, the effects are unclear in healthy older adults. Therefore, we
tested the effect of acute exercise on high fat meal (HFM) induced TRG, GLU and
metabolic load index (summation of TRG (mg/dL) x GLU (mg/dL)) in healthy
older adults. METHODS: Twelve young adults (YA) (age= 23.3 ± 3.9 yrs, n = 5
M/7 F, 25.3 ± 5.0 kg/m
2
) and 12 older adults (OA) (age= 67.7 ± 6.0 yrs, n = 8
M/4 F, 25.8 ± 3.1 kg/m
2
) visited the laboratory in a random order to complete a
HFM with no exercise (NE) or acute bout of exercise (EX) condition. EX was
performed 12 hours prior to a HFM for a duration long enough to expend 75% of
the calories consumed in the HFM. For the HFM ((Marie Callender’s Chocolate
Satin Pie at 12 kcal/kgbw; 57% fat, 37% CHO, 4% PRO), blood samples were
taken at 0, 30, 60 and 90 minutes, and then every hour postprandially up to 6
hours post-meal. A repeated measures ANOVA including time and condition (NE,
EX) as the within-subjects’ factors and age as the between subjects’ factors for
TRG, GLU and MLI. Significance was set a priori at p<0.05. RESULTS: There was
no difference in BMI or fasting TRG and GLU between groups, however TRG
levels increased to a larger magnitude in OA compared to YA (p<0.001). There
was a trend towards lower peak TRG levels following EX in the OA compared to
the YA-NE (p=0.085). Interesting, there was no difference in GLU between OA
and YA after the HFM. However, EX attenuated post-prandial GLU post EX
compared to NE independent of age (p=0.027). There was no time by group
interaction between OA and YA, however there was a significant lower MLI after
EX compared to NE in OA and YA (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: TRG responses
were larger in OA compared to the YA. Pre-prandial EX tended to reduce peak
TRG in OA and reduced GLU post-HFM in OA and YA. Subsequently, EX lowered
the MLI independent of age. Future research should investigate the
mechanism(s) by which acute EX modifies post-prandial metabolism across the
lifespan in order to maximize exercise intervention aimed at lowering chronic
disease risk.
ENDURANCE EXERCISE PREVENTS METABOLIC DISTRESS-MEDIATED
HEPATIC SENESCENCE VIA PROMOTING AUTOPHAGY
Joshua Cook, Madeline Wei, Benny Segovia, Ludmila Cosio-Lima, FACSM, Youngil
Lee. University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL.
Dysregulated caloric intake (i.e., positive caloric imbalance) contributes to
metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, leading to dysfunction of
numerous critical organs in the body, including the heart and brain. Furthermore,
such metabolic distress has been linked to non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
(NAFLD), one of the most common diseases in the United States, affecting
almost 25% of the U.S. population. While there is no cure for NAFLD, growing
evidence has emerged that endurance exercise protects the liver against FAFLD
through the restoration of liver function. However, the mechanisms of exercise-
induced hepatic protection remain an unresolved topic. The present study
investigated if endurance exercise-induced autophagy attributes to metabolic
distress-induced premature senescence (aging), metabolic signaling, oxidative
stress, and inflammation in the liver of mice fed with a diet in high fat and
fructose, which replicates NAFLD. Female mice (n=33) were divided into three
groups: control group (CON, n=11), high-fat + high fructose group (HFD+HF,
n=11), and high-fat + high fructose + exercise group (HFD+HF+EXE, n=11).
The mice assigned to HFD+HF and HFD+HF+EXE groups were fed with HFD and
HF for 12 weeks, after which the mice assigned to the exercise group began
habituation to treadmill running for five days. After the habituation, the mice
started treadmill running exercise for 13 weeks (60 min a day, five days a week),
with a diet in HFD/HF continued. Our study showed that that endurance exercise
promoted autophagy evidenced by an increase in LC3-II and reduction in p60
proteins) and prevented hepatic senescence (a reduction in p53, p22, p16, and
beta-galactosidase). Also, exercise contributed to preventing hepatic
inflammation and oxidative stress caused by the high caloric diet, evidenced by
suppressed levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta
and NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2). Importantly, exercise also improved glucose
regulation by upregulation GLUT2 expression and fatty acid transportation (e.g.,
an increase in fatty acid-binding proteins). This study suggests that exercise-
induced autophagy may play a crucial role in the prevention of NAFLD-induced
hepatic senescence and inflammation.
ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVEL AND METABOLIC
DYSFUNCTION IN YOUTH WITH SEVERE OBESITY
Collette E. Connor, Webb Smith. LeBonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN.
BACKGROUND: Obesity is a serious epidemic caused by a host of factors; one of
which being physical inactivity. Physical inactivity is associated with a variety of
adverse health outcomes, including obesity complications like cardiovascular
disease and hypertension. METHODS: The purpose of this project is to evaluate
self-reported physical activity levels and the associations with obesity co-
morbidities. 706 youth (69% African American, 62% female, 12.3±3.6 yrs, BMI
z-score 2.54±0.44, 147.1±28.0% of 95
th%ile
, and 47.5±6.5% body fat) were
evaluated from the Healthy Lifestyle Clinic (HLC) at Le Bonheur Children’s
Hospital. Physical activity (PA) was assessed by survey of the caregivers and
categorized by activity level (26.7% complete 60 mins PA >5 day/wk, 42.8%
complete 60 mins PA ≤4 and ≥2 day/wk, and 30.5% complete 60 mins PA <2
day/wk). Medical provider’s evaluations were abstracted from medical records
and obesity-related diagnoses were recorded. RESULTS: In chi-square analyses,
PA levels were not significantly associated with severity obesity (p=0.84),
hypertension (p=0.7), low HDL levels (p=0.6), insulin resistance (p=0.3),
abnormal liver function (p=0.5), impaired glucose tolerance (p=0.5), or elevated
triglycerides (p=0.07). However, low PA levels were significantly associated with
diagnosis of elevated LDL levels (p=0.02). In our cohort of youth with severe
obesity, self-reported physical activity levels were not significantly associated
with obesity-related metabolic complications except for elevated LDL levels.
Further predictive modeling suggests that the strength of the association
between physical activity and LDL levels are significantly impacted by age
(p=0.026), sex (p=0.011), race (African American vs White p=0.000) and
income (<$20k vs >$50K p=0.0080). CONCLUSIONS: Our results are counter to
previous published relationships between PA and chronic health conditions. The
severe levels of obesity in our cohort likely overwhelms the contribution of PA
alone and further investigation has yielded strong associations with observed
covariates.
METABOLIC AND VENTILATORY RESPONSES TO EXERCISE IN YOUNG
ADULTS FOLLOWING SARS-COV-2 INFECTION
Marc A. Augenreich, Valesha M. Province, Nina L. Stute, Abigail S. Stickford,
Stephen M. Ratchford, Jonathon L. Stickford. Appalachian State University,
Boone, NC.
Background: The novel SARS-CoV-2 virus has inflicted irreparable damage to
human health. Given the virus primarily infects cells within the pulmonary
system, as well as systemically in cells with angiotensin converting enzyme 2
receptors, it stands to reason that physical exertion based activities may be
affected. Purpose: To assess whether or not metabolic and ventilatory variables
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS
80
during exercise are affected following acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: A
cross-sectional analysis (n=24) was accomplished using age, sex, and BMI
matched young adults that tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 three weeks prior to
data collection (CoV+, n=12; 20.3±1.2 yr, 7F, 24.2±3.4 kg•m
-2
) or negative
controls (CTRL, n=12; 20.8±1.9, 7F, 22.8±3.1 kg•m
-2
). Subjects were compared
during rest, 60W, 120W, and peak exercise on a cycle ergometer. Metabolic and
ventilatory measurements were collected on a metabolic cart. Values are
expressed as mean±SD. Results: No significant differences were observed in
relative or absolute peak oxygen uptake (V̇O
2peak
) (CoV+: 35.4±5.7 mL•kg
-1
•min
-
1
, 2.5±0.7 L•min
-1
; CTRL: 34.7±6.6 mL•kg
-1
•min
-1
, 2.4±0.8 L•min
-1
,
respectively; p>0.05) between groups. Additionally, ratings of perceived exertion
on the Borg scale were similar at VO
2peak
(CoV+: 14.8±3.0; CTRL:17.2±1.7,
p>0.05). Minute ventilation (V̇
E
), tidal volume, and breathing frequency were
similar between groups at each exercise intensity (p>0.05). Minute ventilation to
minute volume of carbon dioxide (V̇
E
•V̇CO
2
-1
) was not significantly different at
any stage of exercise between groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: Metabolic and
ventilatory variables during an incremental exercise test do not appear to be
significantly different between CoV+ and CTRL groups. These data suggest that
exercise following SARS-CoV-2 infection may not incur physiological
determinants or perceptual changes.
INTENSITY OF ACTIVITY AND METABOLIC HEALTH
Mitchell Johnson, Hannah Sandstrom, Grace Alexander, Brian Kliszczewicz,
FACSM, Katherine H. Ingram. Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA.
Background: Physical activity is associated with metabolic health. However, the
relationship between intensity of free-living activity and metabolic health is not
well-established. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship
between metabolic health markers and activity intensity throughout the day. We
hypothesized that vigorous activity would correlate with insulin sensitivity (SI),
β-cell function, and central adiposity. Methods: 37 females (21.1±2.8 years,
27.7±3.3 BMI) participated in this study. Each participant underwent an
overnight fast prior to arriving to the lab. Upon arrival, participants received a 2-
hour frequently-sampled oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) after consuming a
75g glucose beverage, as well as intra-abdominal adipose tissue (IAAT) and
subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue ultrasounds. Free-living activity was
obtained by 7-day accelerometry. Non-compliant, as well as the most- and least-
active step count days were excluded. The remaining 3-4 days were assessed via
Freedson-cut points for time spent in each intensity level of activity (sedentary,
light, moderate, vigorous). Plasma insulin, glucose, and c-peptide measures from
the OGTT were used to determine SI and β-cell function by minimal modeling. SI
and β-cell function were log transformed to adjust for non-normality of data.
Correlations were controlled for both age and race. Results: SI was correlated
with minutes in vigorous activity (Vig) (r=0.436, p=0.023). IAAT was correlated
to SI (r=-.373, p=.047). IAAT and β-cell function were not correlated to any
level of physical activity (all p-values>0.05). Insulin sensitivity was not
correlated with any other level of physical activity (all p-values>0.05).
Conclusion: Insulin sensitivity was associated only with vigorous activity, while
β-cell function did not correlate any volume of activity intensity. This data
suggests that vigorous activity may be necessary to elicit improvements in
insulin sensitivity. Vigorous activity should be considered in lifestyle prescriptions
designed to improve metabolic health.
ELEVATED MATERNAL LIPID METABOLISM IS ASSOCIATED WITH
EXCEEDING GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN GUIDELINES
Jill M. Maples
1
, Courtney J. Riedinger
1
, Samantha F. Ehrlich
2
, Maire Blankenship
3
,
Nikki B. Zite
1
, Rachel A. Tinius
3
.
1
The University of Tennessee Graduate School of
Medicine, Knoxville, TN.
2
The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN.
3
Western
Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY.
Background: Only 30% of women achieve gestational weight gain (GWG) within
recommended ranges set forth by National Academy of Medicine (NAM). Because
extreme deviations from these recommendations for GWG have been associated
with unfavorable maternal outcomes, a greater understanding of maternal
metabolic factors that influence GWG is warranted. The purpose of this study was
to explore the potential link between maternal lipid metabolism and GWG.
