Enabling Apple® AirPrint® with Your Xerox® AltaLink® Multifunction

Enabling Apple

AirPrint

with Your Xerox

AltaLink

Multifunction Printer

White Paper

3 Background

3 AirPrint Basics

Step 1: Device Discovery—Apple

Bonjour

3 Step 2: Device Information and Status

3 Step 3: Job Data

4 Enabling AirPrint

on Xerox

AltaLink

Devices

4 Frequently Asked Questions

5 Reference Information

Contents

Background

Apple

AirPrint

is a printing technology introduced with iOS version

4.2 in November 2010. It enables Apple Mac OS

devices to print, fax

and scan, and Apple iOS devices (iPhone

, iPad

, iPod touch

) to print

without installing additional drivers or software. AirPrint uses

well-established, familiar technologies already in use today including

Apple Bonjour

, IPP, PDF and JPEG.

Xerox is now certified and implementing AirPrint in the latest

Xerox

AltaLink

devices. However, when these devices first launched,

they were not all AirPrint-enabled. This document will instruct you

on the basics of how AirPrint works and how to enable it on your

AltaLink device.

AirPrint is designed to offer users the speed and convenience of direct

print capability from their iOS-based wireless devices without cloud

services or proxy devices in the print path. AirPrint will likely continue

to evolve over the next few years as new features and functionality

are added. Still, the basic operation of AirPrint will remain constant

and will require knowing a few steps to ensure that it works easily

across a variety of wireless devices as it was designed to do. AirPrint

works best in flat Wi-Fi

networks, which are typically found in homes

and small offices.

AirPrint

Basics

To ensure that your infrastructure is ready for AirPrint, let’s first

take a look at the basic operation of the system.

STEP 1: DEVICE DISCOVERY—APPLE

BONJOUR

Apple is famous for making technology simple, easy to use and easy to

configure for all users without the need for a great deal

of technical knowledge. AirPrint continues this tradition by

implementing Apple’s already well-established Bonjour group

of technologies.

In 2002, as Apple was transitioning from its older Mac OS

9 to the

BSD Unix

-based OS X

, the company realized that AppleTalk

was

becoming dated and did not scale or play well with the now-dominant

TCP/IP-based networking standard. The problem was that no existing

technology offered the same level of ease of use and device discovery

that AppleTalk provided. The solution was to work with the IETF to

help develop and then release ZeroConf networking, which created

usable IP networks without manual configuration or special servers.

Apple’s implementation was initially named “Rendezvous,” but was

later changed to Bonjour due to licensing issues. Bonjour attempted—

and succeeded—in bringing AppleTalk’s easy device and service

discovery, address assignment and user-friendly host name resolution

over the TCP/IP-based suite of protocols, using already existing

standards like Automatic IP address acquisition (AutoIP), and multicast

Domain Name Services (mDNS) and DNS-SD (DNS Service Discovery).

AirPrint utilizes some extensions to the existing Bonjour specification

to allow iOS and OS X (starting in 10.7 and 10.8) devices to search

specifically for AirPrint-capable printers and multifunction devices. The

important thing to note here is that Bonjour is multicast DNS-based

and, as such, is sometimes blocked (along with broadcast traffic) from

being passed across subnets. What this means is users will not be able

to discover the printer on an iPad

or iPhone

unless both devices are

connected to the same subnet. Note that there is no requirement for

wireless capability in the printer; the only requirement is that mDNS

traffic be visible and passed to the networks and network segments

that both the iOS and printer devices reside on.

For more information on this, see the reference information

at the end of this document for a detailed explanation of Bonjour

and mDNS.

STEP 2: DEVICE INFORMATION AND STATUS

Assuming that Step 1 has occurred correctly, the next step is for the

iOS or OS X device to get all the relevant information about the

printer. To do this and to move the eventual job data (in Step 3),

AirPrint uses the IPP protocol—specifically IPP 2.0—to manage print

jobs and queues. IPP uses the HTTP protocol and can take advantage

of all of HTTP’s security functions (TLS, etc.). All AirPrint devices must

conform to the IPP 2.0 specification. Features such as duplex

capability, the various Page Description Languages (PDLs) that a

device can support, media handling capabilities—plus many others—

are all passed using IPP and HTTP. Note that the IPP 2.0 specification

is extensive, yet the available options within AirPrint are currently

limited. Only a few functions are supported including duplex, the

number of copies and media types are currently shown in the AirPrint

dialog box. As AirPrint continues to evolve, the expectation is that

more and more capabilities will be supported in time.

STEP 3: JOB DATA

AirPrint supports three primary types of PDL including PDF, JPEG

and Universal Raster (URF). URF is similar to Common Unix Printing

System (CUPS) raster format. Of the three, only URF is required

to be supported by all AirPrint devices. It is the fallback job language

that AirPrint can always be assured is present. If a device supports

the PDF language natively however, it will be used primarily as the PDL

of choice for job data from AirPrint. There are a few exceptions, but

PDF is primarily the preferred type, if available, for quality and

efficiency reasons. JPEG is also an optional format and will be used

in some circumstances from some applications, if available. The Xerox

devices that support AirPrint support all three types of

data for AirPrint.