Methods: Thirty-two women with a lean pre-pregnancy BMI were recruited
during late pregnancy and fasting metabolic measurements using indirect
calorimetry were assessed after an overnight fast. Fasting lipid oxidation rates
were calculated using standardized equations. Pre-pregnancy weight and final
delivery weight were self-reported and used to calculate total GWG, which was
then categorized as follows: inadequate (below the NAM guidelines), adequate
(adhered to the NAM guidelines), or excess (exceeded the NAM guidelines). One-
way ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey tests were used to compare lipid oxidation rates
across GWG categories and correlation coefficients were used to assess the
relationship between GWG and maternal lipid oxidation. Results: Fasting lipid
oxidation was significantly higher (p<0.05) among women with excess GWG
compared to women with adequate GWG. Absolute GWG was positively
correlated to lipid oxidation (r= 0.507, p= 0.003). Conclusions: The results from
this study indicate that fasting lipid oxidation may play an important role in
GWG. A better understanding of the metabolic profile of women during
pregnancy may be critical in truly understanding a woman’s risk of GWG outside
the recommendations. Mounting evidence suggests that GWG counseling during
prenatal care may need to be tailored to women based not just on their weight
status, but other metabolic characteristic, in order to achieve GWG for optimal
maternal health. Funding was provided by NIH NIGMS IDeA Grant
5P20GM103436 and WKU RCAP Grant 17-8011.
THE EFFECT OF A SPINACH DERIVATIVE SUPPLEMENT, SOLARPLAST, ON
INFLAMMATION BLOOD BIOMARKERS
Michaela G. Alesi
1
, Alyssa R. Bailly
1
, Jacqueline C. Easter
1
, Constantine H.
Katsoudas
1
, Matthew T. Stratton
2
, Katie Tran
1
, Matthew Lee
1
, Garrett M. Hester
1
,
Trisha A. VanDusseldorp
1
.
1
Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA.
2
Texas
Tech University, Lubbock, TX.
BACKGROUND: Smoking has been associated with a rise in inflammation levels.
These persistent levels of inflammation throughout the body are highly correlated
with an increased risk of multiple chronic diseases such as cardiovascular
disease, type II diabetes mellitus, as well as certain types of cancer. Spinach is
an antioxidant rich food that may assist in decreasing inflammation. Solarplast
(Deerland Enzymes, Inc) is a supplement derived from spinach, containing both
antioxidant enzymes and molecules, that may assist in reducing inflammation;
however, this supplement has not been examined to date. The purpose of this
study was to investigate the effects of Solarplast on inflammatory blood
biomarkers in smokers. METHODS: Sixteen participants, who had been smoking
for a minimum of one year, completed this study (Solarplast: 31.6 yrs, 76.4 kg;
Placebo: 28.1 yrs, 73.4 kg). All participants were asked to arrive at the
laboratory in a fasted state, underwent a blood draw from a vein in the
antecubital space and were randomized to either the supplement (Solarplast:
100 mg/d) or placebo (maltodextrin: 100 mg/d) group. Participants were asked
to consume their supplement once daily for 45 days and then return to the lab to
undergo another blood draw. Serum was stored immediately following blood
draws at -80 degrees Celsius. Serum markers of IL-6, TNF-alpha, and IL-4 were
tested via enzyme linked immunosorbent assays. Data were analyzed via a 2
(Solarplast vs Placebo) x 2 (Pre and Post) repeated measures analysis of
variance. Post-hoc paired sample t-tests were utilized when appropriate.
RESULTS: A main effect for time (p < 0.001) and group x time interaction (p =
0.006) was noted for IL-6. A significant decrease in the Solarplast group was
seen for IL-6 from Pre to Post (Pre: 3.30 ± 0.51, Post: 1.76 ± 0.36; p < 0.001)
with no significant changes in placebo (Pre: 3.16 ± 0.65; Post: 2.71 ± 0.39; p =
0.124). A main effect for time (p = 0.003), but no group by time interaction was
noted for TNF-alpha. A time effect trend was noted for IL-4 (p = 0.091).
CONCLUSIONS: Supplementing with Solarplast appears to be effective at
decreasing pro-inflammatory markers, as assessed by IL-6 and TNF-alpha in
smokers. This research was funded externally by Deerland Enzymes, Inc.
INFLUENCE OF PRENATAL YOGA ON MENTAL HEALTH IN PREGNANCY
DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Cathryn Duchette, Maire Blankenship, Rachel Tinius. Western Kentucky
Univeristy, Bowling Green, KY.
BACKGROUND: During the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the mental health of
expecting mothers has become increasingly important, as recent studies have
demonstrated increased levels of stress and anxiety for new and expectant
mothers. Prenatal yoga has been shown to be an effective tool for improving
mental health during pregnancy, but to date no research has been done to
determine the efficacy of prenatal yoga for mental health during a pandemic.
Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the influence of a 10-week
prenatal yoga program on maternal mental health, including anxiety and
depression, during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: 32 women will be
recruited and randomly assigned to either the yoga group or the control group.
After completing baseline surveys on depression, anxiety, health-related quality
of life, and self-rated abilities for health practices, the yoga group will participate
in 10 weeks of prenatal yoga (either in-person or virtually), while the control
group will be asked not to do any prenatal yoga. At the end of 10 weeks, both
groups will repeat the baseline surveys to determine the effect of yoga on
anxiety and depression. Before and after the first yoga session, additional mood
data will be collected to understand the impact of one yoga session on acute
stress and anxiety levels. We will run independent students t-tests to examine
differences in stress, anxiety, and depression between the yoga group and
control, and paired t-tests to determine differences before and after the initial
session. ANTICIPATED RESULTS: To date, 24 women have been recruited and 5
have begun the yoga sessions. Baseline surveys suggest high levels of stress,
anxiety, and depression, as shown by an average depression score of 8.55±1.04
(with a score of 10 representing possible depression) and an average anxiety
score of 39.95±2.84(with a score of 39 or higher representing clinical
significance). Same day surveys suggest that immediately post-yoga session,
women feel significantly less tense (p=0.023), nervous (p=0.024), and anxious
(p=0.006). Data collection is ongoing, but should be completed by February
2021. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study may provide clinicians with
valuable information regarding exercise options for patients during this
challenging time. FUNDING: This research is supported by a Graduate Student
Research Grant from Western Kentucky University’s Graduate School.
METABOLIC FLEXIBILITY, INSULIN RESISTANCE, AND OBESITY DURING
PREGNANCY ARE ASSOCIATED WITH NEONATAL ADIPOSITY
Rachel A. Tinius
1
, Karen Furgal
1
, Maire M. Blankenship
1
, W. Todd Cade
2
, Cathryn
Duchette
1
, Kevin J. Pearson
3
, Jill M. Maples
4
.
1
Western Kentucky University,
Bowling Green, KY.
2
Duke University, Durham, NC.
3
University of Kentucky,
Lexington, KY.
4
University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville,
TN.
Background. Pregnant women with obesity are less metabolically flexible, and
this is linked to maternal insulin resistance during pregnancy. It is well-known
that an altered intrauterine metabolic environment contributes to the
programming of neonatal outcomes; however, the relationship between maternal
metabolic flexibility (i.e. the ability to switch between fat and carbohydrate
oxidation in response to changes in fuel availability) and neonatal outcomes has
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS
81
not been studied. Purpose. The aim of this study was to determine the
relationships between maternal metabolic flexibility and other metabolic factors
during pregnancy and neonatal health outcomes. Methods. The interventional
physiology study among a cohort of pregnant women utilized indirect calorimetry
to assess lipid oxidation rate before and after consumption of a high-fat meal.
The percent change in lipid oxidation was calculated as the measure of ‘metabolic
flexibility’. Maternal insulin resistance was measured via fasted plasma insulin
and glucose values. Neonatal adiposity was assessed within 48 hours of delivery
by skinfold anthropometry. Additional neonatal outcomes were also assessed
including cord blood biomarkers. Results. A less favorable maternal metabolic
profile (decreased metabolic flexibility, increased insulin resistance, increased
BMI) was associated with higher neonatal adiposity. Specifically, metabolic
flexibility (r=-.271, p=0.034), maternal HOMA-IR (r=0.280, p=0.030), and
maternal BMI (r=0.299, p=0.018) were correlated with subscapular skinfold.
Regression analysis revealed metabolic flexibility was a significant independent
predictor of neonatal subscapular skinfold thickness even when controlling for
neonatal gestational age at delivery, maternal HOMA-IR, and maternal BMI
(p=0.046). Conclusions. Decreased metabolic flexibility/substrate shifting in
response to a high-fat meal during pregnancy is linked to neonatal adiposity.
THE ASSOCIATION OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY WITH LIPID LEVELS IN
PREGNANT WOMEN WITH OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY
Bethany G. Rand
1
, Assiamira Ferrara
2
, Paul Hibbing
3
, Monique Hedderson
2
, Susan
Brown
4
, Sylvia Badon
2
, Scott Crouter, FACSM
1
, Samantha Ehrlich
1
.
1
University of
Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN.
2
Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente
Northern California, Oakland, CA.
3
Children's Mercy, Kansas City, MO.
4
Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA.
Background: Atypical lipid levels during pregnancy are associated with
increased risks of pre-eclampsia and other adverse outcomes. Moderate to
vigorous physical activity (MVPA) has been shown to improve lipid levels outside
of pregnancy. This study examined the relationship between free-living MVPA
and lipid levels during pregnancy in women with overweight and obesity.
Methods: A secondary analysis of Gestational Weight Gain and Optimal Wellness
(GLOW) trial data examined MVPA in the sports/exercise domain, self-reported
from the Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire (PPAQ, n= 343), and MVPA
from ActiGraph wGT3X-BT devices (n= 294). Total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides
(TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very
low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) were measured from fasting blood samples at
~10- and ~32-weeks’ gestation. Ordinary least squares estimated associations
with lipid levels, adjusting for GLOW group assignment, pre-pregnancy BMI, and
gestational weeks. Results: Device-based MVPA was higher in early pregnancy
than late (P = 0.04), but there was no difference for PPAQ-based sports/exercise
MVPA. At 10-weeks’ gestation, sports/exercise PPAQ-based MVPA was favorably
associated with HDL and VLDL (both P
trend
=0.04); women in the highest
sports/exercise PPAQ quartile had 4.5 mmol/L (95% CI 0.5,8.5) higher HDL and
2.5 mmol/L (CI -4.6, -0.3) lower VLDL than the lowest quartile. At 32-weeks’
gestation, the highest device quartile had 5.7 mmol/L (CI 0.0, 11.45) higher HDL
than the lowest. Discussion: Sports/exercise specific MVPA may modestly
improve HDL and VLDL in women with overweight and obesity, particularly in
early pregnancy prior to increases in lipogenesis.
COMPARISON OF DUAL TASK COST DURING OVERGROUND WALKING IN
POSTPARTUM VERSUS CONTROL WOMEN
Amy Giboney, Juli Kunzman, Rebecca R. Rogers, Mallory R. Marshall. Samford
University, Birmingham, AL.
BACKGROUND: Anecdotally, many pregnant women report that their memory is
impaired compared to non-pregnancy, but results of studies of cognitive abilities
are mixed. The effect of pregnancy on ability to dual task, or perform two tasks
simultaneously, has not been studied, and little is known about how and if
memory changes persist into the postpartum period. Thus the purpose of this
study was to examine the effect of walking over ground at a self-selected speed
while also performing a thinking task on gait and cognitive performance during
postpartum compared to non-pregnant controls. METHODS: A total of n=13
postpartum women (mean 14.2±1.5 weeks postpartum, age 31.9±3.9 years old)
and n=20 non-pregnant controls (age 32.1±4.7 years) were recruited to
participate in this study. Of the controls, 11 had been pregnant previously,
though not within the past year, and nine had never been pregnant. All
participants performed a baseline walking gait analysis on a GaitRite gait analysis
system and then performed four cognitive tests while walking: serial 1, 3, and 7
subtraction tests and a phoneme monitoring test where participants listened to a
story and answered questions related to the content and also counted the
frequency that two words appeared in the story. Each assessment lasted two
minutes each, and participants completed the same four assessments while
seated. The order of the testing was counterbalanced. Dual task cost (DTC) was
calculated using the formula (Single task score - Dual task score)/Single task
score)*100. T-tests were used to compare the two groups. RESULTS:
Postpartum participants walked at a faster velocity than controls during serial 1
(p=0.003), serial 3 (p=0.005), serial 7 (p=0.006) and phoneme (p=0.014)
testing. Postpartum women also correctly answered more serial 1 (129.5±17.1
vs 108/7±31.4), serial 3 (45.1±25.5 vs 29.9±17.2) and serial 7 (23.0±12.2 vs
14.1±11.1) subtractions compared to controls (p<0.05 for all comparisons).
However, there were no differences in the dual task cost for any gait parameters
or cognitive tests (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: There were no differences between
postpartum women and controls in the dual task cost of walking or performing
cognitive tests, suggesting that a recent pregnancy does not adversely affect a
woman’s ability to simultaneously perform a walking and cognitive task.
CHANGES IN DUAL TASKING FROM ACROSS PREGNANCY AND
POSTPARTUM
Anna Tankersley, Ashleigh Davis, Rebecca R. Rogers, Mallory R. Marshall.
Samford University, Birmingham, AL.
BACKGROUND: Eighty-one percent of pregnant women report decrements in
memory and cognitive functioning during pregnancy, but results of studies on the
topic are mixed. No studies have examined the ability of pregnant and
postpartum women to simultaneously perform two tasks (i.e. dual tasking) and
whether this ability changes as pregnancy progresses. Thus, the purpose of this
study was to examine changes in dual tasking across pregnancy and into the
postpartum period. METHODS: A total of n=13 pregnant women (31.9±3.9 years
old at study enrollment) visited the laboratory at three time points: 2
nd
trimester
(22.3±3.5 weeks), 3
rd
trimester (33.8±2.6 weeks), and postpartum (14.2±1.5
weeks postpartum) and completed a baseline walking gait analysis on a GaitRite
gait analysis system. They then performed four cognitive tests while walking:
serial 1, 3, and 7 subtraction tests and a phoneme monitoring test where
participants listened to a story and answered questions related to the content
and also counted the frequency that two words appeared in the story. Each
assessment lasted two minutes, and at each visit the participants completed the
same four assessments while seated; testing order was counterbalanced. Dual
task cost (DTC) was calculated using the formula (Single task score - Dual task
score)/Single task score)*100. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to
compare means. RESULTS: There were few differences in DTC across pregnancy
and postpartum time points. During the third trimester, women had significantly
greater DTC for serial 3 correct responses compared to 2
nd
trimester and
postpartum (-112.1% in 3
rd
trimester, 17.3% in 2
nd
, 4.0% at postpartum;
p=0.035), which indicates that only in the 3
rd
trimester did the women perform
better while walking than while seated. There were no other significant
differences in DTC for any cognitive tests or gait parameters (p>0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest few changes in dual tasking capability across
pregnancy and into the postpartum period.
MATERNAL LIPID METABOLISM IS LINKED TO NEONATAL
ANTHROPOMETRIC OUTCOMES
Charlotte McCarley
1
, Jill M. Maples
1
, Maire Blankenship
2
, Kimberly B. Fortner
1
,
Rachel A. Tinius
2
.
1
The University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine,
Knoxville, TN.
2
Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY.
Background: Maternal substrate metabolism may contribute to poor infant health
outcomes such as increased adiposity, which has implications for future risk of
obesity and metabolic disease in the offspring. The purpose of this study was to
explore the potential impact of maternal lipid oxidation on neonatal
anthropometric outcomes. Methods: After an overnight fast, maternal bodyfat%
(skinfolds), and resting metabolic rate (RMR) and lipid metabolism (calorimetry)
were assessed during the third trimester of pregnancy (N=61, 32-39wks
gestation). At delivery, neonatal weight, length, and head circumference were
obtained and within 48 hours, neonatal body composition (fat and lean mass)
was measured by skin fold thickness at 4 sites. Pearson product-moment
correlation coefficients were used to assess the degree of the relationship
between variables. Partial correlations were used to adjust for potential
confounders. Results: Maternal lipid metabolism was correlated to total neonatal
skinfolds (r=0.288, p=0.024), birthweight (r=0.491, p<0.001), and body fat
mass (r=0.526, p<0.001). These relationships remained significant even when
accounting for maternal fat free mass, pre-pregnancy BMI, and baby gestational
age and gender. There was also a positive relationship between maternal RMR
and birthweight (r=0.313, p=0.015) and body fat mass (r=0.393, p=0.002).
Conclusions: Our findings indicate that increased lipid oxidation is associated
with increased infant weight/adiposity. It is well-known that substrate
metabolism can be modified through dietary intake and exercise training,
therefore, future intervention strategies for pregnant women may involve
tailoring diet and exercise in order to maximize the positive influence on the
infant’s birth weight and body fat percentage Funding was provided by NIH
NIGMS IDeA Grant 5P20GM103436 and WKU RCAP Grant 17-8011.
IMPACT OF PARTIAL AND COMPLETE FLUID RESTRICTION ON
INFLAMMATORY BIOMARKERS
William M. Adams, Mitchell E. Zaplatosch, Travis Anderson, Emily E. Bechke,
Hanna M. Gardner, Samantha J. Goldenstein, Logan K. Brooks, Laurie Wideman,
FACSM. University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC.
BACKGROUND: Limited evidence exists examining the manipulation of total
body water on inflammatory biomarkers in free-living emerging adults.
Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effects of
partial and full fluid restriction on inflammatory biomarkers in male and female
emerging adults.METHODS: Thirty-one males and females (42% female; age,
23±4 y; mass, 78.2±17.3 kg; height, 173.2±9.9 cm; body fat, 18.2±8.7%)
provided a 24 h measure of urine volume (U
VOL
) and urine osmolality (U
OSM
), 24 h
dietary and fluid intake record, and fasted blood draw for two consecutive days.
Following measure of nude body mass (NBM) and blood draw on day 1,
participants underwent a 2 h sauna exposure (41ºC, 50% RH) and were
randomly assigned to one of three groups; control (CON) where females and
males consumed 2.0 and 2.5L of water, respectively, partial fluid restriction
(PART) where participants consumed water matching sweat losses following the
sauna exposure, and full fluid restriction (FULL) where participants were
restricted from consuming water prior to visiting the laboratory on day 2. Blood
samples were analyzed for c-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6 (IL-6),
interleukin 8 (IL-8), interleukin 10 (IL-10), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), tumor
necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and copeptin, a surrogate for arginine vasopressin.
RESULTS: On day 2, percent body mass loss in PART (MD [95%CI]; 1.2% [0.2,
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS
82
2.1], p=0.013) and FULL (1.4% [0.45, 2.5], p=0.004) were significantly greater
than CON (0.0±0.5%). Higher U
OSM
(p=0.001) and copeptin (p<0.001), and lower
U
VOL
(p=0.008) were observed in PART and FULL compared to CON. CRP was
significantly lower in CON (estimate [95%CI]; -7.35 pg/mL [-4.81, -13.13],
p=0.011) than PART, however there were no differences between CON
(1.82±1.55 pg/mL) and FULL (3.93±6.17 pg/mL, p>005). IL-8 was significantly
greater in FULL (estimate, 3.12 pg/mL [0.49, 5.72], p=0.021) than PART. There
were no differences in IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, or TNF-α between groups (p>0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: Partial and full fluid restriction over 24 h produced significant
changes in circulating concentrations of CRP and IL-8, however, these differences
were not consistent between hydration groups. Twenty-four-hour changes in
total fluid intake eliciting mild hypohydration (<1.5% body mass loss) may be
insufficient to cause a sustained systemic inflammatory response in free-living
emerging adults.
Grant or Funding Information: This study was funded by a University of North
Carolina at Greensboro Office of Research Engagement New Faculty Grant.
THE EFFECTS OF BLOOD FLOW RESTRICTION TIMING ON MUSCLE
ACTIVATION AND OXYGENATION DURING RESISTANCE TRAINING
Chase P. Harris, Nathen A. Andrews, Jakob D. Lauver. Coastal Carolina
University, Conway, SC.
BACKGROUND: Heavy resistance training has been traditionally used to
increase muscle strength and size. However, blood flow restriction (BFR)
techniques with low-intensity resistance exercise have resulted in similar
increases in muscle size and strength. BFR involves the restriction of arterial
inflow and occlusion of venous outflow in exercising musculature. While BFR may
be an effective modality when heavy resistance training is contraindicated
various methodological approaches including differences in restriction pressures,
timing, and durations of restriction have been used. Therefore, the purpose of
this study is to determine the effects of the timing of BFR on muscle activation
and oxygenation during resistance exercise. METHODS: Subjects will be asked
to complete 5 sessions. Session 1 will be a familiarization session. Sessions 2-5,
subjects will complete one of four BFR protocols; Control (CON (no-BFR)),
Continuous BFR (C-BFR), pre-exercise occlusion with intermittent exercise BFR
(pre-IE-BFR), and pre-exercise occlusion with intermittent rest BFR (pre-IR-BFR).
Before each session, limb occlusion pressure (LOP) will be measured and 60%
LOP will be utilized during exercise. Additionally, maximal voluntary isometric
contractions (MVIC) will be performed and 30% MVIC will be used during
exercise. For each protocol, subjects will perform 4 sets of 30-15-15-15
repetitions of knee extension at 45 degrees a second, with one minute of rest
between sets. During C-BFR, restriction will be applied during all exercise, pre-
IE-BFR, restriction will be applied for 180s before exercise and during each set of
exercise, pre-IR-BFR, restriction will be applied for 375s before exercise and
during rest periods between sets. All BFR protocols will result in the same
duration of BFR (555s). Following exercise, a 5-minute max desaturation will be
performed for data normalization. For all sessions, subjects will be equipped with
surface electromyography on the vastus medialis to measure muscle activation
and near-infrared spectroscopy on the vastus lateralis to measure muscle tissue
oxygenation. A two-way repeated measures Analysis of Variance will be used to
determine differences due to the protocol and time. ANTICIPATED RESULTS:
We hypothesize that C-BFR and pre-IR-BFR will results in similar acute changes
in muscle activation and tissue oxygenation during exercise despite the
difference in timing of BFR application.
SESSION VI: REVIEW/SYMPOSIA Friday, Feb. 19, 4:00–5:00 pm EST
EXERCISE IS STILL MEDICINE DURING COVID-19: ADAPTATIONS TO
EXERCISE IS MEDICINE ON CAMPUS AT UNC
Kathleen Stanford
1
, Alexander Pomeory
1
, Lauren C. Bates
1
, Kyle Tamminga
2
,
Thevy Chai
2
, Justin C. Moore
3
, Lindsay Brookey
4
, Lee Stoner, FACSM
1
.
1
University
of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel HIll, NC.
2
UNC Campus Health Services,
Chapel HIll, NC.
3
Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC.
4
UNC
Campus Recreation, Chapel HIll, NC.
Introduction: Exercise is Medicine On Campus (EIM-OC) is a global initiative to
promote physical activity among college students through collaboration between
campus healthcare providers and EIM-OC professionals and has been a success
at the University of North Carolina (UNC). With the advent of COVID-19 the
University of North Carolina (UNC), like many other campuses, had to adapt to
ensure continued success of EIM-OC. Purpose: Illustrate the three main changes
EIM-OC members facilitated to the normal EIM process: ii) consultations with
participants were moved from a physical location to a virtual platform and ii)
alternative and accessible resources were identified, including in participants
home towns; iii) novel strategies were adopted by the EIM-OC team to continue
to educate health care providers about the importance of exercise. Discussion:
EIM-OC experienced an increase in referrals and follow-up meetings despite
challenges presented by the COVID-19 pandemic closures. In particular, the
change to virtual consultations was well-received by participants, possibly due to
a lack of commute time, a less intimidating format or more flexibility in
scheduling. Participants in EIM-OC still received tailored resource
recommendations, including at-home workouts from on-demand and apps, local
trails for outdoor exercise and guides to using virtual campus recreation
activities. Conclusions: Following adaptations to the traditional EIM-OC process,
referral and follow-up numbers increased compared to those prior to the
pandemic. Physical activity recommendations can be modified successfully
despite fitness facility closures and exercise access challenges associated with
students living remotely. Remaining up to date on campus fitness-opportunities,
researching high-quality fitness applications with live and on-demand features,
and finding local socially- distant physical activities outdoors have enabled UNC
students to remain active during the pandemic. Therefore, such changes could be
implemented to other institutions to maintain physical activity among the college
student body.
SESSION VI: POSTER/FREE COMMUNICATION Friday, Feb. 19, 4:00–5:00 pm EST
PRIOR ATHLETIC INVOLVEMENT RESULTS IN BETTER WALKING SCORE
ON THE MUSCULOSKELETAL HEALTH QUESTIONNAIRE
Jessica Downs, Abigail Cramer, Kenzie Friesen, Kevin Giordano, Nicole Bordelon,
Abigail Brittain, Gretchen Oliver, FACSM. Auburn University, Auburn, AL.