Enabling AirPrint on

Xerox

AltaLink Devices

Some AltaLink devices were AirPrint 1.6 certified by Apple after

they were launched and sold. As such, the AirPrint feature currently

requires a Feature Installation Key (FIK) to enable it on some

AltaLink devices.

1. AltaLink Software that is at the following SW versions:

•

Xerox

AltaLink B8000 Series: 100.xxx.037.03831

•

Xerox

AltaLink C8000 Series: 100.xxx.037.03830

First needs to be upgraded to the following releases:

•

Xerox

AltaLink B8000 Series: 100.xxx.057.09602

•

Xerox

AltaLink C8000 Series: 100.xxx.057.09600

2. Next install the AirPrint Universal FIK:

FIKs can be installed by the System Administrator from the

local control panel or from the Embedded Web Server.

Feature Installation Key: 201600871880

•

Installing a Software Feature at the Control Panel

– At the control panel touchscreen, touch Device, then touch

Tools.

– Touch Device Settings > General > Feature Installation.

– Touch Enter Feature Installation Key, then type the key.

– Touch OK.

•

Installing a Software Feature in in the Embedded Web Server

– In the Embedded Web Server, click Properties > General

Setup.

– Click Feature Installation.

– For Feature Installation Key Entry, click Enter Installation Key.

– Type the key.

– Click Apply.

3. AirPrint should now be available and enabled at the device.

However, if it has been disabled, an administrator can re-enable it

by following the steps below:

•

You will need the device IP address or DNS name to access the

AirPrint conﬁguration Web interface from your browser. You can

ﬁnd the IP address at the device UI screen. From the front panel in

the device, go to the Device App and select the About button.

The IP address will be shown on this page or you can select

Informational Pages button from within the Device App and select

and print the conﬁguration report.

•

Open the Xerox

device's Web interface by entering the IP address of

the Xerox

device into a Web browser's address box (http://<IP>). This

will open the Web interface.

•

Click on the Properties tab (enter credentials if prompted).

•

Select Connectivity > Setup. This will bring up the Connectivity

page in the right frame.

•

Under Mobile Workﬂows, look for AirPrint.

•

From this page, you can modify conﬁguration values that

affect AirPrint.

Frequently Asked Questions

I CAN’T FIND MY PRINTER. WHAT IS THE PROBLEM?

AirPrint

requires that devices are discoverable via the Bonjour

protocol. Bonjour is mDNS-based, and in some networks mDNS traffic

is not allowed to be passed across subnets. In these cases,

a device will only be discoverable if the iOS device and the AirPrint-

capable printer or multifunction printer are on the same subnet.

Currently, Apple does not allow for manual entry of IP addresses on

the iOS device side to work around this issue. If your device is not being

discovered, check with your IT administrator to ensure that mDNS

traffic is not being filtered.

DOES AIRPRINT REQUIRE BOTH DEVICES TO BE

WIRELESS CAPABLE?

No, wireless is not required on both devices. All iOS devices will be

using wireless but there is no requirement for a printer or MFP to be

wireless-enabled. What does need to happen, though, is that the wired

and wireless segments of the network need to be bridged and, as

noted before, mDNS traffic needs to be routed

between them.

I ONLY SEE A FEW PRINTER FEATURES IN THE

AIRPRINT DIALOG. WHY?

The IPP 2.0 specification provides a large list of supported attributes

and functions but currently Apple only provides a limited subset of

features from within iOS. As the AirPrint feature grows and evolves,

users can expect to see additional device settings and capability

within the print dialogs. For the time being, though,

only a small number is available. For more information, see the

AirPrint User Guide.

Reference Information

ABOUT AUTOIP AND MDNS

All devices on a TCP/IP network must have a unique address, much

as a house on a city street needs a unique address so that mail and

individuals can find it. AutoIP provides a mechanism to allow

multiple devices on the same network to acquire addresses within

a specified reachable range (network or subnet) and to ensure that

no two devices have the same address on that network (conflict

resolution). In many networks there exists infrastructure and

services to provide this function (namely DHCP), but for smaller

networks and homes, DHCP servers usually are not present. There is

no need to worry, however, if you don’t have a DHCP server, since

Bonjour and AutoIP will take care of this for you.

This brings up the concept of networks and subnets specifically. A

subnet is a “group” of devices that all belong to the same range of

addresses, and in networking terms are thought of as “local.” Using

our address and postal service analogy, you can think of subnets as

different towns or cities. Devices that exist in the same network

range are considered local to each other and usually are easily found

and able to communicate with each other.