BACKGROUND: Youth and adolescent sport participation is highly encouraged for
immediate and long-term physical health benefits. We hypothesize that
participation in youth and adolescent sports may positively affect musculoskeletal
health and quality of life in early adulthood. The purpose of this study was to
investigate musculoskeletal health in college-aged individuals between those who
previously participated in athletics and those with no previous participation.
METHODS: Forty-one college students participated in this study. Participants
completed an online questionnaire containing information about previous athletic
participation and musculoskeletal health (MSK-HQ). Thirty-seven participants
indicated that they had previous athletic participation, while four had no athletic
participation. The MSK-HQ had nine different sections (pain/stiffness, walking
ability, physical activity level, work/daily routine, needing help, and sleep).
Participants identified a score of 0-4 regarding how much over the last two
weeks their symptoms interfered/effected the respective section. Symptoms
were defined as joint, back, neck, bone, and muscle symptoms such as aches,
pain, and/or stiffness. Due to non-normally distributed data, a Mann-Whitney U
test was used to compare differences in MSK-HQ scores. RESULTS: A significant
difference in walking score between groups (Z = -2.507, p = .043) was
identified. CONCLUSIONS: Those who identified with previous athletic
participation reported less interference with their ability to walk over the last two
weeks due to joint, back, neck, bone, or muscle symptoms than those who had
not participated in athletics. Prior sport participation may have a positive impact
on musculoskeletal health and quality of life in adulthood.
HEAT-TREATED MONTMORENCY CHERRY SUPPLEMENT DOES NOT
SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECT REACTIVE HYPEREMIA OR HEART RATE
VARIABILITY
Greggory R. Davis
1
, Alana G. Hoffpauir
1
, David M. Bellar, FACSM
2
.
1
-University of
Louisiana at Lafayete, -Lafayette, LA.
2
-University of North Carolina - Charlotte, -
Charlotte, NC.
Background: Preliminary data in our lab has shown that heat-treating
Montmorency cherries is effective at increasing ACE inhibition, which not only
affects blood pressure, but also reactive hyperemia. Previous research has also
shown an effect of ACE inhibitors on heart rate variability (HRV). The purpose of
the study was to determine if heat-treated cherries would elicit superior reactive
hyperemia and HRV responses compared to untreated cherries. Methods: 22
pre-hypertensive men with a BMI > 25 were assigned to an untreated tart cherry
(UTC) or heat-treated tart cherry (HTC) group using a randomized balanced
design, with a placebo (PLA) serving as a control in both groups. Each trial was
separated by a minimum of 48 hours. Participants consumed the supplement,
rested for 1 hour, and HRV was then monitored for the next 90 minutes with a
finger cuff through a non-invasive blood pressure system, after which blood flow
was temporarily occluded. Reperfusion of the tissue was captured after the
release of occlusion via an infrared plethysmograph to determine reactive
hyperemia. All data are presented as mean ± SEM. Results: Data for time-
domains and frequency-domains for HRV was not normally distributed and thus,
a Kruskal-Wallis test was used. All data are presented as HTC, UTC, and PLA,
respectively. Average RR (ms) (855.93 ± 33.47, 840.23 ± 33.46, 851.16 ±
23.66; χ
2
= 0.30, p = 0.86), SDRR (ms) (97.48 ± 10.22, 91.54 ± 10.22, 90.99
± 7.22; χ
2
= 0.49, p = 0.97), and CVRR (ms) (0.11 ± 0.01, 0.11 ± 0.01, 0.10 ±
0.01; χ
2
= 0.14, p = 0.93) did not differ significantly. VLF (µs
2
) (5551.54 ±
1206.3, 5387.44 ± 1206.3, 4663.83 ± 853.00; χ
2
= 0.40, p = 0.82), LF (µs
2
)
(7974.63 ± 1628.60, 5292.65 ± 1628.60, 5237.54 ± 1151.60; χ
2
= 0.19, p =
0.91), and HF (µs
2
) (6735.01 ± 1993.50, 4781.78 ± 1993.50, 4965.76 ±
1409.6; χ
2
= 0.04, p = 0.98) did not differ significantly. For reactive hyperemia,
width (ms) (2477.00 ± 824.13, 4040.33 ± 824.13, 2922.83 ± 582.75; F = 0.98,
p = 0.41), height (V) (0.02 ± 0.02, 0.06 ± 0.02, 0.05 ± 0.02; F = 0.58, p =
0.58), time to peak (ms) (1678.00 ± 626.07, 2592.00 ± 626.07, 1933.95 ±
442.70; F = 0.58, p = 0.58), and peak area (Vs/) (0.06 ± 0.12, 0.16 ± 0.12,
0.14 ± 0.09; F = 0.20, p = 0.82) did not differ significantly. Conclusions:
Neither heat-treated or untreated Montmorency cherries are effective in
producing significant acute changes in reactive hyperemia or HRV in pre-
hypertensive men.
RESIDUAL EFFECTS OF PLAYING AN OVERHEAD SPORT ON HUMERAL
RETROVERSION AND RANGE OF MOTION
Abigail M. Cramer, Jessica L. Downs, Kevin A. Giordano, Gretchen D. Oliver,
FACSM. Auburn University, Auburn, AL.
BACKGROUND: Research has shown that repetitive stress from playing an
overhand (OH) sport increases humeral retroversion on the dominant side.
Additionally, there is a paucity of data available about these adaptations’ residual
effects after sports participation cessation. This study’s primary purpose was to
investigate the effect of prior participation in an OH sport versus not participating
in an OH sport on glenohumeral range of motion (ROM) and humeral
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS
83
retroversion. METHODS: Thirty-eight college-aged individuals participated.
Participants were split into two groups: (1) individuals who previously
participated in an OH sport (n = 18, 20.2±1.1yrs, 166.0±15.9cm, 73.1±13.7kg),
and (2) individuals who previously did not play an OH sport or any sport (n=20,
20.6±.7, 167.8±6.2cm, 66.8±13.3kg). Inclusion criteria were pain, injury, and
surgery free for at least the past six months. Following a health history
questionnaire, we measured bilateral shoulder internal (IR) and external (ER)
ROM via an inclinometer and humeral retroversion using an ultrasound imaging
machine. Measurements were recorded for three trials and averaged for analysis.
The data were non-normally distributed; thus, a Mann-Whitney U was used to
determine group differences. A Wilcoxon T-test analyzed bilateral differences
within each group. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between
groups for all dependent variables. When analyzing within individuals, the
Wilcoxon test revealed a significant bilateral difference for ER (Z = -2.240, p =
.025) for the non-OH sport group. Specifically, the non-OH sport participation
group had increased ER ROM on their dominant side versus non-dominant. For
previous participation in an OH sport group, the Wilcoxon test revealed a
significant bilateral difference in humeral retroversion (Z = -2.308, p = .021) and
IR ROM (Z = -2.614, p = .009). Specifically, the OH sport group had increased
humeral retroversion in their dominant than non-dominant arm but less IR ROM.
CONCLUSION: The bilateral difference found in the OH sport group for humeral
retroversion is significant as it indicates prior sport participation may have
residual osseous effects that clinicians need to consider when evaluating shoulder
injury or pain. Understanding if there are residual effects from playing an OH
sport could help examine injury risk later in life.
INJURY HISTORY, SPORTS PARTICIPATION, AND CURRENT PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY AMONG YOUNG ADULTS
Noah Gadd, Chloe McKay, Johanna Hoch, Deirdre Dlugonski. University of
Kentucky, Lexington, KY.
BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to examine the association between
injury history and current physical activity (PA) among young adults. METHODS:
Participants were recruited through ResearchMatch and university classes to
complete online REDCap surveys. Eligible participants (N=273) were 18-25 years
old, not currently injured, and reported no PA limitations. Participants (N=236)
who completed the demographic, injury history, PA (Godin Leisure Time Exercise
Questionnaire) surveys, and were not PA outliers were included. Participants
were categorized by injury frequency (0; 1; 2+ previous injuries) and high school
athlete status (competitive high school athlete; non-athlete/non-competitive
athlete). Current moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was calculated
using recommendations from Godin (2011). We conducted a two-way ANOVA
(injury frequency x high school athlete status) to examine the interaction
between injury history and high school athlete status on current MVPA.
RESULTS: The sample was aged 22.2 ± 2.1 years, primarily female (77.5%),
and white (81.8%). Among the overall sample, current MVPA was highest among
individuals who reported 1 injury (52.0 ± 25.4), followed by 2+ (49.2 ± 22.7),
and 0 (40.5 ± 28.6) injuries. Current MVPA for competitive high school athletes
was 53.2 ± 27.7 compared to 36.0 ± 25.0 for non-high school athletes. There
was a statistically significant interaction between injury history and high school
athlete status on MVPA (F(2, 230)=3.01, p=0.05). Former competitive high
school athletes reported less current MVPA as the frequency of previous injury
increased whereas non-athletes reported greater levels of current MVPA as the
frequency of previous injury increased. Among individuals who reported 0 or 1
injury, former competitive high school athletes had higher levels of current MVPA
compared to non-athletes (p<0.001, p=0.01). Individuals who reported 2+
injuries had similar levels of current MVPA regardless of high school athlete
status (p=0.83). CONCLUSION: At low levels of previous injury (0 or 1), former
competitive high school athletes had higher current MVPA levels compared to
non-athletes. However, individuals who reported 2+ injuries had similar levels of
MVPA regardless of high school athlete status. Future studies should examine
whether young adults who have experienced multiple injuries have unique PA
barriers and facilitators.
EFFECTS OF BEETROOT JUICE SUPPLEMENTATION ON DIURNAL
FLUCTUATIONS IN SUPRAMAXIMAL EXERCISE PERFORMANCE IN
TRAINED SPRINTERS
Amanda M. Dumar, Anna F. Huntington, Rebecca R. Rogers, Thomas J. Kopec,
Tyler D. Williams, Christopher G. Ballmann. Samford University, Birmingham, AL.
BACKGROUND: Beetroot juice (BRJ) is a rich source of dietary nitrate that has
been previously shown to improve power output and movement velocity during
explosive exercise. Diurnal fluctuations in power output have been well
established with power output loss typically occurring during morning (AM)
times. However, it is currently unknown if BRJ supplementation can mitigate
anaerobic performance decrements due to time of day. PURPOSE: The purpose
of this study was to examine the effects of acute BRJ supplementation on
circadian fluctuations in anaerobic performance in Division 1 NCAA sprinters.
METHODS: Male Division 1 NCAA Track & Field sprinters participated. In a
double-blinded crossover study design, participants completed three
counterbalanced exercise trials: Morning-placebo (8:00 HR, AM-PL), Morning-
BRJ (8:00 HR, AM-BRJ), and Afternoon- no supplement (16:00 HR, PM). For the
AM-BRJ trial, participants ingested 70 mL of BRJ concentrate (400 mg nitrate) 2
hours prior to exercise while 70 mL of black currant juice (PL) was consumed for
the AM-PL trial. During each trial, participants completed 3 × 15 s Wingate
anaerobic tests (WAnTs) separated by 2-mins of rest. Anaerobic performance
measures, rate of perceived exertion (RPE), and heart rate (HR) were analyzed.
RESULTS: Mean power output (p= 0.017), anaerobic capacity (p= 0.009), and
total work (p= 0.026) were significantly lower during the AM-PL trial compared to
PM. However, BRJ supplementation attenuated AM losses of mean power output
(p= 0.919), anaerobic capacity (p= 0.744) and total work (p= 0.933) in the AM-
BRJ versus PM trial. RPE was not significantly different between any trials
(p>0.05). Heart rate was significantly lower during AM-BRJ compared to AM-PL
(p=0.030) and PM (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Power output and anaerobic
capacity suffer during AM versus PM times in collegiate sprinters. However, BRJ
supplementation abolished diurnal decrements in performance and restored AM
power output to PM levels. Furthermore, BRJ resulted in lower heart rates despite
improvements in performance. These data suggest that acute BRJ ingestion may
be useful in attenuating declines in anaerobic performance in well-trained
athletes which may be beneficial in optimizing training regimens.
MASS SPECTROPHOTOMETRY VERSUS BLOOD METERS IN THE
ASSESSMENT OF BETA-HYDROXYBUTYRATE LEVELS FOLLOWING KETONE
SUPPLEMENTATION
Angelia Maleah Holland, Jenna K. Ansley, Andrew R. Moore. Augusta University,
Augusta, GA.
Blood ketones are commonly tested with blood meters by researchers, clinicians,
and the general population. Limited research has tested the validity of blood
meters in the measurement of the ketone beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB),
especially in a human population. Therefore, this study sought to determine if a
regularly used blood meter provided similar blood BHB results as mass
spectrophotometry, the gold standard of measurement, after consuming a
racemic ketone supplement. Sixteen young adults participated in this
randomized, triple-blinded, cross-over, placebo-controlled study. Participants
visited the laboratory three times; the first visit included informed consent and
familiarization, and the following two visits were separated by at least one week
and included data collection. During data collection, blood samples were collected
before and 30-minutes after consuming either the placebo or racemic ketone salt
supplement. Blood BHB was measured immediately by the blood meter at each
time point while blood for the mass spectrophotometry measure was processed
and frozen for subsequent analysis. A three-way repeated measures ANOVA was
conducted to determine the effects of device, time, and drink on blood BHB
levels. Follow-up Tukey post hoc tests were used when necessary. There was a
statistically significant simple two-way interaction between device and time for
racemic ketone salts, F(1, 12) = 11.232, p = .006, but not for placebo, F(1, 12)
= .877, p = .368. BHB measured by mass spectrophotometry was significantly (p
= .003) higher 30 minutes after ingestion (M = 2.808 ± .521 mmol) than before
(M = 0.762 ± .089 mmol). The increase in BHB across the same time points
when the blood meter was used was not significant following Bonferroni
correction for multiple comparisons (p = .026). The difference in the increase in
BHB between the two devices was substantial (d = 0.945). Thirty minutes after
ingesting racemic ketones, a significant difference was only detected by mass
spectrophotometry but not by the blood meter. Racemic ketone salts are made
up of half D-BHB and half L-BHB isomers. We speculate that the blood meter
only measured D-BHB isomer whereas mass spectrophotometer measured total
BHB which includes D, L-BHB isomers. Funding: KetoMojo, Inc, Augusta
University, and Medical College of Georgia
THE INFLUENCE OF MACRONUTRIENT DISTRIBUTION ON URINARY
HYDRATION MARKERS, THIRST, AND FLUID INTAKE
Mitchell E. Zaplatosch, Travis Anderson, Emily E. Bechke, Hanna M. Gardner,
Samantha J. Goldenstein, Logan K. Brooks, Laurie Wideman, FACSM, William M.
Adams. University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC.
BACKGROUND: Animal research suggests that variations in daily dietary
macronutrient distribution may impact fluid consumption. However, this has not
been fully investigated in humans. Thus, the purpose of this study was to
determine the impact of dietary intake on fluid intake, thirst, and urinary
hydration biomarkers. METHODS: Thirty-four participants (44% female; age:
23±4 years; height: 172.9±10.3cm; body mass: 77.2±18.1kg; body fat: 18.4±
8.4%) recorded their food and fluid intake, and provided a 24h urine sample over
seven consecutive days. Urinary hydration biomarkers included urine volume
(U
VOL
), urine osmolality (U
OSM
), urine specific gravity (U
SG
), and urine color (U
COL
).
Each morning, participants completed two subjective ratings of perceived thirst;
a 9-point Likert scale, and 100mm visual analog scales comprised of six indices
(thirstiness, pleasantness, dryness, taste, fullness, sickness). RESULTS: Mean
weekly macronutrient percentages and total calorie intake were used in multiple
regression models as predictors of average total fluid intake, thirst, and urinary
hydration markers. Throughout the week, participants reported consuming, on
average, 1945±429 calories (36.5±4.4% fat, 44.3±6.3% carbohydrate,
18.5±4.5% protein) and 2508±1122mL fluid per day. Mean 7-day 24h urinary
hydration markers were U
VOL:
1724±850mL, U
SG
:1.017±0.005, U
OSM
: 565±212,
U
COL
: 3.89±0.99. Dietary intake that was higher in percentage of fat consumed
was associated with higher ratings of “fullness” on morning thirst scale sub
ratings (adj R
2
= 0.1181, p =0.0167). Consuming a greater proportion of calories
from protein was associated with increased U
VOL
(adj R
2
= 0.1370, p = 0.0340).
However, protein intake was not significantly associated with fluid intake (adj R
2
= 0.0569, p = 0.2516), regardless of the type of fluid consumed (p > 0.05).
U
OSM
, U
SG
, U
COL
and the other indices of thirst were not associated with
macronutrient consumption (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest
increased consumption of dietary protein intake is associated with improved
hydration status based on increased 24h urine volume, with the maintenance of
other urinary hydration indices. Grant or Funding Information: This study was
funded by a University of North Carolina at Greensboro Office of Research
Engagement New Faculty Grant.
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS
84
ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, 24-HOUR URINARY
HYDRATION MARKERS AND TIMING OF FLUID INTAKE
Ji Yeon Choi, Mitchell E. Zaplatosch, Travis Anderson, Emily E. Bechke, Logan K.
Brooks, Hanna M. Gardner, Samantha J. Goldenstein, Laurie Wideman, FACSM,
William M. Adams. University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC.
Background: Appropriate fluid intake is important to offset water losses induced
by physical activity. However, limited research has investigated the relationships
between physical activity and fluid intake in free living individuals. Thus, the
purpose of this study was to assess the associations between objective and
subjective measures of physical activity, reported fluid intake, and urinary
hydration biomarkers in free living emerging adults. Methods: Thirty-four
participants (44% female; age, 23±4 years; height, 172.9±10.3cm; body mass,
77.2±18.1kg; body fat, 18.4± 8.4%) provided a 24h urine sample across seven
consecutive days for measures of urine volume (U
VOL
), urine osmolality (U
OSMO
),
urine specific gravity (U
SG
) and urine color (U
COL
). A validated fluid log was used
to record fluid intake each day, where fluid intake was segmented into morning
(waking - noon), afternoon (noon - 5pm) and evening (5pm - sleep). Physical
activity was objectively assessed using wrist-worn actigraphy and analyzed using
standard cutoffs. Subjective assessment of physical activity quantified day-level
physical activity and was measured by MET-minutes. Results: Over 7
consecutive days, participants participated in 16.97±23.42 minutes of moderate-
to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and 677.89±702.62 MET-minutes of activity
per day. Mean 7-day fluid consumption was 2551±1056mL and corresponding
mean 7-day U
VOL
, U
OSMO
, U
SG
, and U
COL
was 1699±865mL, 567±210 mOsm/kg,
1.020±0.010 AU, and 3.9±1.0 AU, respectively. Increased MVPA (adj R
2
=
0.114, p = 0.044) and increased total MET-minutes (adj R
2
= 0.192, p = 0.005)
was associated with decreased 24 h U
SG
. Greater morning and evening fluid
consumption was associated with increased 24h U
VOL
(adj R
2
= 0.589, P = 0.02;
P < 0.0001). Greater evening fluid intake was associated with lower 24h U
OSMO
(adj R
2
= 0.331, P = 0.01). Conclusions: Increasing day-level physical activity
in addition to consuming a greater volume of fluids in the morning and evening
improved hydration status as reflected by 24h urinary hydration variables.
Further work is needed to explore the associations between physical activity and
timing of the fluids consumed. Grant or Funding Information: This study was
funded by a University of North Carolina at Greensboro Office of Research
Engagement New Faculty Grant.
THE EFFECTS OF CAFFEINE ON JUMPING PERFORMANCE AND MAXIMAL
STRENGTH IN FEMALE COLLEGIATE ATHLETES
Benjamin Burke
1
, Kyle Travis
1
, Jeremy Gentles
1
, Kimitake Sato
2
, Caleb Bazyler
1
.
1
East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN.
2
National Taiwan University
of Sport, Taichung, Taiwan.
BACKGROUND: Caffeine is often used to enhance athletic performance.
Research regarding caffeine’s effects on strength and power performance is
lacking, especially in female athletes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to
analyze the acute effects of caffeine (6 mg/kg of body mass) on jumping
performance and maximal strength in female collegiate athletes. METHODS:
Eleven female collegiate athletes performed two testing sessions separated by
one week, and randomly received a caffeine (CAF) or placebo (PLA) condition
using a double-blind approach. After receiving the CAF of PLA, athletes sat
quietly for 60 minutes. Following a standardized warm-up, athletes were
assessed on squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ) jump height
(JH) and peak power (PP) and isometric mid-thigh pull isometric peak force (IPF)
and rate of force development (RFD) on force platforms. A paired samples t-test
with Hedge’s g (g) effect size was used to compare performance results between
conditions. Alpha level for all analyses was set at p<0.05. RESULTS: There were
small to moderate differences in SJ-JH (p=0.02,g=0.35), SJ-PP
(p=0.005,g=0.77), CMJ-JH (p=0.007,g=0.20), CMJ-PP (p=0.08,g=0.25), IPF
(p=0.18,g=0.12), and RFD (p=0.12,g=0.32) in favor of caffeine over placebo.
CONCLUSIONS: Caffeine ingestion produced small to moderate improvements
in jumping performance; however, caffeine failed to significantly affect maximal
strength when compared with the placebo. Therefore, caffeine appears to be an
effective ergogenic aid when used to enhance jumping performance, but not
maximal strength in female collegiate athletes.
INFLUENCE OF KETTLEBELL SWING STYLE AND LOAD ON PEAK
KETTLEBELL VELOCITY AND TOTAL SYSTEM POWER
Cullun Watts, Bryan L. Riemann. Georgia Southern University–Armstrong
Campus, Savannah, GA.
BACKGROUND: Kettlebell swings are a common functional movement used in
resistance training programs with the purpose of developing strength and power.
The exercise has two main variations, overhead swing (OHS) and shoulder-
height swing (SHS). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of load
and movement variation on peak kettlebell velocity (PKV) and total system
(kettlebell-participant sum) peak power (TSPP) during the concentric phase of
OHS and SHS. METHODS: Fifteen physically active women (29.8 ± 5.3 yrs) who
had been incorporating kettlebell swings into their weekly training programs for a
minimum of 6 months performed 4 sets (two sets OHS, two sets SHS) of 15
swings using 12kg and 16kg kettlebells. Variation and load were randomized
between participants with two minutes between-set rest. Three-dimensional
kettlebell kinematics were used to compute PKV (composite vector of vertical and
anterior velocity) while TSPP was computed from the vertical ground reaction
forces. PKV and TSPP were statistically compared with separate variation by load
repeated measures analysis of variance were used with α≤.05. RESULTS: PKV
was significantly greater during the OHS compared to the SHS (P<.001,
%
diff
=15.2%, d=2.4). Additionally, PKV was significantly greater with the 12kg
kettlebell compared to the 16kg (P=.002, %
diff
=2.8%, d=.33). During the OHS,
TSPP was significantly greater with the 12kg kettlebell compared to the 16kg
(P=.032, %
diff
=29.6%, d=.55). None of the other post hoc comparisons were
statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The increased displacement required by
the OHS is likely the cause of the higher PKV and represents more effort by the
participants to perform the movement. In contrast, a 4kg increase in kettlebell
mass had a much smaller effect on PKV, and only influenced TSPP during the
OHS. These data support the use of the OHS if velocity of the movement and
TSPP are important programming goals. Future research should consider the
effect of kettlebell load during the OHS on effort and TSPP.
THE EFFECTS OF TART CHERRY JUICE AND WHEY PROTEIN ON
RECOVERY FOLLOWING EXERCISE INDUCED MUSCLE DAMAGE
Hailey Jurgens, Svetlana Nepocatych, Takudzwa A. Madzima. Elon University,
Elon, NC.
BACKGROUND: Nutritional interventions to prevent and reduce the effects of
exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD), including natural anti-inflammatories
have been found to decrease inflammation and aid in the recovery of EIMD.
PURPOSE: To examine the effects of tart cherry juice and whey protein on
measures of recovery following fatiguing forearm exercises. METHODS: Eight
recreationally active women (age: 21±1yr; BMI: 22.9±2.9 kg/m2) were
randomly assigned to either one of two supplemental protocols (S1: 2x8 oz tart
cherry juice + 30 g whey protein (WP)/day or S2: 30 g WP/day) for 3 days.