ABOUT MDNS

mDNS is the second piece we need to care about and provides a

vital and core role to AirPrint and its operation. Again, going back to

our house on a street reference, typical TCP/IP traffic uses

something called unicasting, which can be compared to the postal

service. A letter is addressed to a specific house, and the letter is

delivered just to that address. In contrast, broadcast traffic can be

compared to the local free advertising newspaper that gets

delivered to everyone on the street (whether you want it or not),

with no address required. Multicast DNS fits somewhere in between

and the easiest way to compare it would be to think of it as a radio

station. An mDNS packet on a network is sent to all addresses just

like broadcast (radio waves are everywhere). In this case, however,

devices choose which groups they want to belong to (like a radio

receiver is tuned to a specific frequency and ignores all others).

Bringing it back to AirPrint, AirPrint-capable devices are pre-

programmed to listen to the specific

mDNS group that all Bonjour devices must receive and ignore all the

other multicast traffic (unless of course they are programmed to

listen for other groups as well). So when an iPhone

sends out a

request to the network to look for AirPrint-capable printers, it sends

the request to that group. Only AirPrint devices are listening for that,

and respond.

So that’s the “m” or multicast part of mDNS, but what does the DNS

part do? Well, as most of us are aware, IP addresses are not very user

friendly. An IP address such as 135.202.176.251 just doesn’t have a

memorable ring to it. The creation of a Domain Name System or DNS

has tried to take care of this by invisibly mapping those unfriendly

addresses into more memorable, user-friendly names. Compare the

example address 135.202.176.251 to the name “Johns Printer.” If a user

was looking to find a device on a network to print to, it’s fairly obvious

which option would be preferred. AirPrint is the same. When an iOS or

OS X

device looks for an AirPrint printer, the printers return a “friendly

name” that is part of the AirPrint configuration. On larger networks,

this naming function is handled by a centralized “root” server or

servers that own the name to address mappings for everything on

those networks. Requests are unicast to the server, which responds

with the address of the device. However, on smaller networks, such

centralized root DNS servers don’t usually exist. So how do you find

names to show rather than IP addresses? To use another analogy, say

you walked into the lobby of a small office, and wanted to find a

particular individual.

You would likely have two options: one, walk to the reception desk and

ask the receptionist if the person you are looking for is present. The

second option would be to simply walk into the office and shout out

that person’s name. The first method requires that there be a

receptionist and that the receptionist knows the name and location of

the person you are looking for. This is like the unicast DNS model. The

second option requires no receptionist (or DNS server) to be present.

The drawback here is that depending on the size of the office

(network), this could get very disruptive. mDNS is more like

this second option. In general, however, this isn’t a problem

since Bonjour

and mDNS-based services are mostly aimed at smaller

networks.

To tie this all together, in order for AirPrint

to work, the iOS device

must be able to find all the AirPrint-capable printers or MFDs available

on the network. In smaller networks, this works out great. However, on

larger networks, it could get very disruptive to have a whole bunch of

devices “shouting” all the time looking for services. To prevent this,

many larger corporate IT administrators will block multicast traffic

from passing across subnets. Going back to the office analogy, this

would be like closing the doors to all the offices so that only the room

in which you are standing hears you shout. On a network, this means

only the local subnet you belong to will see the AirPrint discovery

request, so if your printer is on a different subnet it will not appear in

your iPad

or iPhone

. Given many Xerox

devices get placed into larger

accounts with complicated networks, this is a very real potential

scenario to be aware of. So the important step here is to ensure that

the iOS device and the printer exist on the same subnet OR that the

network administrator is allowing mDNS traffic to pass across subnets.

For more information on alternate AirPrint device discovery solutions

(including Wide Area Bonjour using DNS-SD), see the Xerox

AltaLink

Devices Deliver Apple

AirPrint

to the Enterprise White Paper.

Xerox Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. The information in this brochure is subject to

change without notice. 06/17 LEVJO-117 BR21781 XOGWP-18UD

One additional complication is that iOS devices will be connected to

wireless networks, and the printers will likely be connected to a wired

segment of the network. This isn’t inherently a problem since many

networks in Small and Medium Businesses (SMB) and enterprises now

have wireless available and AirPrint does not require wireless on both

devices in any way. Traditionally, these wired/wireless networks are

bridged, which means at an access point that hosts the wireless net,

or a router somewhere on the wired side, the traffic gets converted to

the appropriate type depending on its destination. Wireless radio

traffic is converted to wired signals and vice versa. That’s all good,

but the potential problem arises again in that many wired and

wireless sections of a network are deliberately configured to have

different network IP configurations, which as we just discussed, often

will not be passing broadcast and multicast traffic across subnets. In

these cases, AirPrint devices will not be discoverable. Again, the

solution here is to talk to the network administrator to allow mDNS

traffic to pass across the network segments and subnets.