Participants completed 3 sets of 7 hand, wrist, and forearm exercises until
fatigue with 60 s rest in between. Hand-grip strength, wrist circumference (WC),
perceived recovery (PRS), fatigue, and muscle soreness (MS) were measured at
pre-, 0, 24, 48, and 72h post-exercise. ANOVAs were used for analyses.
Significance was set at p<0.05. RESULTS: No significant (p>0.05) time or
supplement effect was observed in PRS, WC, or handgrip strength (29±7, 25±4,
29±6, 29±7, 30±6 and 30±6, 23±5, 27±7, 29±6, 29±9 kg) between S1 and S2
at pre-, 0, 24, 48 or 72h post-exercise, respectively. However, significantly
higher (p=0.003) MS between S1 (3.6±3.6, 4.9±1.5, 5.2±3.0, 7.1±2.5,
4.5±3.7) and S2 (2±2.5, 4±1.2, 4.1±3.4, 4.0±3.4, 4.0±3.5) at pre-, 0, 24, 48
or 72h post-exercise was observed. In addition, a significant interaction (p=0.01)
in fatigue between S1 (3.3± 1.6, 4.6±1.4, 3.4±1.9, 3.9±2.2, 2.9±1.9) and S2
(3.9±2.2, 4.5±1.6, 3.3±2.3, 4.1±1.6, 4.6±1.4) at pre-, 0, 24, 48, or 72h post-
exercise was observed. CONCLUSION: Supplementation of tart cherry juice and
WP following fatiguing forearm exercise could be used to reduce perception of
fatigue but not perceived muscle soreness or improve handgrip performance.
THE EFFECTS OF PROTEIN TIMING ON PERFORMANCE MEASURES IN
ATHLETES
Heath Colton Byrd. Winthrop University, Rock Hill, SC.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to provide a connection between
athletes’ performance and protein timing, specifically examining the number of
protein servings throughout the day in a population sample of 13 NCAA Division I
baseball players at a southeastern university in the United States. Current
research headlines the importance of overall protein intake and its relation to
physical performance measures. METHODS: Prior to having BIA measurement
recorded and completing a vertical jump and maximum sprint test, athletes
completed a 24-hour NutriTiming® dietary intake log. This data was inputted
into the NutriTiming® software and assessed if protein consumption
positively/negatively affected athletic performance. RESULTS: There was a
relationship that trended towards more servings of protein equated to a higher
vertical jump and lower sprint times, however, the significance level of the sprint
time, 0,116, and the highest vertical jump, 0.142, showed the data was not
statistically significant (desired 0.05) when using a 2-tailed significance.
CONCLUSIONS: A diet which incorporates 15-30 grams of protein multiple times
throughout the day rather than consuming 50-60 grams in one meal is more
effective for athletic performance due to the body’s optimal protein usage rate
being between 20-30 grams. Future research should examine the relationship
between protein timing and athletic performance using a bigger sample of
athletes as well as multiple sports and genders for optimum results.
PERSPECTIVES ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NUTRITION AND
MENTAL HEALTH WITHIN NCAA DIVISION I COLLEGIATE ATHLETIC
PROGRAMS
Emma M. McCabe, Caroline J. Ketcham, Eric E. Hall. Elon University, Elon, NC.
BACKGROUND: Research has shown a strong relationship between one's
nutrition and mental health. Packed schedules and little rest time may make
student-athletes more susceptible to mental health issues than the general
population, but few athletes are fully aware of the effects that nutrition can have
on their brain, mental well-being, and athletic performance. Collegiate athletic
programs are beginning to recognize the individual contributions of nutrition and
mental health to performance by hiring sport nutritionists and psychologists for
their athletes, but it is unclear whether these topics are ever discussed within the
same context. The goal of this study was to understand the perspectives of
different athletic personnel on the relationship between nutrition and mental
health. METHODS: 17 athletic personnel (11 Female, 6 Male) from 6 NCAA
Division I universities were recruited for a 30-45 minute semi-structured WebEx
interview. Interviewees included Athletic Trainers, Coaches, Sports Dietitians,
Sports Psychologists, Strength & Conditioning Coaches and Sports Physicians.
Subjects were asked questions about their educational backgrounds, resources
and perspectives on the integration of nutrition and mental health in their
programs. RESULTS: All interviewees reported a need for greater monetary
resources and staffing. Almost none of the interviewees felt they had more than
general or personal interest-level knowledge on topics pertaining to nutrition or
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS
85
mental health, with the exception of sports nutritionists or psychologists. Each
school varied in the degree to which their departments were collaborative among
staff. Athletes were reportedly more or less likely to utilize the resources
provided depending on coach attitudes toward nutrition or mental health.
CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of size, reputation and annual spending, each
interviewed university was in the early stages of integrating nutrition and mental
health programs into their existing athletic departments. Implications of this
work may be to help schools imagine new ways to reallocate funding for nutrition
or mental health programming.
MONITORING COMPETITION JUMP LOAD IN DIVISION I FEMALE
COLLEGIATE VOLLEYBALL ATHLETES
Chad H. Herring, Michael J. Redd, David H. Fukuda. University of Central Florida,
Orlando, FL.
BACKGROUND: Tracking competition jump data using inertial measurement
units (IMU) specifically designed for high-velocity jumping and change-of-
direction sports provides a practical approach for assessing external load in
volleyball athletes. The purpose of this study was to compare position-based
jump load differences in collegiate volleyball athletes. Methods: Data from 12
National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I female volleyball
players from the 2018 and 2019 competitive seasons were evaluated. Players
were outfitted with an IMU prior to each match. All jumps were individually
assigned, time-stamped, and recorded for jump height. Maximal height (HTmax)
was determined as the median of the top 15 jumps throughout the season.
Absolute jump counts and totals relative to playing time at low (<50% HTmax),
moderate (≥50 to <70% HTmax), high (≥70 to <90% HTmax), and maximal
(≥90% HTmax) intensities were calculated. Six athletes were represented in
both 2018 and 2019, resulting in a total of 18 athlete-seasons used for positional
analyses (middle blocker [n=6], outside hitter [n=6], and right-side hitter
[n=6]). Two-way ANOVAs were used to analyze positional differences across
absolute and relative jump intensities. Results: Results showed main effects for
absolute jump counts by position (p<0.001). Middle blockers had the highest
overall jump count (81.7 ± 37.8), followed by outside hitters (62.8 ± 30.9) and
right-side hitters (48.0 ± 23.6). A significant intensity*position interaction for
absolute jump count was found (p<0.001). Right-side hitters had lower
moderate- (p<0.001), high- (p<0.001), and maximal (p<0.001) intensity jumps
than middle blockers. Right-side hitters had lower high- (p=0.003) and maximal
(p<0.001) intensity jumps than outside hitters, while outside hitters had lower
moderate- (p=0.003) and high-intensity jumps (p<0.001) than middle blockers.
No statistically significant differences were observed in relative jump counts by
position (p>0.05). Conclusion: Significant differences in competition jump load
and intensity exist between positions in NCAA Division I female volleyball
players. Middle blockers have higher absolute jump counts as compared to
outside hitters at moderate and high intensities, while both positions have higher
jump counts at moderate, high, and maximal intensities compared to right-side
hitters. Position-specific jump load recommendations for training sessions may
be warranted to maximize athlete readiness.
THE EVALUATION OF LOWER BACK PAIN IN COLLEGE STUDENTS
Alisa Soloveva, Joni M. Boyd. Winthrop University, Rock Hill, SC.
PURPOSE: The aim of the current study was to determine and evaluate any
discomfort in the body as a result of lower back pain in physically active college
students via survey. The hypothesis stated that lower back pain causes mostly
lower body painful sensations particularly in glutes and hips. METHODS: 56
college students (47 females and 9 males) who were enrolled in physical activity
courses agreed to participate in the research. All individuals completed an
informed consent and a personalized Qualtrics survey that was designed to
indicate physical activity levels and lower back pain in college students.
RESULTS: Out of all participants, 13 individuals demonstrated a lack of any lower
back perceptions. The evaluation also indicated that 43 participants had some
level of lower back pain (mostly “slightly too much” type) for extended time
period (between less than a month and more than a year). Individuals
emphasized that they experienced lower back pain during various occupations
(standing, sitting, laying etc.). Participants also demonstrated additional
discomfort and painful sensations (mostly in their hips, glutes and upper back) as
a result of their lower back pain. CONCLUSIONS: The findings demonstrated that
there is a potential correlation between a lower back pain and physical activity
levels of collegiate students. Potentially, lower back pain could affect muscular
structure and composition in hips, glutes and upper back. Muscle imbalance in
other body parts could also result in lower back pain sensations.*Data is still
being collected and sample will increase by presentation date.
NEITHER CAFFEINE NOR CYP1A2 GENOTYPE INFLUENCE FATIGUABILITY
OR FORCE STEADINESS OF THE KNEE EXTENSORS
Sydnie R. Fleming
1
, Ryan J. Colquhoun
1
, Mitchel A. Magrini
2
, Matthew C. Ferrell
3
,
Nile F. Banks
4
, Nathaniel D.M. Jenkins
4
.
1
University of South Alabama, Mobile,
AL.
2
Creighton University, Omaha, NE.
3
Oklahoma State University Center for
Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK.
4
University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.
BACKGROUND: Although, caffeine has been reported to increase time to fatigue
during exercise, it is unknown whether caffeine improves force steadiness during
fatigue. Further, it remains unclear whether the variability in physiological
responses to caffeine supplementation are associated with genetic markers (i.e.
CYP1A2) of caffeine metabolism. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to
examine the role of the CYP1A2 genotype on fatiguability and force steadiness of
the knee extensors following caffeine supplementation. METHODS: This study
utilized a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, crossover design. Thirty-
seven recreationally active males (Age: 23 ± 3 y; Daily Caffeine Intake: 379.9 ±
296.5 mg) completed two experimental visits in which maximal voluntary
isometric contraction (MVIC) strength and fatiguability of the knee extensors
were assessed approximately 60 and 75 minutes, respectively, following
ingestion of either caffeine (CAF; 6 mg/kg/bw) or placebo (PLA). For all testing,
subjects were seated in an isokinetic dynamometer and fatiguability was
assessed via repeated 50% MVIC trapezoidal ramp contractions with a 10s
plateau until the subject could no longer follow the force trajectory. Total torque
impulse (TQ
IMP
) and repetitions completed were recorded and the coefficient of
variation of torque (TQ
CV
) was analyzed during the first, middle, and last
repetition from each fatiguing bout. Subjects were genotyped for CYP1A2
polymorphism as either AA (n=21) or AC/CC (n=16) via saliva sample.
RESULTS: No significant interaction effects were found for any variable
(p=0.224-0.783). MVIC (p=0.004) was significantly greater following CAF when
compared to PLA (p=0.004; 296.1 ± 87.4 vs. 273.0 ± 77.3 Nm), although this
did not lead to a greater TQ
IMP
(p=0.079; 15,998.0 ± 7100.9 vs. 14165.2 ±
5561.2 Nm/s) or repetitions completed (p=0.727; 7.8 ± 3.9 vs. 7.5 ± 3.1 reps).
When collapsed across time, TQ
CV
significantly increased from FIRST (2.34 ±
0.73 Nm) to MID (p=0.027; 2.57 ± 0.80) to LAST (p=0.002; 2.97 ± 1.19 Nm)
and from MID to LAST (p=0.045). CONCLUSIONS: While MVIC strength was
significantly greater post CAF, this did not result in increased TQ
IMP
, repetitions
completed, or a decrease in force fluctuations with fatigue. Further, the CYP1A2
genotype did not appear to modulate any of the responses in the present study.
EVALUATION OF AN IN-PERSON AND REMOTE-BASED LEARNING OF A
NUTRITION PROGRAM FOR ADOLESCENTS WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM
DISORDER (ASD):A COVID-19 PILOT STUDY
Riley H. Shurack. University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL.
Introduction: Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) demonstrate
poor health-related behaviors, such as nutrition, compared to their typically
developed counterparts. With the occurrence of the COVID-19 pandemic and
mandatory stay-at-home orders, such health-related behaviors may be
complicated and there is a need to focus on the feasibility and acceptability of
remote-based nutrition programs. Methods: Eleven high school students with
ASD were recruited to participate in a modified nutrition program utilizing Zoom
software during COVID-19. The duration was once a week for four weeks, and
concepts reviewed included shopping for healthy food on a budget, introducing
non-perishable but nutritious food items, and food preparation safety measures.
Results: Ninety-seven percent of participants attended the remote-based
nutrition program, while 87% attended the in-person nutrition program. While
in-person demonstrated benefits including face-to-face interaction and hands-on
cooking, the remote-based component demonstrated a high degree of feasibility
and acceptability. Half of the students felt their health-related behaviors were
negatively impacted by COVID-19 but reported that the implementation of the
remote-based nutrition program positively impacted their nutrition choices.
Conclusion: The enforcement of health-related behaviors in adolescents with
ASD is significant especially during disaster-related situations. Future research
should focus on efficacy and intertwining methods of in-person and remote-
based learning of nutrition or other health-related behavioral interventions in this
population.
PHYSIOLOGICAL OUTCOMES OF MOTIVATIONAL INTERVIEWING FOR
WEIGHT MANAGEMENT AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS DURING COVID-19
Kameron Suire, Jan Kavookjian, Danielle Wadsworth. Auburn University, Auburn,
AL.
BACKGROUND: According to a national survey, 38.7% of undergraduates are
overweight or obese based on self-reported height and weight. These statistics
may be exacerbated after the Covid-19 pandemic due to quarantine restrictions.
Motivational interviewing (MI) may provide an effective intervention strategy to
address weight gain among college students as MI has shown effects in long-
term behavior change. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the
effect of a MI intervention compared to online education (control) on body
composition. METHODS: 40 college students whom were considered overweight
by their BMI were randomized into either the MI group (n =18) or the control
group (n=22) for six months in the beginning of 2020. The MI group received
three face-to-face interviews before the pandemic and three video chat
interviews after the outbreak of Covid-19 lasting about 30 minutes. The online
education group received six, monthly emails that contained information on
various weight management topics (exercise, nutrition, sleep, etc.). Body
composition was measured utilizing dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (iDexa).
RESULTS: Data were analyzed from 22 students who returned for post-testing
(MI = 12 and control = 10). A Whitney Mann U test of change scores from pre-
post revealed significant changes in fat mass (z = -2.51, p = .012) lean mass (z
= -2.04, p = .04), and BMD (z = -1.99, p = .048). CONCLUSIONS: Participants
in the control group had significant fat mass gains while losing a significant
amount of lean mass and bone mineral density when compared to the MI group.
With most of the study taking place during the Covid-19 outbreak, MI
demonstrated strong potential in body composition maintenance when compared
to online education among overweight college students during a national
pandemic.
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS
86
EFFECT OF ACUTE FEEDING ON BIOELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE VECTOR
ANALYSIS CALCULATED PHASE ANGLE IN HEALTHY SUBJECTS
Andrew T. Hoyle
1
, Gabrielle J. Brewer
2
, Lacey M. Gould
1
, Hannah E. Saylor
1
,
Amanda N. Gordon
1
, Abbie E. Smith-Ryan
1
.
1
University of North Carolina Chapel
Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
2
University of Connecticut, Mansfield, CT.
BACKGROUND: Phase angle (PhA) calculated via bioelectrical impedance vector
analysis (BIVA) is a measure of body cell mass and hydration that is commonly
used to detect fluid imbalance and nutritional status. Phase angle is derived from
the raw impedance values resistance (R) and reactance (Xc), obtained from
multi-frequency bioelectrical analysis (MF-BIA). Currently there are no studies
investigating the effect of acute feeding on measures of PhA obtained by MF-BIA.
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of acute feeding on PhA.
METHODS: Thirty-eight young adults (Age: 21.9±3.1 yrs; Height: 174.1±8.7
cm; Weight: 72.1±9.9 kg; BMI: 23.5±1.9 kg/m
2
) were randomized to four
conditions; high carbohydrate (CHO: 116.5 g CHO; 86% of meal), high protein
(PRO: 63.5 g PRO; 58% of meal), ad libitum mixed (MX: 67 g CHO, 21 g PRO;
25 g FAT) and fasted (FAST: 8 hr fast). Meals were consumed one hour prior to
MF-BIA measurement. Bioelectrical impedance was measured using a tetrapolar
stand-up MF-BIA device. Subjects stood for five minutes prior to measurement
on the device’s scale with the soles of their feet positioned on four corresponding
electrodes; subjects held the handles in both hands making contact with
corresponding electrodes on the thumbs and palm of each hand as impedance
was measured. Separate one-way ANOVAs were used to compare PhA of the
whole body (WB), trunk (TR), right arm (RA), and right leg (RL) between feeding
groups. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in PhA between feeding
groups for WB (p = 0.985, mean ± SD = 6.46±0.71°), TR (p = 0.918, mean ±
SD = 8.95±1.64°), RA (p = 0.903, mean ± SD = 5.82±0.79°), or RL (p = 0.988,
mean ± SD = 7.03±0.57°). CONCLUSIONS: The lack of difference between PhA
values across feeding groups suggests that acute feeding does not alter
hydration-sensitive MF-BIA measures of impedance values. This could indicate
that current measuring practices, which typically require participants to be
fasted, may not be necessary to obtain reliable body composition values.
RELIABILTY OF QUADRICEP AND HAMSTRING SOFT TISSUE MEASURES
USING DUAL ENERGY X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY (DXA) SCANS.
Cameron J. Elder, Taylor K. Dinyer, M. Travis Byrd, Haley C. Bergstrom, Jody L.
Clasey, FACSM. University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.
BACKGROUND: Advances in Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanning
technology and accompanying software provides total body and regional soft
tissue analyses, and the ability to analyze uniquely created regions of interest
(ROI). This study determined the intra- and intertester reliability of quadriceps
(QUADS) and hamstring (HAMS) soft tissue measures using total body DXA
scans. METHODS: Total body DXA scans from 41 (21 men) young adults were
acquired with the subjects lying on their left sides with the right leg bent
removing it from the analyses field of view. Unique regions of interest were
created using the custom analyses software to trace the soft tissue of the QUADS
and HAMS. ROI were manually traced with the middle of the femur and the
borders of the soft tissue as the medial and lateral boundaries, while the base of
the gluteal fold and the knee joint served as the proximal and distal borders. Soft
tissue measures included mineral-free lean (MFL) masses of the left QUADS and
HAMS and were determined twice by two investigators (Invest 1 and Invest 2).
Group mean differences, explained variance, and calculation of the intraclass
correlation coefficient (ICC), the standard error of the measurement (SEM), the
minimal difference (MD), and the coefficient of variation (CV) were determined
with significance p < 0.05. RESULTS: Intratester reliability for Invest 1 QUADS
MFL (2228.5 ± 527.4 vs 2231.0 ± 529.0 g; r
2
= 0.984), and HAMS MFL (2476.3
± 597.0 vs 2477.6 ± 602.9 g; r
2
= 0.971); and for Invest 2 QUADS MFL (2223.8
± 556.4 vs 2231.8 ± 546.3 g; r
2
= 0.981) and HAMS MFL (2326.7 ± 566.4 vs
2333.5 ± 555.7 g; r
2
= 0.992) resulted in no significant group mean differences
and significant explained variance. Subsequently, the group mean of the MFL
measures were used for both Invest 1 and Invest 2 to determine the intertester
reliability. Similarly, no significant group mean differences and significant
explained variance was found for the QUADS MFL (2229.8 ± 527.1 vs 2227.8 ±
550.0 g; r
2
= 0.963) and HAMS MFL (2477.0 ± 597.7 vs 2330.1 ± 560.5 g; r
2
=
0.945), with ICC, SEM, MD and CV% of 0.990, 74.61 g, 206.81g and 3.35%; and
0.969, 143.26 g, 397.10 g, and 5.96% for the QUADS and HAMS, respectively.
CONCLUSION: MFL of the QUADS and HAMS can be reliably measured using
DXA scans and may be useful for determining muscular strength relationship and
to evaluate the effectiveness of rehabilitative strategies.
THE IMPACT OF A FUNDAMENTAL MOTOR SKILL INTERVENTION ON
BODY COMPOSITION OUTCOMES IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
Katherine E. Spring
1
, Jerraco Johnson
2
, Alexandra Carroll
1
, Julia Sassi
1
, Melissa
Pangelinan
1
, Mary Rudisill
1
, Danielle D. Wadsworth
1
.
1
Auburn University, Auburn,
AL.
2
Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.
Background: Rates of obesity and severe obesity have increased in young
children aged 3-5 in recent years. Fundamental motor skills (FMS), which are the
building blocks of movement, are deficient in overweight and obese children, and
FMS interventions may provide a method to curb childhood obesity. Purpose:
This randomized control trial aimed to determine the effect of a FMS intervention
on Fat Mass (FM), Fat-Free Mass (FFM), and BMI in children aged 3 to 5.
Methods: Eleven preschool classes were randomly assigned to an intervention
(6 classes) or control group (5 classes). Participants in the intervention group
attended a FMS intervention twice a week, whereas the control group
participated in outdoor free play. Time spent outdoors (870 minutes) and teacher
to child ratio was equated between groups. FM and FFM were measured with
foot-to-foot bioelectrical impedance and BMI pre and post-intervention. Results:
The control group had significantly more fat-free mass before the study than the
intervention group (t = - 2.586, p = .012). Post testing showed the intervention
group had a significantly lower fat mass (t = - 2.820, p = .006), fat free mass (t
= - 3.465, p = .001), and BMI (t = - 2.649, p = .010) when compared to the
control group. Discussion: This study highlights the need to target young
children for obesity prevention. FMS interventions may provide a method to help
do so.
EXPLAINING DISCREPANCIES IN BODY FAT PERCENTAGE VALUES
BETWEEN LABORATORY CRITERION MEASURES IN COLLEGIATE
ATHLETES
Sarah N. Lanham, Ronald L. Snarr. Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA.
BACKGROUND: Two of the most common laboratory measures for estimating
body fat percentage are air displacement plethysmography (ADP) and dual-
energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). However, discrepancies often exist between
estimated values as a result of the differences in measurement techniques. The
purpose was to examine the agreement between DXA and ADP, as well as
identify potential contributing factors contributing to the variability in body fat
percentage values in collegiate athletes. METHODS: For this study, 170 Division-
I male (n=76) and female (n=94) athletes from various sports volunteered to
perform three body composition tests (i.e., ADP, DXA, and bioelectrical
impedance spectroscopy [BIS]). DXA was used to determine body fat percentage
(BF%), lean soft tissue (LST), fat mass (FM), and bone mineral density (BMD);
while, ADP was used to determine BF% and BIS determined intracellular (ICF)
and extracellular fluid (ECF). Agreement between ADP and DXA was based on r-
values, standard error of estimate (SEE), constant error (CE), and 95% limits of
agreement (LOA). Predictors of the differences between ADP and DXA (i.e., CE of
ADP-DXA) were explored using multiple regression modeling with height, weight,
BMD, ECF, ICF, LST, and FM as independent variables. RESULTS: For the entire
group, a CE of -5.51±3.71%, SEE of 3.40%, and adjusted R
2
of 15.9% was
observed. Weight (β=0.94) and FM (β=-1.00) were the strongest predictors of
BF% followed by BMD (β=-0.44), height (β=-0.28), LST (β=0.38), ICF (β=-
0.22), and ECF (β=0.21). When factored by sex, the prediction strength of BF%
discrepancies increased for weight (β=2.00), FM (β=-1.87), ICF (-0.58), and ECF
(β=0.26), as well as decreases in LST (β=-0.22), BMD (β=-0.31), and height
(β=-0.25). For females, weight (β=1.16), BMD (-0.58), and FM (-0.91) were the
strongest predictors to describe the discrepancy between ADP and DEXA.
Additionally, ECF (β=-0.23), ICF (β=0.31), height (β=-0.37), and LST (β=0.21)
exhibited a low prediction strength. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these findings,
weight and FM were determined to be the strongest predictors to describe the
discrepancies between ADP and DXA. Results also indicated that differences in
BF% estimations are influenced by sex, proportional fluid volumes (i.e., ICF and
ECF), and BMD. These findings warrant further research as to provide
adjustments to BF% estimation models to account for individual differences in
physiological and anthropometric factors.
IMPACT OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE ON BODY COMPOSITION MEASURES AND
RESTING METABOLISM
Lacey Gould
1
, Gabrielle Brewer
2
, Malia Blue
3
, Katie Hirsch
4
, Hannah Saylor
1
,
Amanda Gordon
1
, Andrew Hoyle
1
, Abbie Smith-Ryan, FACSM
1
.
1
University of
North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
2
University of Connecticut, Storrs,
CT.
3
High Point University, High Point, NC.
4
University of Arkansas for Medical
Sciences, Little Rock, AR.
BACKGROUND: Hormonal fluctuations that occur throughout the menstrual
cycle may have a significant impact on body composition and metabolism, which
could alter measurement accuracy. The purpose of this study was to identify the
effects of menstrual cycle phase on body composition; a secondary aim was to
evaluate menstrual cycle phase on resting metabolic rate (RMR) and respiratory
quotient (RQ). METHODS: Body composition was obtained from a 4-
compartment (4C) model (fat mass [FM], fat-free mass [FFM], and body fat
percent [%BF]) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA; FM, lean mass
[LM], trunk FM [TFM], and trunk LM [TLM]) in 19 eumenorrheic females not
using any form of birth control (Mean±Standard Deviation [SD]: Age 21.3±3.1
yrs, Height 166.9±5.7 cm, Weight 65.0±2.2 kg). RMR (kcal/day) and RQ (a.u.)
were measured via indirect calorimetry for 25 minutes. Body composition, RMR,
and RQ were measured during the early follicular (EF) and mid-follicular (MF)
phases. Dependent samples t-tests were used to compare outcomes between EF
and MF. RESULTS: No significant differences were found in 4C outcomes (FM,
FFM, and %BF; p>0.05) between EF and MF. No significant differences were
found for DXA-measured LM, TLM, or %BF (p>0.05), however, DXA FM was
significantly greater during EF compared to MF (Mean Difference [MD]±Standard
Error [SE]: 0.29±0.09 kg; p=0.005), and DXA TFM was greater during EF
(Mean±SD; 7.9±2.9 kg) compared to MF (Mean±SD; 7.8±2.5 kg; p=0.06).
While RMR was not significantly different between phases (MD±SE: 6.0±43.8
kcal/day; p>0.05), RQ was significantly higher during EF (Mean±SD; 0.76±0.05
a.u.) compared to MF (Mean±SD; 0.73±0.03 a.u; p=0.029). CONCLUSIONS:
Often women are excluded from research due to physiological effects of
hormonal fluctuations throughout the menstrual cycle; body composition from 4C
or DXA do not appear to be impacted beyond measurement error as a result of
compartmental changes from the menstrual cycle during the early and mid-
follicular phases. Women oxidized more fat as demonstrated by a lower RQ
during MF.
SEACSM 2021 ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS
87
BODY VOLUME DERIVED FROM A 2 DIMENSIONAL DIGITAL IMAGE
ACCURATELY MEASURES ADIPOSITY IN A THREE-COMPARTMENT MODEL
Katherine Sullivan, Bjoern Hornikel, Michael R. Esco, Michael V. Fedewa.
University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL.
BACKGROUND: Traditional laboratory-based body composition assessment
techniques involve expensive equipment, are not portable, and can be
burdensome for participants. Accurate, efficient, and portable methods of body
composition assessment would be a valuable resource for practitioners in the
sports performance and allied-health fields. The purpose of this study was to
compare body fat percentage (%Fat) derived from a criterion 4-compartment
(4C) model (%Fat
4C-UWW
) to a 3-compartment (3C) model, using body volume
(BV) derived from a novel 2D image analysis program (%Fat
3C-IMAGE
). METHODS:
A sample of 48 participants were recruited for this study (60.5% male, 80%
Caucasian, 22.9±5.0 yrs., 24.2±2.6 kg/m
2
). A single digital image of each
participant was taken from the rear/posterior view using a 12.9 inch, 64g iPad
Pro, and was used to estimate BV,
via a proprietary algorithm, for the inclusion in
the calculation of %Fat
3C-IMAGE
. The 4C criterion method utilized dual energy x-ray
absorptiometry for the estimation of bone mineral content and underwater
weighing to estimate BV for the calculation of %Fat
4C-UWW
. Additionally, both
methods included total body water, estimated from bioimpedance spectroscopy,
in each of their calculations of %Fat. Bivariate correlations and linear regression
determined the strength of the relationship between %Fat
3C-IMAGE
and
%Fat
4C-UWW
.
Statistical significance was determined using an alpha <0.05. All data are
presented as M±SD. RESULTS: Small mean differences were observed between
%Fat
3C-IMAGE
(19.5±6.1) and %Fat
4C-UWW
(18.1±6.4) (ES=0.23, p<.001), however
the strong correlation (r =.939, p<.001) yielded “excellent” agreement between
measures (SEE=2.2 %Fat). CONCLUSIONS: Although the novel 2D image
analysis program slightly overestimated %Fat values within our sample, the
magnitude of those differences were small. Additionally, the strong correlation
and small SEE further indicate that the novel 2D image analysis program
provides a valid estimate of %Fat when combined with a measure of total body
water, without the need of DXA or UWW. The inclusion of BV derived from the
novel 2D image analysis program in a 3C assessment model provides
practitioners with a simple, non-invasive, and portable method for estimating
body composition when traditional laboratory methods are unavailable.
PREDICTORS OF CLINICALLY MEANINGFUL GAIT SPEED RESPONSE
AMONG OLDER ADULTS PARTICIPATING IN WEIGHT LOSS
INTERVENTIONS
Ka Ki Tse
1
, Rebecca Neiberg
2
, Daniel Beavers
2
, Stephen Kritchevsky
2
, Barbara
Nicklas
2
, Dalane Kitzman
2
, Jack Rejeski
1
, Steve Messier
1
, Kristen Beavers
1
.
1
Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC.
2
Wake Forest School of Medicine,
Winston Salem, NC.
Background: Caloric restriction can modestly improve gait speed among older
adults with obesity; however, whether the likelihood of achieving a clinically
meaningful response (≥0.05 m/s) differs by baseline characteristics is not well
described. The purpose of this study was to explore whether select baseline
characteristics increase the likelihood of achieving a +0.05 m/s change in gait
speed among older adults randomized to caloric restriction (CR only, or with
exercise) versus control (exercise only, or education) conditions. Methods:
Individual level data from 1188 older adults participating in eight, 5-6-month,
behavioral-based weight loss interventions were pooled, with treatment arms
collapsed into caloric restriction (CR; n=667) or no caloric restriction (No CR;
n=521) categories, based on original randomization assignment. Poisson risk
ratios (95% CI) were used to examine whether achievement of +0.05 m/s fast
gait speed interacted with age, sex, race, body mass index, diabetes,
hypertension, cardiovascular disease, baseline gait speed, or inflammatory
burden (CRP≥3 mg/L and IL-6≥2.5 pg/mL). Main effects were also examined,
and all models were adjusted for study, age, sex, race, and baseline gait speed.
Results: The study sample (70% female, 80% White) was 67.6±5.3 years old
with a BMI of 33.8±4.4 kg/m
2
. Weight loss achieved in the CR versus No CR
group was -7.8±0.5% versus -0.9±0.5% (Mean±SE, p<0.01). Mean gait speed
change was +0.10±0.01 m/s versus +0.07±0.01 m/s in the CR and No CR
groups, respectively, with 411 (62%) CR and 287 (55%) no CR participants
achieving a +0.05 m/s gait speed improvement. Interaction effects were non-
significant across all subgroups. No main effect of CR was observed [RR: 1.09
(95% CI:0.93,1.27)]; however, a main effect of baseline gait speed was
observed, with participants walking <1.0 m/s more likely to experience a
meaningful improvement [RR:1.37 (95% CI:1.09,1.73)]. Conclusion: Likelihood
of achieving a clinically meaningful improvement to CR does not vary by select
baseline characteristics, nor was there an independent effect of CR. However,
low gait speed at baseline increased likelihood of achieving +0.05 m/s,
regardless of CR. Future work aims to explore clinically meaningful threshold of
other physical function indices, as well as considering potential moderating
effects of exercise and amount of achieved weight loss.
LIFESTYLE INTERVENTION FOR TREATMENT OF DIABETES: RANDOMIZED
TRANSLATIONAL TRIAL IMPROVING CONTROL OF CVD RISK FACTORS
Olivia Bond, Jeffrey Katula. wake forest university, Winston Salem, NC.
Background: The Look AHEAD trial examined improvement of risk factor control
in overweight and obese adults with T2D in a controlled, intensive lifestyle
intervention. This program was not accessible to patients outside of the study
and was therefore difficult to translate to the general public to use on their own.
The purpose of Lifestyle Interventions for the Treatment of Diabetes study (LIFT-
D) is to assess the translation of Look AHEAD whereby a community-based
lifestyle weight loss intervention program was implemented to test the efficacy
and success of patients with type 2 diabetes to treat themselves in a community-
based setting. Method: 260 patients with type 2 diabetes were randomized to
either a community health workers (CHW)-led lifestyle weight loss program
(LWL) or a clinic-based diabetes self-management (DSM) group. DSM was the
control for the study. The intervention was conducted for 12 months. For the
CHW-led LWL program met once per week and had a maintenance check in once
a month. Follow-up data on primary and secondary outcomes were collected at
the end of the study (12 months) and at 24 months (12 months after the study
finished). Weight, wait circumference, blood pressure were taken at each study
visit. Serum glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and HDL-cholesterol were
analyzed as well. Self-monitoring was used to record weight control practices,
physical activity, tobacco and alcohol use, and frequency of self-monitoring blood
glucose. The primary goal of LWL was to facilitate more than at least 7% weight
loss. Results: There were no statistically significant differences between groups
of any demographic variables, except for education attainment. The DSM group
had more participants who had achieved less than a college degree while the
LWL group had more participants who had achieved an associate/bachelor
degree. However, the DSM intervention had overall higher numbers for total
minutes of activity per week, lower HDL, and lower A1C, for example.
Conclusions: The LWL intervention did not support the hypothesis that it would
significantly reduce CVD risk, weight loss and control of risk factors compared to
the DSM intervention. However, the LWL may be more accessible to patients and
have lower costs and use of health care compared to DSM. This study highlighted
the importance of decreasing the cost of effective type 2 diabetes treatment in
community-based settings to reduce health disparities in patients with T2D.
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE INTAKE INFLUENCED BY SELF-EFFICACY IN
ULTRA-ENDURANCE ATHLETES
Bayley Wade, Lauren Masden, Ally Tripure, Sara E. Mahoney, FACSM. Bellarmine
University, Louisville, KY.
BACKGROUND: As ultramarathon events grow in popularity, research is only
beginning to elucidate the impact of dietary intake on these extreme endurance
athletes. Previous studies have measured whether these athletes are consuming
adequate daily carbohydrates, however little information is available regarding
dietary intake of fruits and vegetables in this population. The purpose of this
study was to describe the habitual fruit and vegetable intake of ultramarathon
runners and determine whether sources of nutrition information and self-efficacy
predicted intake. METHODS: Participants (N=224) accessed, responded to, and
submitted the survey via a secure, study-specific web-based link. The survey
battery included demographic information, a Food Frequency Questionnaire
(FFQ), the General Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire (GNKQ), the Self-Efficacy
for healthy diet scale (8-SeED), and the Sources of Nutrition Information (SONI)
questionnaire. Multiple regression analysis was used to predict fruit and
vegetable intake (alpha = 0.05). RESULTS: Overall, the athletes consumed
5.05±3.6 servings of fruits and vegetables daily. The model significantly
predicted intake (R
2
= 0.118, p <0.001), however the only significant covariate
was self-efficacy (t = 4.75, p<0.001). Regarding sources of nutrition information,
there was a modest, but significant correlation between intake and use of peer-
reviewed literature (r= 0.191, p=0.008). CONCLUSION: Overall, these athletes
have relatively high fruit and vegetable intake, and this is influenced by dietary
self-efficacy rather than nutrition knowledge.
